Table of contents Table of contents CHAPTER 1. SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS ............................................................................................... 2 CHAPTER 2. OVERVIEW ...................................................................................................................... 4 2.1. FEATURES ................................................................................................................................... 5 2.2. SPECIFICATIONS......................................
Chapter 1. Safety Instructions Chapter 1. Safety Instructions Before using this product This camera complies with all safety rules. However, improper use of any electric device can be a cause of fire and bring to property damage. Before you start using this camera, please study this user manual carefully IMPORTANT! Use accessories recommended by the manufacturer only. Use of the improper accessories may cause camera’s breakdown.
Chapter 1. Safety Instructions Ventilation To prevent overheating of the device, keep free air circulation in the area where the camera is located. Cleaning Use a soft, dry cloth for cleaning camera’s external surfaces. It is acceptable to use some detergent for removing persistent dirt, but not the volatile cleaners such as the alcohol-containing solvents, benzene and so on, because of the risk to damage the camera’s housing.
Chapter 2. Overview Chapter 2. Overview BEWARD N300 is a compact megapixel IP camera (Pic. 2.1) with H.264/MPEG-4/MJPEG multi-stream video, a built-in microphone, the microSD/SDHC card slot, a new generation highly sensitive CMOS image sensor with the WDR (Wide Dynamic Range) technology support. Pic. 2.1 BEWARD N300 makes possible watching real-time video recording from any part of the world by means of the most standard operating systems and web browsers.
Chapter 2. Overview The microSD/SDHC memory cards support improves camera’s capabilities and makes its operation safer. In case of disconnection all important information will be saved to the card. 2.1. Features Optimal quality-price ratio Progressive scan CMOS image sensor with WDR support X-Panner support MicroSD/SDHC memory cards support Professional 16-channel software included Simultaneous multi-streaming H.
Chapter 2. Overview Operating humidity: 20-80% (without condensation) ONVIF 2.2 support 2.3. Package Contents IP camera with a pre-installed lens (M12, f4.0 mm, F1.
Chapter 3. Product Description Chapter 3. Product Description 3.1. Front Side Pic. 3.1 Focus adjustment ring: rotate the metal ring to set a focus (previously the focus is preset and does not need to be adjusted). Power LED: lights when the camera is switched on. Red steady: power is supplied to the camera, the system is loading. Blue steady: system loading is complete; the camera is ready to be configured through the web interface. Blinking violet: the camera’s firmware is updating.
Chapter 3. Product Description 3.2. Rear Side Pic. 3.2 Power connector: for 5 V, 1 A DC power supply. It is recommended to use the original power supply only for correct camera’s operation. MicroSD card slot: provides recording of information on the microSD/SDHC memory cards. In case of disconnection an option of automatic backup recording is also available. Digital I/O: allows you to activate different events by the certain digital input states or such events when digital output changes its state.
Chapter 4. Installing the Camera and Cables’ Connecting Chapter 4. Installing the Camera and Cables’ Connecting 4.1. General Information BEWARD N300 supports wired connection only. The camera can be connected directly to a computer or through a router. Pic. 4.1 A common home router has one WAN port for Internet access and four LAN ports to connect computers, IP cameras and other devices on your local network. 4.2.
Chapter 4. Installing the Camera and Cables’ Connecting Cameras in video surveillance system should be installed so that probability of their damage or viewing direction changing or any other unauthorized action was excluded. The viewing direction should be clearly determined at the moment of the camera’s installation.
Chapter 4. Installing the Camera and Cables’ Connecting Step 3: attach the camera to the bracket, adjust the tilt angle and fasten the camera (Pic. 4.2). Pic. 4.2 4.4. Wired Connection to a Network Step 1: provide the camera with power using the included 5 V, 1 A power supply. Step 2: use the supplied RJ45 cable to connect the camera to the network (a LAN port of the router).
Chapter 4. Installing the Camera and Cables’ Connecting To make a network cable, you need the following materials: a UTP category 5e cable, two RJ-45 connectors and an RJ-45 crimping tool. Assembling the pairs of wires in the correct order (see the table above) ensures data transfer speed of 100 Mbps. N300 supports power transmission simultaneously with data transmission through a network cable (PoE technology).
