Pilot’s Guide KLN 90B Bendix/King® TSO’d GPS Navigation System ORS 20 A
AlliedSignal, Inc. Commercial Avionics Systems 400 North Rogers Road Olathe, Kansas 66062-1294 FAX 913-791-1302 Telephone: (913) 782-0400 006-08773-0000 Rev.
KLN 90B PILOT’S GUIDE 006-08773-0000 for KLN 90Bs with OPERATIONAL REVISION STATUS (ORS) 20 IMPORTANT: Special installation procedures must be followed in order for the KLN 90B to be certified for IFR use. Consult the KLN 90B Flight Manual Supplement for the operating limitations of this unit. For Important Database Update Information See Section 2.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................................................I PREVIEW OF OPERATION ............................................................................................................................................II CHAPTER 1 - KLN 90B SYSTEM COMPONENTS....................................................................................................
3.11 VIEWING THE WAYPOINT PAGES ...........................................................................................................3-42 3.11.1 Airport Pages ..................................................................................................................................3-42 3.11.2 The Airport 1 Page (APT 1) ............................................................................................................3-42 3.11.3 The Airport 2 Page (APT 2) ...............................
5.1.4 The Trip Planning 5 And Trip Planning 6 Pages (TRI 5 and TRI 6) ..................................................5-6 5.2 ADVISORY VNAV OPERATION .....................................................................................................................5-7 5.2.1 VNAV For Direct To Operation ...........................................................................................................5-7 5.2.2 VNAV For Flight Plan Operation ........................................................
CHAPTER 6 - LEVEL 4 OPERATION.........................................................................................................................6-1 6.1 NON-PRECISION APPROACH OPERATIONS ..............................................................................................6-1 6.1.1 Selecting An Approach .......................................................................................................................6-4 6.1.2 Interpreting What You See .......................................
INTRODUCTION The KLN 90B is an extremely sophisticated navigational device, capable of providing highly accurate navigation over most parts of the world. You will be amazed at all of the navigational and other aeronautical functions that the unit can perform. However, you don’t need to master all of the KLN 90B’s capabilities at once. In just a short time you will be confidently using it to make your flying duties easier and more enjoyable.
PREVIEW OF OPERATION No doubt you are going to read this entire manual just as soon as you possibly can. But just to get an idea of how easy the KLN 90B is to operate, the following operational preview is presented.
CHAPTER 1 - KLN 90B SYSTEM COMPONENTS A basic KLN 90B system consists of a panel mounted KLN 90B GPS sensor/navigation computer, a data base cartridge, and an antenna. An altitude input is required to obtain full navigation and operational capabilities. Additional system components may be added or interfaced to the KLN 90B which increase its features and capabilities.
KA 91 GPS Antenna KA 92 GPS Antenna Two GPS antennas can be used with the KLN 90B. One is the KA91 and the other is the KA 92. The KA 92 is used with new production KLN 90Bs and the KA 91 is used with units that have been upgraded from either a KLN 90 or a KLN 90A. They are “patch” antennas designed to always be mounted on the top of the aircraft. Compatible air data systems are available from Bendix/King and Shadin Co.
CHAPTER 2 - DATABASE One reason the KLN 90B is such a powerful navigation system is because of its extensive database. A database is an area of electronic memory used to store a large catalog of navigational and aeronautical information. 2.1 FUNCTIONS OF THE DATABASE 2.2 DATABASE COVERAGE AREAS AND CONTENTS The database provides two primary functions. First, it makes pilot interface with the GPS sensor much easier.
only for airports in the primary area of the database. Intersections, air route traffic control center data, flight service station frequencies, and special use airspace are also provided only for the primary area.
2.3 USE OF ICAO IDENTIFIERS 2.4 UPDATING THE DATABASE Waypoints are stored in the KLN 90B database almost exclusively by their ICAO identifiers. ICAO is an internationally accepted reference for the data. In almost all cases the proper ICAO identifiers may be taken directly from Jeppesen Sanderson or government aeronautical charts. For example, Dallas and Los Angeles VORs have the familiar ICAO identifiers DFW and LAX, respectively.
2.4.1 Computer Updating Of The Database Update information is sent to you on several 3.5” disks. In order to use this update method you must have access to an IBM compatible computer having a disk drive capable of using and booting (loading) from 3.5” 1.44 megabyte high density disks. This computer also needs to have an available COM 1 or COM 2 serial port. In addition, an optional PC Interface kit must be used.
3. Turn on the computer being used for the database update. Insert Disk 1 into the computer’s disk drive. There can be either 2 or 3 disks used for the update so be sure the label on the outside of the disk says “Disk 1 of 2” or “Disk 1 of 3”. The program on the disk will automatically “boot” (load) and the computer screen will display “Ready” when the computer is ready to continue with the database update operation. U P D A T E D A T A B A S E O N 4. Turn on the KLN 90B.
8. Press E to acknowledge the estimated load time and begin erasing the existing database. The unit will now display ERASING DATA BASE (figure 2-6). After the database has been erased, loading of the new data begins automatically. As the new data is being loaded, the percentage of transfer is displayed (figure 2-7). U P D A T E D A T A B A S E E R A S I N G D A T A B A S E SET 0 9. Monitor the computer screen.
2.4.2 Cartridge Exchange Updating of the Database To exchange the KLN 90B cartridge it is necessary to remove the KLN 90B from the aircraft’s instrument panel. The KLN 90B and the mounting rack have been designed to provide for easy removal. Follow these steps to update the database cartridge. FRONT LUG UP AND BACK LUG DOWN ı KLN 90B NAV FPL MO DE TRIP TSO CRS R CAL C STA SET T U OTH P ER GPS BRT PUS H ON MS G ALT D CLR ENT PUL L SCA N NAV D/T ACT V REF CTP .
