installation, start-up and 581A service instructions DuraPac Plus Series SINGLE PACKAGE ROOFTOP ELEC TRIC COOLING/GAS HEATING UNITS Sizes 210-300 18 to 25 Tons Cancels: II 581A-210-1 CONTENTS Page SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 INSTALLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-16 I. Step 1 — Provide Unit Support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Step 2 — Remove Shipping Rails. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 III.
IMPORTANT: The gasketing of the unit to the roof curb is critical for a watertight seal. Install gasket with the roof curb as shown in Fig. 1. Improperly applied gasket can also result in air leaks and poor unit performance. Do not slide unit to position on roof curb. B. Alternate Unit Support When a curb cannot be used, install unit on a noncombustible surface. Support unit with sleepers, using unit curb support area.
—3— Fig.
SHIPPING RAILS Fig. 2 — Shipping Rail Removal UNIT SIZE 581A MAX WEIGHT (lb) 210 240 300 3358 3380 3769 CENTER OF GRAVITY (in.) X Y Z 63.9 34.0 30.5 63.9 34.5 30.5 67.8 35.0 35.0 Fig.
—5— NOTES: 1. For outdoor use only. 2. Weights shown are for 581A (low heat) unit with manual 25% outdoor air option, aluminum coils, and standard drive. For weights of optional equipment consult product data book. 3. Do not locate adjacent units with flue discharge facing economizer inlet.
Table 1 — Physical Data UNIT 581A NOMINAL CAPACITY (tons) OPERATING WEIGHT (lb) Al/Al* COMPRESSOR Quantity Number of Refrigerant Circuits Oil (ounces) Ckt A...Ckt B...Ckt C REFRIGERANT TYPE Expansion Device Operating Charge (lb) Circuit A Circuit B Circuit C CONDENSER FAN Nominal Cfm (Total, all fans) Quantity...Diameter (in.) Motor Hp...Rpm Watts Input (Total) CONDENSER COIL Rows...Fins/in. Total Face Area (sq ft) EVAPORATOR FAN Quantity...
Table 2 — Fan Motor and Drive Data — Vertical Supply/Return 210 581A 240 208/230 and 460 v 575 v 208/230 and 460 v 300 575 v 208/230 and 460 v 575 v LOW RANGE Motor Hp Motor Nominal Rpm Maximum Continuous Bhp Maximum Continuous Watts Motor Frame Size Motor Shaft Diameter (in.) Fan Rpm Range Motor Pulley Min. Pitch Diameter (in.) Motor Pulley Max. Pitch Diameter (in.) Blower Pulley Pitch Diameter (in.) Blower Pulley Shaft Diameter (in.) Blower Pulley Type Pulley Center Line Distance (in.
Table 3 — Fan Motor and Drive Data — Horizontal Supply/Return 210 581A 208/230 and 460 v 240 575 v 300 208/230 and 460 v 575 v 5 1745 5.75 4900 S184T 11 / 8 1113-1414 3.7 4.7 5.8 1.1875 Fixed 9.81-13.055 1...BX...35 60 6 1264 5 1745 5.75 4900 184T 11/8 1113-1414 3.7 4.7 5.8 1.1875 Fixed 9.81-13.055 1...BX...35 60 6 1264 208/230 and 460 v 575 v LOW RANGE Motor Hp Motor Nominal Rpm Maximum Continuous Bhp Maximum Continuous Watts Motor Frame Size Motor Shaft Diameter (in.
ALIGNMENT HOLE (IN BASE RAIL) WARNING: For vertical supply and return units, tools or parts could drop into ductwork and cause an injury. Install a 90-degree turn in the return ductwork between the unit and the conditioned space. If a 90-degree elbow cannot be installed, then a grille of sufficient strength and density should be installed to prevent objects from falling into the conditioned space. ALIGNMENT HOLE SHOULD LINE UP WITH ROOF CURB EDGE FLANGE EDGE FLANGE Fig.