Chapter 4. Installing the Camera and Cables’ Connecting Pic. 4.4 NOTE: When using an external transponder, it is necessary to cut in a diode and a burden in-parallel to protect the electronics of a camera from the voltage jumps during transients (Pic 4.3). When using external sensors it is important to note that exceeding of the legitimate values of voltage/current strength (5 V/100 mA) is prohibited because of the digital inputs/outputs are logic.
Chapter 5. Setting Up the Wired Connection for Windows 7 Chapter 5. Setting up the Wired Connection for Windows 7 To make the N300 IP camera work together with computers, laptops and other devices in your local network, you need to connect this camera to the network according to the network parameters. This chapter explains how to define the network parameters. NOTE: The connection establishment process is shown for OS Windows 7 Ultimate.
Chapter 5. Setting Up the Wired Connection for Windows 7 Pic. 5.2 In the opened window click on the [Local Area Connection] (Pic. 5.3). Pic. 5.3 NOTE: If there are several active networks, choose the one that you are going to connect your camera to.
Chapter 5. Setting Up the Wired Connection for Windows 7 In the opened window click the [Properties] button (Pic. 5.4). Pic. 5.4 In the opened window select the [Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4)] menu item and click the [Properties] button (Pic. 5.5). Pic. 5.5 The window opens displaying information about the network connection settings.
Chapter 5. Setting Up the Wired Connection for Windows 7 1. Obtain an IP address automatically: select this option to obtain an IP address automatically from a DHCP-server on your network (Pic. 5.6). If an IP address is assigned to your computer automatically, go to paragraph 5.1.1 to define the network parameters. Pic. 5.6 2. Use the following IP address: an IP address is specified manually (Pic. 5.7). Pic. 5.
Chapter 5. Setting Up the Wired Connection for Windows 7 IMPORTANT! If you do not make a note of the network parameters, then it will be impossible to return the computer’s network settings to their initial state and to connect it to a local network or the Internet after configuring the N300. 5.1.1.
Chapter 5. Setting Up the Wired Connection for Windows 7 Pic. 5.9 In the opened window click on the [Local Area Connection] (Pic. 5.10). Pic. 5.10 NOTE: If there are several active networks, choose the one that you are going to connect your camera to.
Chapter 5. Setting Up the Wired Connection for Windows 7 In the opened window click the [Details] button (Pic. 5.11). Pic. 5.11 In the opened window you can see the current network connection details (Pic. 5.12). Pic. 5.
Chapter 5. Setting Up the Wired Connection for Windows 7 If you will see the following information in the opened window: [DHCP Enabled – Yes], [IPv4 Address – xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx] (where xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx is an IP address value), it means that your computer is assigned the IP address displayed in the [IPv4 Address] line, the subnet mask displayed in the [IPv4 Subnet Mask] line, the gateway address displayed in the [IPv4 Default Gateway] line, the DNS server address displayed in the [IPv4 DNS Server] line.
Chapter 5. Setting Up the Wired Connection for Windows 7 Pic. 5.13 In the opened window click on the [View network status and tasks] in the [Network and Internet] section (Pic. 5.14). Pic. 5.14 In the opened window, click on the [Local Area Connection] (Pic. 5.15).
Chapter 5. Setting Up the Wired Connection for Windows 7 Pic. 5.15 NOTE: If there are several active networks, choose the one that you are going to connect your camera to. In the opened window, click the [Properties] button (Pic. 5.16). Pic. 5.
Chapter 5. Setting Up the Wired Connection for Windows 7 In the connection properties opened window select the [Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4)] menu item and click the [Properties] button (Pic. 5.17). Pic. 5.17 In the opened window you need to specify an IP address and a subnet mask. Click the [Use the following IP address] and type an unused IP address from the same subnet as the camera, for example, 192.168.0.20, and 255.255.255.0 in the [Subnet mask] field.
Chapter 5. Setting Up the Wired Connection for Windows 7 Click the [OK] button in the all opened windows to save the changes. 5.3. Accessing the IP Camera There are three ways to access this IP camera: Using “BEWARD IP Installer” software; Using the [Network] menu in Windows 7; Using Internet Explorer browser. IMPORTANT! When connecting the camera, take notice that the camera’s default IP address is 192.168.0.99. 5.3.1.