No r th 6. Make sure that the front lug of the locking mechanism is in the up position (figure 2-9). Insert the KLN 90B back in the rack as far as it will go. P/N AI : 07 R Do AC 1-14 cu No 69me . 8 00 nt: 811 72 3 -8 08 8 -1 1 Am eri ca n which side is up and which end to insert into the KLN 90B. Insert the new cartridge into the back of the unit. When the cartridge is properly inserted, the “Insert To Here” marking on the label can just be seen protruding from the rear of the KLN 90B (figure 2-11).
KLN 90B Data Base Update Service Order Form Consult Pricing Sheet (006-08794-0001) for Service Prices AlliedSignal GAA offers several update service options to suit your requirements. Please select the service desired, then fill out and mail this order form. Credit card orders may be faxed. Updates from the Internet can be obtained directly by logging onto the AlliedSignal Internet site and following the instructions provided, or by calling the telephone number below to set up an account.
Tape here Fold here NO POSTAGE NECESSARY IF MAILED IN THE UNITED STATES BUSINESS REPLY MAIL FIRST-CLASS MAIL PERMIT NO.
CHAPTER 3 - LEVEL 1 OPERATION This is the first of three chapters specifically dealing with operating the KLN 90B. In this chapter you will learn the basic operation of the front panel controls and then how to perform Direct To navigation (navigating from your present position direct to your desired location). 3.1 COVERAGE AREA The KLN 90B was designed to provide worldwide navigation coverage from North 74° latitude to South 60° latitude (figure 3-1).
KLN 90B CONTROLS LEFT CURSOR POWER/BRIGHTNESS ı GPS KLN 90B TSO $=KOSH |=KOSH +++++Ê+++++|WITTMAN DIS 683nm| GS 193kt| ETE 3:34|N 43^59.06' BRG 303^|W 88^33.
3.2 TURN-ON AND SELF TEST Enough of the preliminaries. Let’s get started into actually turning the KLN 90B on and using it! Figure 3-2 will fold out and allow you to use it as a reference as you read this chapter, especially if you don’t have a KLN 90B immediately at hand. The steps below take a lot of words to explain, but you will find that in actual use you will accomplish these steps in just a few moments. NOTE: When power is applied to the KLN 90B it always “wakes up” in the Enroute-Leg mode.
The distance field (DIS) always displays 34.5 NM (nautical miles). If the KLN 90B is interfaced to a compatible indicator that displays DME distance, the indicator should be displaying 34.5 nautical miles. If the KLN 90B is interfaced with a mechanical NAV indicator such as an HSI or a course deviation indicator (CDI), the D-bar (deviation bar) should be indicating a half scale deviation to the right. In some EFIS installations the D-bar may be deflected one third of full scale.
The KLN 90B needs to have the correct time, date, and position to be able to determine which satellites should be in view. This information is stored in the battery backed memory of the KLN 90B so it is not normally required to update it. If the KLN 90B has the correct time, date, and position, then the time to first fix will usually be just a couple of minutes or less. If this information is not correct, then the KLN 90B will start to look for any satellites.
You will be able to change the time zone any time you desire on several other pages, so don’t worry if you’re not sure which time zone to choose. UTC - Coordinated Universal Time (also called “Zulu”) is always a safe choice. Once you have selected the desired time zone, turn the right outer knob one step counterclockwise to position the cursor over the entire time field (figure 3-14). Use the right inner knob to select the correct hour (figure 3-15).
9. To enter the correct baro setting, rotate the right inner knob to select the first two digits of the correct altimeter setting (figure 3-19). Rotate the right outer knob one step clockwise to move the flashing cursor over the third position. Use the right inner knob to select the correct number. Use the right outer and inner knobs to complete the baro setting (figure 3-20). Now press E. |DATE/TIME | 03 AUG 94 |16:27:53UTC |ALT 1100ft |BARO:30.
The NAV 2 page (present position) is now automatically displayed on the left side of the screen and the waypoint page for the waypoint which was active when the KLN 90B was last turned off will be displayed on the right side (figure 3-26). If the last active waypoint was an airport, the APT 4 page (airport communications) will be displayed. Isn’t that convenient! Almost always, the waypoint which was active when you last removed power from the KLN 90B is the airport where you landed.
3.3 DISPLAY FORMAT The KLN 90B uses a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) display. The display screen is divided into segments. These segments are formed by horizontal and vertical lines on the screen. Most of the time there are five segments as shown in figure 3-28. There are occasionally times when there are only four segments (figure 3-29) or one large segment (figure 3-30). Aeronautical information (also called “data”) is presented on the screen in the form of “pages”.
pages, all having the same page number, used to present all of the required information. That is, all of the information associated with a particular page number doesn’t fit on the page being viewed. In this case the “+” sign indicates that there are two or more APT 4 pages. Figure 334 shows the second APT 4 page for KMKC (Kansas City Downtown airport). | KMKC |APR 119.00 |DEP 119.
3.4 BASIC OPERATION OF PANEL CONTROLS Remember that figure 3-2 is on a fold-out page that you may want to refer to as you read this chapter. The KLN 90B has five knobs and seven buttons which are used to perform all operations. In general, the two concentric knobs and the cursor button (C) located on the left side of the unit are used to select pages and enter data on the left side of the screen.
3.4.1 Page Selection It’s now time for learning to select a desired page. NOTE: The cursor function, which is controlled by the left and right C (cursor) buttons, is not used in selecting pages and the C buttons should not be pressed at this time. If CRSR is annunciated in the lower left or right segments of the display, press the left or right C button (as appropriate) to turn the cursor function off. The left outer knob is rotated to select one of eight page types for the left side of the screen.
You’ve probably already figured out that the right side of the unit operates in a similar manner to the left side. There are, however, a couple of differences. First, the page types are different for the right side except for NAV. The Navigation pages are identical on both sides of the screen. Just as on the left side, only the first three letters of the page type are used for annunciation on the screen.