Install field-supplied manual gas shutoff valve with a 8-in. NPT pressure tap for test gage connection at unit. The pressure tap is located on the gas manifold, adjacent to the gas valve. Field gas piping must include sediment trap and union. See Fig. 14. 1/ NOTE: Dimensions A, A′, B, and B′ are obtained from field-supplied ceiling diffuser. Shaded areas indicate block-off pans. Fig. 9 — Concentric Duct Details VI.
IX. STEP 9 — MAKE ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS WARNING: Do not pressure test gas supply while connected to unit. Always disconnect union before servicing. A hazardous condition could occur resulting in serious injury. A. Field Power Supply Unit is factory wired for voltage shown on unit nameplate. Be sure to check for correct voltage. IMPORTANT: Natural gas pressure at unit gas connection must not be less than 5.5 in. wg or greater than 13.0 in. wg. Size gas-supply piping for 0.5-in. wg maximum pressure drop.
track is facing outward from the unit. Install the filter track with 4 screws provided. 5. Apply seal strip (provided) to back flange of both hood sides where hood side connects to the unit back panel. See Fig. 18. 6. Apply seal strip (provided) to top flange of both hood sides where hood sides connect to the hood top panels. See Fig. 18. EQUIP GND NEC TB — — — — 7. Install hood sides to the back panels using the screws from Step 2. The sloped flanges point outward.
Table 4A — Electrical Data — Units Without Convenience Outlet COMPRESSOR NOMINAL VOLTAGE 581A RANGE No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 UNIT VOLTAGE (3 Ph, SIZE Min Max RLA LRA RLA LRA RLA LRA Qty 60 Hz) 208/230 210 460 575 208/230 240 460 575 208/230 300 460 575 FLA HACR IFM LRA MCA MOCP NEC OFM RLA — — — — — — — — — 187 414 518 187 414 518 187 414 518 253 506 633 253 506 633 253 506 633 16.7 9 7 22.4 10.7 9.3 47.1 19.6 15.8 130 70 55 184 90 73 245 125 100 16.7 9 7 22.
Table 4B — Electrical Data — Units With Optional Convenience Outlet COMPRESSOR NOMINAL VOLTAGE 581A RANGE No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 UNIT VOLTAGE (3 Ph, SIZE Min Max RLA LRA RLA LRA RLA LRA Qty 60 Hz) 208/230 210 460 575 208/230 240 460 575 208/230 300 460 575 FLA HACR IFM LRA MCA MOCP NEC OFM RLA — — — — — — — — — 187 414 518 187 414 518 187 414 518 253 506 633 253 506 633 253 506 633 16.7 9 7 22.4 10.7 9.3 47.1 19.6 15.8 130 70 55 184 90 73 245 125 100 16.
TOP HOOD SECTION ADD SEAL HOOD STRIP SIDE SEAL STRIP LOCATION ADD SEAL STRIP INNER FILTER TRACK BOTTOM HOOD SECTION ADD SEAL STRIP ADD SEAL STRIP FILTER GUIDE FILTER RETAINER FILTER GUIDE FILTER HOOD SIDE MANUAL DAMPER (IF EQUIPPED) UNIT BACK PANEL NOTE: Units with manual damper only use one filter. Fig. 18 — Outdoor-Air Hood Details LOCKING SCREW MOVEABLE DAMPER AIR FILTER POSITION MOVEABLE DAMPER Fig. 20 — Manual Damper Details Fig.
XI. STEP 11 — POSITION OPTIONAL POWER EXHAUST OR BAROMETRIC RELIEF DAMPER HOOD The optional power exhaust or barometric relief dampers are shipped assembled and tilted back into the unit for shipping. Brackets and extra screws are shipped in shrink wrap around the dampers. 1. Remove 9 screws holding each damper assembly in place. See Fig. 21. Each damper assembly is secured with 3 screws on each side and 3 screws along the bottom. Save screws. CAUTION: Be careful when tilting blower assembly.
PRE-START-UP START-UP WARNING: Failure to observe the following warnings could result in serious personal injury. Use the following information and Start-Up Checklist on page CL-1 to check out unit PRIOR to start-up. 1. Follow recognized safety practices and wear protective goggles when checking or the servicing refrigerant system. 2. Do not operate the compressor or provide any electric power to the unit unless the compressor terminal cover is in place and secured. I.