Chapter 5. Setting Up the Wired Connection for Windows 7 NOTE: UPnP technology support is enabled by default in the N300 IP camera. To search for IP cameras trough “BEWARD IP Installer” software, launch it using the shortcut on your desktop. In the opened window you can see the list of available cameras and video servers. Select your IP camera and click the [Link to IE] button (Pic. 5.20). Pic. 5.
Chapter 5. Setting Up the Wired Connection for Windows 7 5.3.3. Accessing the IP Camera Using the Network Menu in Windows 7 NOTE: The UPnP technology support is enabled in the N300 IP camera by default. To search for N300 through the [Network] menu in Windows 7, go to the [Computer] menu and click the [Network] tab (Pic. 5.21). Pic. 5.21 In the appeared window, find the camera and double-click it with the left mouse button (Pic. 5.22). Pic. 5.
Chapter 5. Setting Up the Wired Connection for Windows 7 This will open the camera’s web interface in the browser that is set as default where you can configure the camera and view the images. 5.3.4. Accessing the IP Camera Using Internet Explorer To access this camera through Internet Explorer, launch the browser and enter the following in the address field: http://:/, where is the IP address of the camera, is the number of the port that is used for HTTP connection to the camera (Pic.
Chapter 5. Setting Up the Wired Connection for Windows 7 Pic. 5.24 After the first successful authorization, Windows 7 blocks the ActiveX add-on (is used for work with the camera’s web interface) installation on default. You will see a system notification at the bottom of the window: “This webpage wants to run the following add-on: “AxMediaControl ActiveX Control Module” from “BEWARD Co., Ltd.” (Pic. 5.25). Click [Allow] button to continue the installation.
Chapter 5. Setting Up the Wired Connection for Windows 7 Pic. 5.25 On default, Internet Explorer security system blocks ActiveX components installation too. Click [Install] to continue (Pic. 5.26). Pic. 5.26 NOTE: There will be additional installation blocking when installing ActiveX components in Windows 7 with enabled user account control. In this case you will see an additional system notification. To permit installation you should give a positive answer in the appeared window.
Chapter 5. Setting Up the Wired Connection for Windows 7 Pic. 5.27 5.5. Configuring the Camera’s Network Settings through the Web Interface After connecting the N300 to the local network you need to change its network parameters to get it and your other devices (e.g. computer, laptop etc.) to the same subnet. IMPORTANT! To make your camera and your computer work together, the first three parts of their IP addresses must be identical but the fourth must differ.
Chapter 5. Setting Up the Wired Connection for Windows 7 Pic. 5.28 In the [TCP/IP] subsection you need to enter such values of the IP address and other network parameters that it provided joint work of the camera and other devices in the same subnet (Pic. 5.28). NOTE: Contact your system administrator if you need assistance. Click [Save] to save the changes. Configuring the camera’s network settings is completed.
Chapter 5. Setting Up the Wired Connection for Windows 7 5.6. Restoring the Network Settings of the Computer to Their Previous Values To restore the wired connection settings to their previous values, follow the steps below. Go to Start – Control Panel (Pic. 5.29). Pic. 5.29 In the opened window, click on the [View network status and tasks] in the [Network and Internet] section (Pic. 5.30). Pic. 5.
Chapter 5. Setting Up the Wired Connection for Windows 7 In the opened window, click on the [Local Area Connection] (Pic. 5.31). Pic. 5.31 In the opened window, click the [Properties] button (Pic. 5.32). Pic. 5.32 Select the [Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4)] menu and click the [Properties] button (Pic. 5.33).
Chapter 5. Setting Up the Wired Connection for Windows 7 Pic. 5.33 In the opened window of the connection properties you need to specify your initial network settings (see paragraphs 5.1, 5.1.1). If the IP settings were assigned automatically, use the [Obtain an IP address automatically] and the [Obtain DNS server address automatically] options (Pic. 5.34), then click [OK]. Pic. 5.
Chapter 5. Setting Up the Wired Connection for Windows 7 If the IP settings were specified manually, use the [Use the following IP address] and the [Use the following DNS server addresses] options and complete the required fields (see paragraph 5.1), then click [OK] (Pic. 5.35). Pic. 5.35 5.7. Verifying the Connection Settings To verify the network settings of your camera and your computer, you must access the camera through Internet Explorer.