3.4.2 Data Entry Now that you’ve learned how to select the desired page, you’re ready to learn the means of entering data. It is necessary to enter data, for example, in order to specify a Direct To waypoint of your choice. The general procedure for entering a waypoint identifier is described below. The Trip Planning 3 (TRI 3) page is shown in this example but the procedure is applicable to many other pages. You need not perform these steps now since they will be described again shortly.
3.4.3 Alternative Waypoint Data Entry Method There is another method of data entry for waypoints which you will sometimes find convenient. This method applies when there is a page on the left side of the screen with the cursor over a field where a waypoint is enterable. You may fill the waypoint field on the left side by first selecting the desired waypoint page on the right side (figure 3-48).
3.5 MESSAGE PAGE Whenever the KLN 90B determines that there is a situation that requires your attention, the MSG prompt begins flashing in inverse video at the bottom of the display just to the right of the mode of operation (figure 3-55). A remote message annunciator may also be installed in the aircraft instrument panel. You should view the message at your earliest opportunity because the unit may be alerting you to some condition of immediate concern to its condition or to your flight.
3.6 INITIALIZATION AND TIME TO FIRST FIX Since the KLN 90B stores its position and other required parameters in memory when power to the unit is removed, it is seldom necessary to aid the unit in reaching a NAV ready condition. The time required from power on until the KLN 90B determines its present position and is therefore ready to navigate is called “time to first fix.” The time to first fix is normally a few minutes or less.
1. Select the Setup 1 page (SET 1) by first turning the left outer knob to display a SET type page. Next, turn the left inner knob until the SET 1 page is selected (figure 3-57). INIT POSN | WPT: | N 37^39.00'| W 97^25.97'| 0 KT 308^| | SET 1 2. Press the left C to bring the cursor on the page over the WPT field (figure 3-58). 3.
NOTE: The groundspeed (KT) and heading ( °) fields are not used for actual initialization in an aircraft. However, if the KLN 90B is in the take-home mode, entering a groundspeed will allow the KLN 90B to “fly” along the active flight plan (or to a direct to waypoint) starting from the initialization waypoint. A heading may be entered in the initial heading field while in the take-home mode if the one offered is not desired.
3.7 SELECTING WAYPOINTS There are five types of waypoints: airports, VORs, NDBs, intersections, and supplemental. Waypoints in the published database (those in the cartridge) fall into one of the first four types. Remember that you can create up to 250 of your own waypoints which you may designate as one of the first four types or you may designate it as a supplemental waypoint which simply means that it is a miscellaneous waypoint that doesn’t fit into one of the other categories.
Did you notice that as you entered the “K” in step 3 that the second and third characters also changed? That is because every time you enter a character (in this case the “K”), the KLN 90B searches its database to offer the first waypoint in the database which begins with the characters you have already entered. Since the KLN 90B considers numbers lower in order than letters, K00 is the first airport identifier in the database beginning with a “K”.
3.7.3 “Nearest” And “Complete” Waypoint Scan Lists There are actually two waypoint scan lists for airports, VORs, and NDBs. These two lists are the “complete” list and the “nearest” list. The complete list contains all of the waypoints in the database for a waypoint type (all the airports for example). The nearest list consists of the nine nearest waypoints to your present position. Therefore, if you are in the nearest airport list, it will contain the nine nearest airports relative to your location.
5. Turn the left inner knob to select either HRD SFT or to select HRD. If HRD SFT is chosen, then both hard and soft surface runways meeting the required runway length will be included in the nearest airport list. If HRD is chosen, then only hard surface runways will be included. Hard surface runways include concrete, asphalt, pavement, tarmac, brick, bitumen, and sealed. Soft surface runways include turf, gravel, clay, sand, dirt, ice, steel matting, shale, and snow.
3.7.3.2 Continuous Display Of Nearest Airport When the nearest airport page is initially displayed, “NR 1” is displayed in the upper right hand corner of the page to designate this airport as the nearest airport. However, if you continue to fly along your flight plan with this page selected, the same airport will be displayed and its position in the nearest airport list will change from NR 1 to NR 2, NR 3, NR 4 ... NR 9 until finally it won’t be in the nearest airport list at all.
4. Turn the right inner knob to display the first character of the waypoint name, “N” in this case (figure 3-78). |PNE |N PHILADELP |HIA T |112.00 10^W |N 40^04.92' |W 75^00.60' CRSR 5. Turn the right outer knob one step clockwise and then use the right inner knob to enter the second character, “A” (figure 3-79). 6. Use the right outer knob and right inner knob as before to select the third character, “P”, and fourth character, “O” (figure 3-80).
11.Rotate the right outer knob one more step clockwise to position the cursor over the fifth character. 12.Pull the right inner knob to the “out” position (figure 384). Once again rotate the knob to scan through all the airport names beginning with “NEWP”. How about that! Now there are just a few names and Newport News is easy to find, KPHF (figure 3-85).
3.8 DIRECT TO OPERATION The D button is used to initiate Direct To operation (navigation from your present position direct to your destination). When D is pressed, the Direct To page will be displayed on the left side with a flashing cursor over a waypoint identifier (figure 3-87). The waypoint identifier which appears on the Direct To page is chosen by the KLN 90B according to the following rules: DIRECT TO: | | KDEN | | | | CRSR 1.
3.8.1 Direct To-Procedure 1 1. Press D. The Direct To page is displayed on the left side (figure 3-87). The cursor will already be on the left page. A waypoint identifier may or may not be displayed, it doesn’t matter at this point. DIRECT TO: | | K | | | | CRSR 2. Rotate the left inner knob to select the first character of the desired waypoint’s identifier (figure 3-88). Remember to enter the “K”, “C”, or “P” prefix for certain airports in North America, if required (see section 2.