2. Connect pressure gage to supply gas tap, located on field-supplied manual shutoff valve (see Fig. 14). VIII. CONDENSER FANS AND MOTORS Condenser fans and motors are factory set. Refer to Condenser-Fan Adjustment section (page 39) as required. 3. Connect pressure gage to manifold pressure tap. 4. Turn on field-supplied manual gas stop. Provide a call for heating stage 1. 5. After the unit has run for several minutes, verify the supply gas pressure is between 5.5 in. wg and 13.0 in. wg.
Table 6 — Fan Performance — 581A210 Medium Heat Vertical Discharge Units* AIRFLOW (Cfm) 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500 AIRFLOW (Cfm) 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500 Bhp Watts Rpm 470 511 553 597 641 686 732 779 826 873 921 0.2 Watts 611 802 1029 1297 1606 1961 2363 2815 3320 3879 4495 Rpm 818 840 865 893 925 958 993 1029 1067 1106 1145 1.2 Watts 1488 1760 2068 2417 2808 3243 3725 4256 4838 5474 6165 Bhp 0.70 0.92 1.18 1.49 1.85 2.26 2.72 3.24 3.82 4.46 5.
Table 7 — Fan Performance — 581A210 High Heat Vertical Discharge Units* AIRFLOW (Cfm) 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500 AIRFLOW (Cfm) 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500 Bhp Watts Rpm 470 511 553 597 641 686 732 779 826 873 921 0.2 Watts 611 802 1029 1297 1606 1961 2363 2815 3320 3879 4495 Rpm 818 840 865 893 925 958 993 1029 1067 1106 1145 1.2 Watts 1488 1760 2068 2417 2808 3243 3725 4256 4838 5474 6165 Bhp 0.70 0.92 1.18 1.49 1.85 2.26 2.72 3.24 3.82 4.46 5.
Table 9 — Fan Performance — 581A240 Medium Heat Vertical Discharge Units* AIRFLOW (Cfm) 5,000 5,500 6,000 6,500 7,000 7,500 8,000 8,500 9,000 9,500 10,000 AIRFLOW (Cfm) 5,000 5,500 6,000 6,500 7,000 7,500 8,000 8,500 9,000 9,500 10,000 Bhp Watts Rpm 607 652 699 746 794 842 891 940 990 1039 1089 0.2 Watts 1329 1648 2013 2428 2895 3415 3992 4628 5325 6085 6911 Rpm 900 933 967 1003 1041 1079 1119 1160 1202 1244 1287 1.2 Watts 2448 2847 3292 3785 4330 4926 5578 6288 7056 7887 8781 Bhp 1.53 1.90 2.32 2.
Table 11 — Fan Performance — 581A300 Low Heat Vertical Discharge Units* AIRFLOW (Cfm) 6,500 7,000 7,500 8,000 8,500 9,000 9,500 10,000 10,500 11,000 11,500 12,000 12,500 AIRFLOW (Cfm) 6,500 7,000 7,500 8,000 8,500 9,000 9,500 10,000 10,500 11,000 11,500 12,000 12,500 Bhp Watts — — Rpm 750 797 845 892 939 986 1033 1079 1126 1172 1219 1265 1311 0.2 Watts 2,468 2,942 3,468 4,045 4,677 5,364 6,108 6,911 7,773 8,696 9,681 10,732 11,848 Rpm 988 1024 1063 1104 1146 1190 1235 1280 1326 1372 — — — 1.
Table 13 — Fan Performance — 581A300 High Heat Vertical Discharge Units* AIRFLOW (Cfm) 6,500 7,000 7,500 8,000 8,500 9,000 9,500 10,000 10,500 11,000 11,500 12,000 12,500 AIRFLOW (Cfm) 6,500 7,000 7,500 8,000 8,500 9,000 9,500 10,000 10,500 11,000 11,500 12,000 12,500 Bhp Watts Rpm 775 826 878 929 981 1033 1085 1137 1190 1242 1294 1347 — 0.2 Watts 2,600 3,115 3,690 4,326 5,029 5,799 6,640 7,553 8,542 9,609 10,756 11,985 — Rpm 1004 1041 1081 1124 1168 1214 1260 1308 1356 — — — — 1.