Chapter 5. Setting Up the Wired Connection for Windows 7 IMPORTANT! The default username is admin, the default password is admin. Pic. 5.37 If everything was done correctly, you see the camera image on your display (Pic. 5.38). Pic. 5.38 NOTE: If the camera image is not appeared on your display, return to the chapter’s beginning and check the setting step by step. Contact your system administrator if you need assistance.
Chapter 6. Accessing the Camera over Internet Chapter 6. Accessing the Camera over Internet 6.1. Overview of Internet Access to the Camera When installing an IP camera in apartments, a cottage, or an office, most users want to be able to access the camera and view the images over a local network as well as over the Internet. This requires a router to provide your camera, your computer and other devices with Internet access and make them work together.
Chapter 6. Accessing the Camera over Internet Pic. 6.1 Step 3: connect the IP camera to the Ethernet network. If everything is configured properly, the camera should be available over the Internet. The following settings were used in the provided example: IP address: 80.65.23.173 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.252 Default gateway: 80.65.23.174 Preferred DNS server: 80.65.20.1 Alternate DNS server: 80.65.16.
Chapter 6. Accessing the Camera over Internet 6.2.2. Using a PPPoE Connection If your ISP cannot provide a static IP address, you can use a PPPoE connection to access the camera over the Internet. To access the camera over a PPPoE connection, you should take a username and a password from your ISP. The N300 supports PPPoE connection. Follow the steps below to establish the connection: Step 1: connect the IP camera to your computer directly.
Chapter 6. Accessing the Camera over Internet To access the camera over the Internet, enter the following in the address field of your browser: http://:, where is the IP address of the camera that is used for PPPoE connection, is the port number that is used for HTTP connection to the camera (the default value is 80). NOTE: You do not need to enter a port number if you are connecting through the default HTTP port 80. 6.3.
Chapter 6. Accessing the Camera over Internet 6.3.1. Using the UPnP Option Before using UPnP, make sure your router supports port forwarding between LAN and WAN networks. If so, follow the steps below to provide the Internet access to your camera: Enable UPnP on your router and configure it. IMPORTANT! Some routers do not support port forwarding between LAN and WAN networks over UPnP. Before configuring, make sure your router supports this option. If not, additional setting is required.
Chapter 6. Accessing the Camera over Internet Step 4: in the [RTSP port] field enter the RTSP port number that you want to use to access the camera over the Internet. Step 5: click [Save] to save the changes. IMPORTANT: It is necessary to reboot the camera for the changes to take effect. IMPORTANT: When using port forwarding, the port number values of the camera and the router must match.
Chapter 6. Accessing the Camera over Internet accessing camera’s settings and video on default are the following: HTTP port – 80, RTSP port – 554. IMPORTANT! When accessing over the Internet, you should note that all cameras inside the local network have the same public IP address (the IP address assigned by your ISP). To access the cameras through the same IP address, you must specify a unique HTTP port number for each camera.
Chapter 6. Accessing the Camera over Internet For the next camera you can specify as follows: HTTP port 80, RTSP port 10001. Now you need to configure your router to make the camera accessible over the Internet. To do so, follow the steps below: Step 1: enter the IP address of your router in the browser address field (here, the IP address is 192.168.0.1). In the appeared window, enter your username and your password. After successful authorization, the router settings page appears (Pic. 6.5). Pic. 6.
Chapter 6. Accessing the Camera over Internet Pic. 6.7 Step 4: turn on the virtual server. To do so, select the [Enable Virtual Server]. Step 5: create the network address translation rules (Pic. 6.8). Enter the camera IP address and the HTTP port 80. Set the traffic type to “Both”, which allows both UDP and TCP translation. Enter a port number to access the camera over the Internet (for the provided example, the port is 8081). You can also make a comment (optional). Pic. 6.
Chapter 6. Accessing the Camera over Internet Pic. 6.9 Step 7: repeat steps 5 and 6 for RTSP (Pic. 6.10). Pic. 6.10 Step 8: do the same to create a translation rules for other cameras (Pic. 6.11). Pic. 6.