3. Press E to approve the waypoint page displayed on the right side. The right side will now display the NAV 1 page, and the left side will return to the page which was displayed prior to pressing D (figure 3-96). If the Direct To was started while the NAV 1 page was shown on the left side then the left and right pages will revert to the pages that were shown before the Direct To was started. The selected waypoint is now the active Direct To waypoint.
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3.9 THE NAVIGATION PAGES As you would expect, the NAV (navigation) pages contain information relating specifically to the KLN 90B’s navigation capabilities. The KLN 90B has five NAV pages. Unlike any other pages, these pages may be selected and viewed on both the left and right sides of the screen. The procedure for selecting specific pages, including the NAV pages, was described in section 3.4.1, “Page Selection.
3.9.2 The Super NAV 1 Page When the NAV 1 page is selected on both the left and right sides at the same time, the Super NAV 1 page is displayed (figure 3-102). The Super NAV 1 page contains exactly the same information as the standard NAV 1 page but spreads the data out across the entire screen making it even easier to view. The word “FLAG” is displayed over the CDI when the KLN 90B is not usable for navigation. $=KOSH DIS GS Figure 3-103 $=OSH | DTK 303^| TK 302^| FLY L 2.
• Minimum Safe Altitude for present position (MSA) IMPORTANT: The minimum safe altitude displayed is the altitude defined by Jeppesen as “Grid Minimum Off-Route Altitude (Grid MORA)”. This altitude is derived by Jeppesen for sectors which are one degree of latitude by one degree of longitude in size. One degree of latitude is 60 nautical miles. One degree of longitude is 60 nautical miles at the equator and progressively less than 60 nautical miles as one travels away from the equator.
3.9.5 The Navigation 4 Page (NAV 4) The NAV 4 page (figure 3-107) is used for altitude alerting and for advisory vertical navigation (VNAV). The operation of altitude alerting is described in section 3.15 and the operation of VNAV is described in section 5.2. VNV 6200ft| | IND 6300ft| SEL: 3500ft| KOSH :-03nm| ANGLE:-1.8^| NAV 4 3.9.6 The Navigation 5 Page (NAV 5) The NAV 5 page provides a navigation graphics presentation. It is useful in providing you with proper orientation of the navigation situation.
knob to display N? for North up, DTK? for desired track up (figure 3-112), TK? for actual track up (figure 3-113), or HDG? for heading up (figure 3-114). The heading up selection is not presented as a choice if heading is not provided to the KLN 90B. If the cursor is moved to the map range scale using the outer knob or if the cursor is turned off with the C button, then the DTK?, TK?, or HDG? annunciation is replaced with the actual value.
3.9.7 The Super NAV 5 Page Regardless of whether you ultimately learn to use just the Direct To capabilities of the KLN 90B or whether you master all of its sophisticated features, you will definitely want to learn how to use the Super NAV 5 page! The Super NAV 5 page provides you with a true moving map display of your present position and route of flight in relation to nearby navaids and airports.
Like the NAV 5 page, the Super NAV 5 page shows a graphics depiction of the direct to waypoint or the waypoints making up the active flight plan. But surprise number one is that the Super NAV 5 page shows alphanumeric waypoint identifiers on the graphics display to make orientation even easier for you. Now surprise number two.
The last surprise for this page is that it is possible for you to change the active waypoint to any of the flight plan waypoints without having to leave this very useful page. This is done by pulling on the right inner knob to place it in the “out” position. This will create a “window” at the bottom right corner of the display that will initially contain the active waypoint in reverse video (figure 3-123). The waypoint contained in this “window” will be the default waypoint when D is pressed.
3.10 SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE ALERT The KLN 90B database contains the location of areas of special use airspace (SUA).
update the altimeter baro setting on the ALT page each time you make a change to an aircraft’s altimeter setting. The message prompt for a special use airspace alert will occur when the aircraft’s position is at a point such that a projection of the aircraft’s existing track over the ground is approximately 10 minutes from penetrating the outer boundary of one of these areas.
The SUA alert feature may be disabled (or enabled) on the Setup 8 (SET 8) page, shown in figure 3-129. After displaying the SET 8 page on the left side, press the left C to turn on the left cursor function. The left inner knob is used to display AIRSPACE ALERT ENABLE or AIRSPACE ALERT DISABLE.
3.11 VIEWING THE WAYPOINT PAGES You learned in section 3.7, “SELECTING WAYPOINTS”, the different means of selecting the desired waypoint. You will now see what information may be displayed for each of the waypoint types (airport, VOR, NDB, intersection, and supplemental). 3.11.1 Airport Pages There are eight airport pages (APT 1, APT 2, ..., APT 8) for every airport in the published database.
3.11.3 The Airport 2 Page (APT 2) See figure 3-135. • Airport identifier. An arrow precedes the identifier if it is the active waypoint. • The city where the airport is located. • The state if the airport is located in the United States, the Province if located in Canada, or the country outside the United States and Canada. A listing of the abbreviations used for States, Provinces, and countries is contained in Appendix D. • Airport elevation. The elevation is rounded to the nearest 10 feet.
The primary APT 3 page (figure 3-137) follows the runway diagram. Runway designation, lighting, and types of surface for up to five runways are displayed in order of length, beginning with the longest. Since there are many times when all of an airport’s runway information does not fit on one page, additional APT 3 pages are used to display the data. Remember that a “+” inserted between the page type and the number (APT+3 in this case) is used to indicate that there is more than one Airport 3 page.
3.11.5 The Airport 4 Page (APT 4) See figure 3-138 |=KORL |ATIS*127.25 |CLR *118.05 |GRND*121.40 |TWR *118.70 |CTAF*118.70 APT[4 The APT 4 page is used to display communication frequencies for the selected airport. • Airport identifier. An arrow precedes the identifier if it is the active waypoint.