Table 14 — Fan Performance — 581A210 Low Heat Horizontal Discharge Units* AIRFLOW (Cfm) 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000 6,500 7,000 7,500 8,000 8,500 9,000 9,500 10,000 AIRFLOW (Cfm) 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000 6,500 7,000 7,500 8,000 8,500 9,000 9,500 10,000 Bhp Watts Rpm 635 707 780 853 928 1003 1079 1155 1231 1308 1385 — — — 0.2 Bhp 1064 1402 1802 2264 2794 3047 3812 4697 5714 6871 8177 — — — Rpm 951 998 1050 1105 1163 1224 1286 1350 — — — — — — 1.
Table 16 — Fan Performance — 581A210 High Heat Horizontal Discharge Units* AIRFLOW (Cfm) 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000 6,500 7,000 7,500 8,000 8,500 9,000 9,500 10,000 Rpm 645 718 792 867 943 1019 1096 1173 1250 1328 — — — — 0.2 Bhp 1105 1454 1866 2343 2889 3177 3973 4894 5952 7153 — — — — Rpm 965 1014 1067 1123 1182 1243 1306 1371 — — — — — — 1.
Table 18 — Fan Performance — 581A240 Medium Heat Horizontal Discharge Units* AIRFLOW (Cfm) 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000 6,500 7,000 7,500 8,000 8,500 9,000 9,500 10,000 Rpm 652 725 800 875 952 1029 1106 1184 1262 1341 — — — — 0.2 Bhp 1123 1479 1897 2383 2937 3249 4061 5003 6083 7312 — — — — Rpm 970 1019 1073 1130 1189 1251 1315 1381 — — — — — — 1.
Table 20 — Fan Performance — 581A300 Low Heat Horizontal Discharge Units* AIRFLOW (Cfm) 6,500 7,000 7,500 8,000 8,500 9,000 9,500 10,000 10,500 11,000 11,500 12,000 12,500 AIRFLOW (Cfm) 6,500 7,000 7,500 8,000 8,500 9,000 9,500 10,000 10,500 11,000 11,500 12,000 12,500 Rpm 786 842 898 955 1012 1069 1127 1184 1242 1299 1357 — — 0.2 Bhp 2,658 3,208 3,827 4,518 5,284 6,127 7,050 8,057 9,149 10,331 11,604 — — Rpm 988 1024 1063 1105 1149 1194 1242 1290 1340 1391 — — — 1.
Table 22 — Fan Performance — 581A300 High Heat Horizontal Discharge Units* AIRFLOW (Cfm) 6,500 7,000 7,500 8,000 8,500 9,000 9,500 10,000 10,500 11,000 11,500 12,000 12,500 AIRFLOW (Cfm) 6,500 7,000 7,500 8,000 8,500 9,000 9,500 10,000 10,500 11,000 11,500 12,000 12,500 Rpm 799 856 913 971 1029 1087 1145 1203 1261 1320 1378 — — 0.2 Bhp 2,730 3,294 3,929 4,637 5,421 6,285 7,231 8,262 9,381 10,592 11,896 — — Rpm 1005 1041 1080 1122 1167 1214 1262 1312 1363 — — — — 1.
Table 24 — Operation Air Quantity Limits 581A UNIT SIZE COOLING MInimum Maximum Cfm Cfm 210 5,400 9,000 240 5,500 10,000 300 6,000 11,500 GAS HEAT HEATING (Nat. Gas, Vertical) MINIMUM CFM High Heat (8 Cell) Medium Heat (8 Cell) Low Heat (5 Cell) High Heat (8 Cell) Medium Heat (8 Cell) Low Heat (5 Cell) High Heat (8 Cell) Medium Heat (8 Cell) Low Heat (5 Cell) 5,522 4,977 4,218 5,522 4,977 4,218 5,522 4,977 4,218 HEATING (Nat.
