Technical data

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Sulphation can either occur during storage or if
the battery is installed in a vehicle (or equipment)
that is not used for a long period of time. While
in a vehicle, the battery is constantly drained by
the clock, the alarm system, etc., resulting in a
decrease in the level of charge of the battery and,
after a certain period of time, sulphation of the
plates. However, even a disconnected battery
undergoes sulphation due to self-discharge.
The causes of sulphation can be summed up as
follows:
There is an excessive lapse of time between one u
recharging and the next.
An engine starter battery is used for “deep u
cycles”. This type of battery is not resistant to
deep discharges.
The battery is undercharged or the charging and u
adjustment of levels is carried out incorrectly.
Low electrolyte level: a battery plate exposed to u
air starts to experience sulphation immediately.
Sulphation (lead sulphate) impedes the chemical
reaction between the acid (electrolyte) and the
active material (made up of lead) on the plates
and it prevents normal operation of the battery.
Even after recharging, the voltage will be low
(< 12.4V), but, usually the cells will show equal
values. Sulphation is not a manufacturing defect.
Acid Stratification
Acid stratification is a common cause of battery
failure. In a stratified battery, the electrolyte is
concentrated at the bottom and the top half of
the cell has very little acid. Stratification takes
place when the battery is kept with low charge
(below 80%) and is never fully recharged. Short
journeys that include the use of the windscreen
wipers and electric heaters contribute to this
phenomenon. Acid stratification reduces the
general performance of the battery.
Figure 2 shows a normal battery in which the
acid is distributed evenly from top to bottom.
This battery has good performance because the
correct concentration of acid is distributed evenly
over the plates. Figure 3 shows a stratified battery
in which the acid concentration is light at the top
and heavy at the bottom. A light acid limits the
plate activation, speeds up corrosion and reduces
the performance. On the other hand, high acid
concentration at the bottom artificially increases
the open circuit voltage. The battery seems to be
fully charged, but it delivers low starting power.
High acid concentration also results in sulphation
and further reduces the already low conductivity.
If this condition goes undetected, it will ultimately
result in battery failure.
Figure 2 – Without acid stratification
Figure 3 – With acid stratification
Fully recharging or shaking the battery tends to
correct the problem.
Overcharging
Overcharging is often caused by an unsuitably
high temperature in the engine compartment.
Other than this, a defective voltage regulator is
often another cause of overcharging. A high level
of corrosion, loose particles of positive active
material, damaged active material and high water
consumption are characteristics of overcharging.
A low level of electrolyte and a black layer on the
filler caps are usually evidence for an overcharged
battery. Excessive water consumption leads
to an increase in electrolyte density. Also, a
high temperature results in a lower internal
battery resistance, causing an increase in the
charge current and this increases the effect of
overcharging.
Physical Damage
The battery container and the terminals will
suffer obvious damage if the battery is installed
incorrectly, if the cables are wrongly connected
or if the cables are hammered incorrectly into the
terminals.
In addition, if the terminal poles are melted, this
indicates that the battery has had a short circuit.
(Figure 4.1 and Figure 4.2)
Figure 4.1 – Picture of a melted battery terminal
Figure 4.2 – Picture of a melted battery terminal
Incorrect Application
Batteries recommended by Bosch match or exceed
the original equipment specifications. Choosing a
battery of lower capacity or power will result in a
shorter service life and premature battery failure.
Usually, the result is a low charge level together
with the effects described above.
Wear and Tear
During the charging and discharging cycle, the
battery plate material (active material) moves
about due to the electrochemical processes
occurring. Every time that the battery undergoes
a charging or discharging cycle, a small amount of
active material comes loose from the plates. This
normal aging process, caused by the charging and
discharging cycles, results in a loss of battery
capacity and, ultimately, the loss of its capacity
to start the vehicle or power its equipment.
A battery has a finite number of cycles that it
undergoes before losing its capacity. Vehicles
that do a large number of short journeys, such
as taxis, mini-cabs, trucks and buses, reach the
maximum number of cycles in a shorter time than
vehicles that do longer journeys. As a result, the
batteries used in these types of vehicles may
exhibit the above mentioned symptoms earlier
than expected.
3.5 Checking for Malfunction by Load
Tester
Checking of Appearance
- Damage(Case, Cover, Post)
- Leaking of Acid & ETC..
No Outside Damages
- Check the OCV (not only surface
voltage)
Outside Damages by
User’s Mishandling
- Replace
- Responsibility:User
OCV is below
12.1(V)
OCV is about
12.1-12.5(V)
OCV is above 12.5(V)
Re-Charge
- Can be hard to
re-charge
- Needs low
current & long
charging time
Re-Charge
- Please refer
to charging
procedure
Perform Load Test
Testing by Battery Checker (Load Tester)
Apply 150A load for 10sec., then check battery voltage
and compare below
Above 9.6 volts
- Good Battery
- Reuse
Below 9.5 volts
- Charge battery and then perform
load test again
* If the battery voltage is still below
9.6V after the second charge and
load test, it should be replaced
4. Inspection, Storage and Stacking
4.1 Inspection on Receipt of Goods
Before unloading the consignment of batteries,
please check the details on the invoice against the
goods delivered and your order details.
Check:
The battery type. u
The quantities. u
Damaged batteries, batteries that were not u
transported in a horizontal position or those with
leakage of electrolyte, should be rejected and sent
back to the supplier, at the carrier’s expense.
After unloading and before stocking the batteries,
check:
The age of the battery, calculating this from its u
date of manufacture.
The open circuit voltage. u
Do a visual inspection (container, cover, terminals, u
charge indicator, colours, and labels).
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