The frequencies associated with CL B, CL C, TRSA, CTA, or TMA are VFR frequencies. Airports which have one of these categories of frequencies also have APR and DEP which are IFR frequencies. |=KORL |APR 121.10 | REF: KMCO | 311^- 60^ | BEL 5500ft | APT[4 Where required, APR, DEP, CL B, CL C, TRSA, CTA, and TMA frequencies are sectorized. That is, a frequency may be used only within a certain range of radials from a designated reference location.
3.11.6 The Airport 5 Page (APT 5) The Airport 5 page is used to store and display userentered remarks. These remarks might include information on lodging, dining, airport services, or anything else you desire to record for later use. Up to 100 airports may contain these remarks. A remark may contain up to three lines of eleven characters each. Letters, numbers, hyphens, and spaces may be used in the remark. To enter a remark: • Select the APT 5 page for the desired airport (figure 3-140).
3.11.7 The Airport 6 Page (APT 6) The APT 6 page shows aeronautical services available for the selected airport. These services include customs, fuel, and oxygen availability as well as an indicator to denote the presence of a landing fee. Refer to figure 3-146.
3.11.8 The Airport 7 Page (APT 7) The APT 7 page shows the SID and STAR procedures that are available for the selected airport. If both SID and STAR procedures are available then there will be two APT 7 pages indicated by APT+7 (figure 3-147). If there are no SID or STAR procedures in the database then this page will be as shown in figure 3-148. The details of this page are presented in section 6.2. 3.11.
3.11.11 The NDB Page The NDB page shown in figure 3-153 for Ottawa NDB is used to illustrate the contents of an NDB page. • NDB identifier. An arrow precedes the identifier if it is the active waypoint. • The name of the NDB. • The NDB frequency (kHz). • The latitude and longitude of the NDB. |=OWI |OTTAWA | |FREQ 251 |N 38^32.55' |W 95^15.26' NDB Figure 3-153 There is also a nearest NDB scan list as explained in section 3.7.3.
5. Press E to display the waypoint page for the identifier just entered. |=KENZY |REF: MKC |RAD: 152.2^ |DIS: 3.7nm |N 39^13.25' |W 94^33.84' CRSR 6. Press E to approve the waypoint page. The Intersection page is displayed with the computed radial and distance (figure 3-158). 7. Press the right C to turn off the right cursor function. Figure 3-156 3.11.
3.12 FREQUENCIES FOR NEAREST FLIGHT SERVICE STATIONS The KLN 90B stores in its database the locations of Flight Service Stations (FSS) and their remote communications sites. In addition, the KLN 90B determines which two of these FSS points of communication are closest to your present location. What a convenience for you! Next time you want to file a flight plan from the air or contact a FSS for some other reason, you can easily use the KLN 90B to determine a suitable FSS and the appropriate frequency.
3.14 VIEWING AND SETTING THE DATE AND TIME The KLN 90B system time and date should seldom, if ever, require updating because they are automatically updated when at least one satellite is received. In addition, the KLN 90B contains an internal battery powered calendar clock to keep system time and date when the unit is not being used. You will normally check to make sure the KLN 90B is set to the correct time and date shortly after you turn the unit on while you verify the Self Test Page.
If it is required to set the time: DATE/TIME | | 11 SEP 94| 21:23:04UTC| CORD UNIV/Z| | CRSR 1. Select the SET 2 page on the left side. 2. Press the left C to turn on the left cursor function if it is not on already. 3. Use the left outer knob to position the cursor over the time zone (figure 3-169). Figure 3-169 4. Use the left inner knob to change the time zone, if desired (figure 3-170). A listing of the time zones and their abbreviations is contained in section 3.2.
3.15 ALTITUDE ALERTING If your aircraft does not already have an altitude alerting capability you may wish to use the KLN 90B’s capability of assisting you with altitude management during your flying. Altitude alerting allows you to select a target altitude and it then provides you with an aural alarm 1000 feet prior to reaching the selected altitude, another aural alarm upon reaching the selected altitude, and another aural alarm if you deviate from the selected altitude. ALTITUDE |VNV INACTV BARO:30.
5. Enter the selected altitude one digit at a time in the SEL field of the NAV 4 page by using the right outer knob to position the cursor over the desired digit and the right inner knob to change the digits until the entire selected altitude is displayed (figure 3-180). ALTITUDE |VNV INACTV | BARO:30.09"|IND 09000ft ALERT: ON =|SEL:04000ft WARN:±300ft|KMKC :-00nm |ANGLE:-0.
The volume of the aural alarm tone is changeable on the SET 9 page (figure 3-181). Press the left C to activate the left cursor and use the left inner and outer knobs to select a desired volume between 00 and 99. Increasing numbers increases the volume. ALTITUDE ALERT VOLUME: 02 NOTE: The altitude alerting and height above airport features can be disabled in the KLN 90B installation harness so that these features are not selectable by the pilot.
3.16 HEIGHT ABOVE AIRPORT ALERT HT ABOVE | APT ALERT | ON | | APT ELEV | [ 800ft | SET 5 The height above airport alert feature can provide you a means of knowing when you are at traffic pattern altitude or when you are at a fixed height above the airport where you might perform any repetitive duty. The height above airport feature works as follows: You enable/disable this feature and select an offset height on the SET 5 page (figure 3-182).
The alert tone is provided in the same way as described in section 3.15, “Altitude Alerting”. The volume is adjustable on the SET 9 page. In order to use the height above airport alert, an altitude input must be provided to the KLN 90B. If the altitude input to the KLN 90B is pressure altitude such as from an altitude encoder or air data computer, then the altitude must be corrected with the proper altimeter baro setting. This is accomplished on the ALT page as described in section 3.15, “Altitude Alerting.
3.18 SAMPLE TRIP 9. Press E again to approve the waypoint page. The NAV 1 page is now displayed on the right side of the screen while the NAV 2 page returns to the left side. The NAV 1 page indicates it is 384 nautical miles to Austin and that the bearing is 225 degrees. After take-off, the NAV 1 page will also display groundspeed and estimated time enroute.