Table 26 — Accessory/FIOP Static Pressure (in. wg)* COMPONENT EconoMi$er IV CFM 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000 6,500 7,000 7,500 8,000 8,500 9,000 9,500 10,000 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.15 10,500 0.16 11,000 0.17 11,500 0.19 12,000 0.20 LEGEND FIOP — Factory-Installed Option *The static pressure must be added to the external static pressure.
DAMPER ASSEMBLY WIRE HARNESS DAMPER ACTUATOR WIRE TIES PL7 OUTDOOR AIR TEMPERATURE SENSOR PL7 OUTSIDE AIR ENTHALPY SENSOR ECONOMIZER BLOCK OFF INDOOR AIR ENTHALPY SENSOR Fig. 23 — EconoMi$er IV Component Locations (Exploded View) 19 LED ON 18 D 17 LED OFF 16 mA 15 14 C LED OFF 13 12 SAT LOCATION LED ON LED ON B LED OFF LED ON A 11 10 LED OFF 9 40 Fig. 24 — Supply-Air Temperature Sensor Location 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT 85 90 95 100 Fig.
Differential Dry Bulb Control For differential dry bulb control the standard outdoor dry bulb sensor is used in conjunction with an additional accessory dry bulb sensor (part number CRTEMPSN002A00). The accessory sensor must be mounted in the return airstream. Wiring is provided in the EconoMi$er IV wiring harness. See Fig. 26. In this mode of operation, the outdoor-air temperature is compared to the return-air temperature and the lower temperature airstream is used for cooling.
46 85 90 95 100 105 110 (29) (32) (35) (38) (41) (43) 44 CONTROL CONTROL POINT CURVE APPROX.
Minimum Position Control There is a minimum damper position potentiometer on the EconoMi$er IV controller. See Fig. 28. The minimum damper position maintains the minimum airflow into the building during the occupied period. When using demand ventilation, the minimum damper position represents the minimum ventilation position for VOC (volatile organic compounds) ventilation requirements. The maximum demand ventilation position is used for fully occupied ventilation.
The same equation can be used to determine the occupied or maximum ventilation rate to the building. For example, an output of 3.6 volts to the actuator provides a base ventilation rate of 5% and an output of 6.7 volts provides the maximum ventilation rate of 20% (or base plus 15 cfm per person). Use Fig. 29 to determine the maximum setting of the CO2 sensor. For example, a 1100 ppm set point relates to a 15 cfm per person design. Use the 1100 ppm curve on Fig.
B. Heating, Units Without Economizer NOTE: The 581A210-300 units have 2 stages of electric heat. When the thermostat calls for heating, power is sent to W on the IGC (integrated gas unit controller) board. An LED (light-emitting diode) on the IGC board will be on during normal operation. A check is made to ensure that the rollout switch and limit switch are closed and the induced-draft motor is running.
Remove Surface Loaded Fibers Surface loaded fibers or dirt should be removed with a vacuum cleaner. If a vacuum cleaner is not available, a soft nonmetallic bristle brush may be used. In either case, the tool should be applied in the direction of the fins. Coil surfaces can be easily damaged (fin edges can be easily bent over and damage to the coating of a protected coil) if the tool is applied across the fins.
F. Flue Gas Passageways The flue collector box and heat exchanger cells may be inspected by removing heat section access panel (Fig. 4), flue box cover, and main burner assembly (Fig. 30). Refer to Main Burners section on page 41 for burner removal sequence. If cleaning is required, clean tubes with a wire brush. Use caution with ceramic heat exchanger baffles. When installing retaining clip, be sure the center leg of the clip extends inward toward baffle. See Fig. 31. G.
IV. EVAPORATOR FAN PERFORMANCE ADJUSTMENT (Fig. 32 and 33) VI. CONDENSER-FAN ADJUSTMENT (Fig. 34) 1. Shut off unit power supply. Fan motor pulleys are factory set for speed shown in Table 1. To change fan speeds: 2. Remove condenser-fan assembly (grille, motor, motor cover, and fan) and loosen fan hub setscrews. 1. Shut off unit power supply. 2. Loosen nuts on the 4 carriage bolts in the mounting base. Using adjusting bolts and plate, slide motor and remove belt. 3. Adjust fan height as shown in Fig.