Chapter 6. Accessing the Camera over Internet The router configuration is complete. IMPORTANT! You can use the virtual server to redirect the HTTP ports (for example, the port 80 of the camera 1 is translated to 8080; the port 80 of the camera 2 is translated to 8081). However, you must specify a unique RTSP port number for each camera. It must be directed to the same port (for example, the port 10000 of the camera 1 is translated to 10000; the port 10001 of the camera 2 is translated to 10001).
Chapter 6. Accessing the Camera over Internet Create an account on www.dyndns.com. Choose a domain name for your camera (Hostname). You can use any domain name that is not already being used. For this example, we use camera184 and thus have the following domain name: www.camera184.dyndns.org. Set your equipment. 6.4.2. Creating an Account at DynDNS Service Step 1: open your browser and go to www.dyndns.com.
Chapter 6. Accessing the Camera over Internet Pic. 6.13 Step 2: enter a username that is not already being used (the [Username] field) and a password (the [Password] and [Confirm password] fields). NOTE: You need to confirm the password to ensure that there are no typing mistakes. You must enter the same password in both fields. In the [Email] and [Confirm email] fields, enter your e-mail address. You will receive a confirmation letter to the specified address.
Chapter 6. Accessing the Camera over Internet Enter the numbers from the image and check the [I agree with the acceptable use policy (AUP) and privacy policy] box, which means that you agree with AUP and privacy policy to create one free account. For this example, we use [Username] – camera184, [Email] - camera184@yandex.ru. Click the [Create Account] button to complete the registration process (Pic. 6.14). Pic. 6.14 Step 3: if everything is correct, you will see the [One more step to go...] page (Pic. 6.
Chapter 6. Accessing the Camera over Internet Pic. 6.15 Step 4: you will receive an email confirmation message from «DynDNS Support» (the email address is support@dyndns.com) to the email address you specified in your registration form. Click the link to confirm the registration and to activate your account. After clicking the link from the e-mail, you will be sent to the confirmation page to activate your account.
Chapter 6. Accessing the Camera over Internet Pic. 6.17 6.4.3. Creating a Domain Name at DynDNS Step 1: open your browser, go to www.dyndns.com and log in with your username and your password. To do so, click the [Sign In] button in the upper right corner and enter your username in the [Username] field and your password in the [Password] field, then click the [Log In] button (Pic. 6.18). Pic. 6.
Chapter 6. Accessing the Camera over Internet Step 2: if the username and password are correct, you will see your account settings page. To continue, click the [Add Host Services] (Pic. 6.19). Pic. 6.19 Step 3: in the opened page, configure the connection settings. Select a domain. For this example, we use dyndns.org. In the [Hostname] field, enter a domain name for you camera (e.g. camera184). If the domain name is available, the camera will be accessible at camera184.dyndns.org (Pic. 6.20).
Chapter 6. Accessing the Camera over Internet Pic. 6.20 To tie the current IP address of your camera to the specified domain name, please enter its IP address in the [IP address field]. On default DynDNS service determines the IP address of the device from which you are connecting to the service (Pic. 6.21). Pic. 6.21 Enter the IP address assigned by your ISP and click the [Add To Cart] button.
Chapter 6. Accessing the Camera over Internet Step 4: if the domain name is created successfully, you will see the confirmation page. In the provided example is camera184.dyndns.org. To activate your domain name, click [Next] (Pic. 6.22). Pic. 6.22 On the opened page, click the [Activate Service] button (Pic. 6.23). Pic. 6.
Chapter 6. Accessing the Camera over Internet Step 5: if your domain name is activated successfully, you will see a confirmation page (Pic. 6.24). Pic. 6.24 Step 6: your domain name is created. 6.4.4. Equipment Setting for Work with DynDNS Now you need to set your camera according to your registration details at the DynDNS service (see paragraphs 6.4.2, 6.4.3).
Chapter 6. Accessing the Camera over Internet IMPORTANT! For detailed information on how to configure the camera through the web interface, please see the Operations User Manual. According to the registration details that were specified at the DynDNS server (see paragraphs 6.4.2, 6.4.3), select “www.dyndns.org” in the [Server name] field. Enter “camera184” in the [User ID] and “123456” in the [Password]. Enter “camera184.dyndns.org” in the [Host name] (Pic. 6.25). Step 7: click [Save] to save the changes.