While the display menu is displayed, select the track up map orientation (TK) as well. Pressing the right C again removes the menu from the screen. You select the 30 nm range scale on the left side using the left C and left knobs. You also decide to display ETE, DTK, and TK on the left side of the map display by using the left knobs. 6. Since it is a good idea to not rely on just one navigation source, you decide to cross check the KLN 90B position against other equipment in the aircraft.
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CHAPTER 4 - LEVEL 2 OPERATION This is the second of four chapters specifically dealing with operating the KLN 90B. In this chapter you will learn to create and use flight plans. A flight plan is an organized listing of waypoints defining your route of flight. reduces your enroute workload regardless of whether your flying is done VFR or IFR.
4.1.1 Creating A Flight Plan A flight plan for a flight from Lakefront airport in New Orleans, LA. to St. Petersburg/Clearwater, FL. International airport will be used as an example of how to create a flight plan. The waypoints making up the flight plan are: KNEW (Lakefront airport), GPT (Gulfport VOR), SJI (Semmes VOR), CEW (Crestview VOR), MAI (Marianna VOR), TLH (Tallahassee VOR), CTY (Cross City VOR), and KPIE (St. Petersburg/Clearwater International airport.
that, for some reason, the governing agencies have decided that it is important to fly directly over the waypoint instead of being able to “cut the corner” by using turn anticipation (see section 4.2.2). In these cases the KLN 90B will present a waypoint type identification page (Figure 4-7a). Simply select the way in which the waypoint is intended to be used with the left outer knob and press E.
4. Press E to activate the flight plan in the order shown (figure 4-12). To activate the flight plan in inverse order (first waypoint becomes last and last waypoint becomes first), rotate the left outer knob one step clockwise to position the cursor over USE? INVRT? before pressing E (figure 4-13). 1:KNEW 2:GPT 3:SJI 4:CEW 8:KPIE FPL 0 5. The selected flight plan is now displayed as FPL 0, the active flight plan.
4.1.4 Deleting A Waypoint From A Flight Plan To delete a waypoint from a flight plan: 1. Press the left C to enable the left cursor function if it is not on already. | | | | | | 1:KNEW 2:GPT 3:BUGLE 4:SJI 9:KPIE CRSR 2. Rotate the left outer knob as necessary to position the cursor over the waypoint to be deleted (figure 4-19). 3. Press @. The letters DEL (delete) will appear to the left of the identifier and a question mark will appear to the right of the identifier (figure 4-20).
4.1.6 Storing FPL 0 As A Numbered Flight Plan The active flight plan may be loaded into a numbered flight plan so that it can be recalled for later use. This may be desirable, for example, if the active flight plan was originally created on the FPL 0 page and not as a numbered flight plan. To store the active flight plan as a numbered flight plan: LOAD FPL 0?| 1: | | | | | FPL 7 Figure 4-25 1. Select a numbered flight plan page which does not contain any waypoints (figure 4-25).
4.2 OPERATING FROM THE ACTIVE FLIGHT PLAN 4.2.1 General Procedures Everything you have learned in this Pilot’s Guide thus far is applicable to using the KLN 90B for flight plan operation.
• If the flight plan contains more waypoints than can be displayed on the screen at one time, the page will automatically scroll as progress is made along the flight plan so that the active leg is always displayed (figure 4-32). 3:SJI ; 4:CEW < 5:MAI 6:TLH 7:CTY 8:KPIE FPL 0 • The last waypoint in the flight plan is always displayed at the bottom of the FPL 0 page, even if all of the waypoints in the flight plan can’t be displayed on the page at one time.
The desired track (DTK) displayed on the NAV 3 page also changes to the value for the next leg at the beginning of turn anticipation. Turn anticipation becomes inactive when transition to the next leg has been made. TURN | ANTICIPATE | | ENABLE | | | SET 6 In some installtions the KLN 90B can “read” the selected course set on external CDIs or HSIs.
4.2.3 Viewing The Waypoint Pages For The Active Flight Plan Waypoints The waypoint pages(s) for each of the waypoints in the active flight plan may be easily displayed by selecting the Active Waypoint page type (ACT) on the right side. When the ACT page type is first selected, the waypoint page for the active waypoint will be displayed (figure 437). The location of the waypoint in the flight plan (waypoint 1, waypoint 2, etc.) is annunciated with a number to the left of the identifier.
1. Select the FPL 0 page of the left side. ; 1:KNEW |= 2 GPT D V < 2:GPT |GULFPORT 3:SJI | L 4:CEW |109.00 2^E 5:MAI |N 30^24.40' 8:KPIE |W 89^04.60' CRSR enr-leg ACT Figure 4-40 2. Press the left C and then use the left outer knob to position the cursor over the desired waypoint (figure 440). 3. Press D. The waypoint page for the selected waypoint in FPL 0 will be displayed on the right side (figure 4-41). 4. Press E to approve the waypoint page.
If a non-flight plan page is displayed on the left, the format of the D/T 1 page changes to display just the distance and ETE for the active waypoint and for the last waypoint in the flight plan (figure 4-46). KNEW =GPT | = 2 GPT +++++Ê+++++|DIS 34NM DIS 34.2nm|ETE :11 GS 180kt| 8 KPIE ETE :11|DIS 477NM BRG 064^|ETE 2:39 NAV 1 enr-leg D/T 1 Figure 4-46 4.2.
4.2.9 The Distance/Time 4 Page (D/T 4) The format of the D/T 4 page does not change. It displays on a single page the pertinent times for the flight regardless of what is displayed on the left page and regardless of whether flight plan or Direct To operation is occurring (figure 4-53). The information displayed on the D/T 4 page is the following: • The destination waypoint. • The selected time zone.