VII. POWER FAILURE Dampers have a spring return. In event of power failure, dampers will return to fully closed position until power is restored. Do not manually operate damper motor. VIII. REFRIGERANT CHARGE Amount of refrigerant charge is listed on unit nameplate and in Table 1. Refer to GTAC II; Module 5; Charging, Recovery, Recycling, and Reclamation section for charging methods and procedures. Unit panels must be in place when unit is operating during charging procedure.
8. Once desired pressure is established, set unit setting for no call for heat, turn off main gas valve, remove pressure-measuring device, and replace 1/8-in. pipe plug and screw cap. Table 32 — Altitude Compensation (LP Gas) ELEVATION (ft) 0-2,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 above 10,000 X. MAIN BURNERS For most applications, main burners are factory set and should require no adjustment. For applications at altitudes above 2000 ft, refer to Tables 31 and 32 for altitude compensation.
B. High-Pressure and Low-Pressure Switches If either switch trips, or if the compressor overtemperature switch activates, that refrigerant circuit will be automatically locked out by the CLO. To reset, manually move the thermostat setting. XV. REPLACEMENT PARTS A complete list of replacement parts may be obtained from any Bryant distributor upon request. XVI. DIAGNOSTIC LEDs The IGC control board has a LED for diagnostic purposes. The IGC error codes are shown in Table 33. C.
LEGEND Fig. 40 — Low Voltage Control Schematic Fig. 41 — Power Schematic and Fig. 42 — Component Arrangement _ _ .A AHA AL AUX _ _ .B _ _ .
Fig.
Fig.
—46— Fig.
TROUBLESHOOTING I. UNIT TROUBLESHOOTING Refer to Tables 34-36 and Fig. 43. Table 34 — Cooling Service Analysis PROBLEM Compressor and Condenser Fan Will Not Start. Compressor Will Not Start but Condenser Fan Runs. Compressor Cycles (other than normally satisfying thermostat). Compressor Operates continuously. Excessive Head Pressure. Head Pressure Too Low. Excessive Suction Pressure. Suction Pressure Too Low. CAUSE Power failure. Fuse blown or circuit breaker tripped.
Table 35 — Heating Service Analysis PROBLEM Burners Will Not Ignite. Inadequate Heating. Poor Flame Characteristics. Burners Will Not Turn Off. CAUSE Misaligned spark electrodes. REMEDY Check flame ignition and sensor electrode positioning. Adjust as needed. No gas at main burners. Check gas line for air; purge as necessary. After purging gas line of air, allow gas to dissipate for at least 5 minutes before attempting to relight unit. Check gas valve. Water in gas line.
IDM — IGC — LEGEND Induced-Draft Motor Integrated Gas Unit Controller NOTE: Thermostat Fan Switch in the “AUTO” position. Fig.
II. ECONOMI$ER IV TROUBLESHOOTING See Table 37 for EconoMi$er IV logic. D. DCV (Demand Exhaust A functional view of the EconoMi$er IV is shown in Fig. 44. Typical settings, sensor ranges, and jumper positions are also shown. An EconoMi$er IV simulator program is available from Bryant to help with EconoMi$er IV training and troubleshooting. To check DCV and Power Exhaust: 1. Make sure EconoMi$er IV preparation procedure has been performed. 2. Ensure terminals AQ and AQ1 are open.
4. Remove the jumper across T and T1. The actuator should drive fully closed. 4. Set minimum position, DCV set point, and exhaust potentiometers to previous settings. 5. Return EconoMi$er IV settings and wiring to normal after completing troubleshooting. 5. Remove 620-ohm resistor from terminals SR and +. 6. Remove 1.2 kilo-ohm checkout resistor from terminals SO and +. If used, reconnect sensor from terminals SO and +. G.
Copyright 2005 Bryant Heating & Cooling Systems Printed in U.S.A. CATALOG NO.
START-UP CHECKLIST MODEL NO.: ___________________________________________ SERIAL NO.: ______________________________________________ DATE: _________________________________________________ TECHNICIAN:_____________________________________________ I.