Chapter 6. Accessing the Camera over Internet manual for more information on how to configure DDNS. The router is configured to work with DynDNS as follows: IMPORTANT! Make sure your router supports DDNS. Besides it should be connected to the Internet and configured properly. Step 1: enter the IP address of your router in the browser address field. In the appeared window, enter your username and your password. After successful authorization, the router settings page appears.
Chapter 6. Accessing the Camera over Internet Pic. 6.27 IMPORTANT! Make sure you have entered the valid data; otherwise, your router will not be able to connect to the DDNS server. Step 4: click the [Apply] to save the changes. Step 5: the router’s configuration is completed. If everything is configured correctly, your camera will be available from any part of the world under the unique name that is easy to remember. From now on, you need to enter http://camera184.dyndns.
Appendix Appendix Appendix A. Port Values Port Default Value Range of Values HTTP 80 1124..65534 HTTP forwarding via UPnP 80 1024..65534 HTTPS forwarding via UPnP 443 1024..65534 RTSP 554 1124..65534 RTSP forwarding via UPnP 554 1024..65534 Initial RTP range port 5000 1124..65435 Final RTP range port 7999 1223..65534 Multicast video port - 1124..65534 Multicast audio port - 1124..65534 SMTP 25 1..65535 System log remote server port 514 1024..
Appendix Appendix B. Factory Defaults This table provides camera factory defaults Parameter Value IP address 192.168.0.99 Subnet mask 255.255.255.0 Gateway 192.168.0.
Appendix Appendix C. Glossary 3GP (3GPP file format) is a multimedia container format defined by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) for 3G UMTS multimedia services. It is used on 3G mobile phones but can also be played on some 2G and 4G phones. ActiveX is a standard that enables software components to interact with one another in a networked environment, regardless of the language(s) used to create them.
Appendix CCD (Charged Coupled Device). This light-sensitive image device used in many digital cameras is a large integrated circuit that contains hundreds of thousands of photo-sites (pixels) that convert light energy into electronic signals. Its size is measured diagonally and can be 1/4", 1/3", 1/2" or 2/3". CGI (Common Gateway Interface) is a specification for communication between a web server and other (CGI) programs.
Appendix Ethernet is the most widely installed local area network technology. An Ethernet LAN typically uses special grades of twisted pair wires. The most commonly installed Ethernet systems are 10BASE-T and 100BASE-T10, which provide transmission speeds up to 10 Mbps and 100 Mbps respectively. Factory default settings are the settings that originally applied for a device when it was first delivered from the factory.
Appendix to direct a given packet of data that arrives at the gateway, and a switch, which furnishes the actual path in and out of the gateway for a given packet. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the set of rules for exchanging files (text, graphic images, sound, video, and other multimedia files) on the web. The HTTP protocol runs on top of the TCP/IP suite of protocols.
Appendix JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group).Together with the GIF file format, JPEG is an image file type commonly used on the web. A JPEG image is a bitmap, and usually has the file extension ‘.jpg’ or “.jpeg.” When creating a JPEG image, it is possible to configure the level of compression to use. As the lowest compression (i.e. the highest quality) results in the largest file, there is a trade-off between image quality and file size. kbit/s (kilobits per second) is a measure of the bit rate, i.e.
Appendix ONVIF (Open Network Video Interface Forum) is a global and open industry forum with the goal to facilitate the development and use of a global open standard for the interface of physical IP-based security products. Or in other words, to create a standard for how IP products within video surveillance and other physical security areas can communicate with each other. ONVIF is an organization started in 2008 by Axis Communications, Bosch Security Systems and Sony.
Appendix Shutter is the device on the camera that opens and closes to control how long the focal plane is exposed to light. SMTP is used for sending and receiving e-mail. However, as it is “simple,” it is limited in its ability to queue messages at the receiving end, and is usually used with one of two other protocols, POP3 or IMAP. These other protocols allow the user to save messages in a server mailbox and download them periodically from the server.
Appendix UDP is a communications protocol that offers limited service for exchanging data in a network that uses the Internet Protocol (IP). UDP is an alternative to the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). The advantage of UDP is that it is not required to deliver all data and may drop network packets when there is e.g. network congestion. This is suitable for live video, as there is no point in re-transmitting old information that will not be displayed anyway.