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4.3 SAMPLE TRIP Let’s use a sample trip to illustrate some of the KLN 90B’s flight plan features you learned to use in this section of the Pilot’s Guide. The flight will be from Lakefront airport in New Orleans, LA. (KNEW) to St. Petersburg/Clearwater, FL. international airport (KPIE). You decide to fly mostly an inland route rather than following the coast to avoid the many restricted areas and MOAs and also to avoid thunderstorms which are occurring off the coast around Panama City (figure 4-55).
4.3.1 Pre-Departure 1. After turn-on and approval of the Self Test and Database pages, the APT 4 page (airport communication frequencies) for KNEW is displayed on the right side of the screen. Viewing the APT 4 page, you set up the COMMs for ATIS, Clearance Delivery, Ground, and Tower. |DIS 1:KNEW | 2:GPT |---3:SJI |---4:CEW |---8:KPIE |---FPL 0 enr-leg Figure 4-56 2. You create the flight plan on the FPL 4 page exactly as described for this route in section 4.1.1.
3. As you pass abeam GPT, the leg orientation automatically changes to the second leg (figure 4-61). 4. After joining the second leg of the flight plan, you view the D/T 1 page to see that the ETE to SJI is 14 minutes and that the ETE to your destination is 2 hours and 28 minutes. The D/T 2 page indicates you should arrive over SJI at 9:37 am Central Standard Time and at KPIE at 11:51 am.
8. When you are 20 NM West of MAI, you decide to proceed direct to Cross City VOR (CTY). To do this from the Super NAV 5 page, you pull out the right inner knob and scan through the active flight plan until CTY is displayed (figure 4-66). Next, you press D to view the waypoint page for CTY, and then press E to navigate directly to CTY (figure 4-67). 18.9 oq MAI | xy-«} | 180 uv áà0:06| ûü093^| †ü093^|120 CTY TLH MAI CTY Figure 4-66 9.
CHAPTER 5 - LEVEL 3 OPERATION the Trip Planning pages, the Calculator pages, and other features that you may find very beneficial and convenient to use in your flying. This is the third of four chapters specifically dealing with operating the KLN 90B. In this chapter you will learn to use many of the supplementary features of the KLN 90B. These include such things as the Advisory VNAV, 5.1 TRIP PLANNING There are seven Trip Planning pages (TRI) that can be displayed on the left side of the screen.
5.1.1 The Trip Planning 0 Page (TRI 0) If desired, you may enter the aircraft’s true airspeed (TAS) and the winds aloft on the TRI 0 page so that this information is utilized on the other Trip Planning pages. The KLN 90B uses the TAS and winds entered on the TRI 0 page to calculate your estimated groundspeed for specific trip planning routes you enter on the other Trip Planning pages.
5.1.2 The Trip Planning 1 And Trip Planning 2 Pages (TRI 1 and TRI 2) The TRI 1 and TRI 2 pages allow trip planning from your present position to any waypoint of your choice. Unlike the other Trip Planning pages, in order to utilize the TRI 1 and TRI 2 pages, the KLN 90B must either be receiving GPS signals sufficient to be in the NAV ready status or the KLN 90B must be in the take-home mode. The TRI 1 page provides estimates of distance, estimated time enroute, bearing, and fuel requirements.
7. You can also calculate an estimate of the fuel required to the selected waypoint. Turn the left outer knob to position the cursor over the appropriate first digit adjacent to fuel flow (FF). 8. Use the left inner and outer knobs as before to enter the aircraft’s rate of fuel flow. The unit (gallons, pounds, etc.) is not important as long as you are consistent (figure 5-9). P.POS-KSLC | 226nm 070^| 200kt 1:08| FF: 00032.0| RES:00025.0| F REQ 61.0| CRSR 9.
5.1.3 The Trip Planning 3 And Trip Planning 4 Pages (TRI 3 and TRI 4) The TRI 3 and TRI 4 pages allow trip planning between any two waypoints. The KLN 90B does not have to be receiving GPS signals or even be connected to an antenna in order to utilize these pages. To use the TRI 3 and TRI 4 pages: 1. Select the TRI 3 page on the left side (figure 5-12). 2. Press the left C to turn on the left cursor function. The cursor will be located over the “from” waypoint identifier (figure 5-13). 3.
5.1.4 The Trip Planning 5 And Trip Planning 6 Pages (TRI 5 and TRI 6) The TRI 5 and TRI 6 pages are used to do trip planning for any one of the previously entered flight plans (FPL 0, FPL 1, FPL 2, ..., FPL 25). The KLN 90B does not have to be receiving GPS signals or even be connected to an antenna in order to utilize these pages. To use the TRI 5 and TRI 6 pages: FP 3 463nm| K34 -KAPA | 202kt 2:17| FF: 00032.0| RES:00032.0| F REQ 105| TRI 5 Figure 5-18 1.
5.2 ADVISORY VNAV OPERATION $=KDBQ The KLN 90B’s vertical navigation feature (VNAV) allows you to program a descent or ascent path, and then provides you with an advisory altitude to fly that will provide guidance along the vertical path. For example, you can program the VNAV to provide descent guidance so that you arrive at your active waypoint or a waypoint in the active flight plan at an altitude that you specify.
4. Use the outer knob to move the cursor to the offset field adjacent to the active waypoint identifier. Entering an offset allows you to reach the desired altitude a specified distance before reaching the waypoint. In this example you desire to reach traffic pattern altitude two nautical miles prior to the airport, which allows sufficient time to slow down and prepare for the landing. Enter an offset of 2 nm (figure 5-25). |VNV INACTV | |IND 07500ft |SEL:01900ft |KDBQ :-02nm |ANGLE:-0.
5.2.2 VNAV For Flight Plan Operation Using the vertical navigation function when flying via a flight plan is virtually the same as for the previous Direct To example. The NAV 4 page will initially contain the identifier for the active “to” waypoint in the flight plan. You may program the vertical ascent or descent referencing this waypoint or you may enter the identifier for any waypoint in the active flight plan which is still in front of the aircraft’s position.
5.3 CALCULATOR PAGES ALTITUDE | IND:09000ft| BARO:29.92"| PRS 9000ft| TEMP: 005^C| DEN 9900ft| CAL 1 There are seven Calculator pages which may be used to calculate a variety of flight related information such as pressure and density altitude, true airspeed, winds aloft, VNAV angle, and time zone conversions. The Calculator pages allow you to make “what if” calculations for conditions other than the present situation.
The density altitude (DEN) is now displayed. 6. Press the left C to turn off the left cursor function. NOTE: If a compatible air data system is interfaced to the KLN 90B the Other 10 (OTH 10) page displays pressure and density altitude directly for the present conditions. 5.3.2 The Calculator 2 Page (CAL 2) The CAL 2 page is used to determine the true airspeed (TAS) of the aircraft. To calculate the true airspeed: TAS | CAS: 139kt| ALT:08500ft| BARO:30.04"| TEMP: 002^C| TAS 158kt| CAL 2 1.
5.3.3 The Calculator 3 Page (CAL 3) The CAL 3 page is used to determine the present wind direction and speed. In addition, the headwind or tailwind component of the wind is displayed. To calculate these values: WIND | TAS 164kt| HDG 000^| HDWND 12kt| WIND 340^%| 16kt| CAL 3 1. Select the CAL 3 page on the left side (figure 5-37). 2. Press the left C to turn on the left cursor function. Figure 5-37 3. Enter the aircraft’s true airspeed (TAS) by using the left inner and outer knobs.
5.3.5 The Calculator 5 Page (CAL 5) The CAL 5 page is used to perform two types of conversions: 1) Degrees Centigrade (C) to degrees Fahrenheit (F) and vice versa and 2) knots (KT) to miles per hour (MPH) and vice versa. To use the CAL 5 page: TEMP/SPEED | 000^C | 032^F | | 100kt | 115mph | CAL 5 1. Display the CAL 5 page on the left side (figure 5-42). Figure 5-42 2. Press the left C to turn on the left cursor function. 3.
5.3.6 The Calculator 6 Page (CAL 6) The CAL 6 page is used to convert any time in one time zone to the corresponding time in another time zone. A listing of available time zones is contained in section 3.2. For example, it if is presently 9:56 am Pacific Standard Time (PST) and you wished to determine the time in Eastern Standard Time (EST): TIME CONV | 11:56 CST | CENTRAL STD| | 17:56 UTC | CORD UNIV/Z| CAL 6 1. Select the CAL 6 page on the left side (figure 5-45).
5.3.7 The Calculator 7 Page (CAL 7) The CAL 7 page is used to display the times of sunrise and sunset for any waypoint in the published or user database. It can do this for any date you desire until December 31, 2087. Amazing you say! Yes, but it’s true! To use the CAL 7 page: SUNRISE/SET| KORD | 03 MAR 89| CST| RISE 06:24| SET 17:43| CAL 7 1. Select the CAL 7 page on the left side (figure 5-49).
5.4 USER-DEFINED WAYPOINTS Up to 250 user-defined waypoints may be created. These waypoints may be defined as a user-defined airport, VOR, NDB, or intersection. If the waypoint doesn’t fit into one of these categories, it may be defined as a supplemental (SUP) waypoint. An advantage of defining a user waypoint as a supplemental waypoint is that its location may be entered as a radial and distance from a VOR or from any other waypoint in the database. 5.4.
8. If instead, you wish to create a waypoint at a position that you specify, position the cursor over USER POS? and press E. A page with the identifier at the top and dashes at the bottom will now be displayed (figure 5-56). The cursor will be over the dashed latitude field. The latitude and longitude of the waypoint must be entered. To do so, turn the right inner knob to display an N (for North) or an S (for South).
5.4.2 Creating A VOR User Waypoint A user-defined VOR waypoint must contain an identifier, magnetic variation, latitude, and longitude. The magnetic variation may be manually entered or, if one is not entered, one will automatically be calculated and stored. In addition, a VOR frequency may be stored. The procedure for creating a VOR user waypoint is similar to that just described for creating an airport user waypoint. Begin by selecting the VOR type waypoints instead of the airport type waypoints.
2. Use the right C and the right inner and outer knobs in the manner previously described in section 5.4.1, “Creating An Airport User Waypoint”, to select the waypoint identifier (figure 5-68). | INT15 | |CREATE NEW |WPT AT: |USER POS? |PRES POS? CRSR 3. Rotate the right outer knob to position the cursor over USER POS? and press E. A user waypoint page will appear with the identifier at the top with the cursor over a dashed latitude field (figure 5-69). | INT15 |REF: !!!!! |RAD: !!!.!^ |DIS:!!!.
5.4.5 Deleting User-Defined Waypoints A listing of all user-defined waypoints is contained on the Other 3 page (OTH 3). See figure 5-77. The userdefined waypoints are listed by category; airports (A) are first, VORs (V) are second, NDBs (N) are third, intersections (I) are fourth, and Supplemental waypoints (S) are last. Within each category, the waypoints are alphabetized by identifier. To the right of the identifier is the type waypoint defined (A, V, N, I, or S).
5.5 REFERENCE WAYPOINTS Creating a Reference Waypoint is a method of adding a waypoint to any flight plan. The Reference Waypoint lies on the great circle route between two other waypoints in the flight plan. The point where the Reference Waypoint lies on the great circle route is the point where the route passes closest to a point that you designate.
5. Press E to display the waypoint page for the waypoint just entered. USE? INVRT?| TXKA 1:KDAL |REF: TXK 2:BUJ |RAD: 330.3^ 3:TXKA |DIS: 32.8nm 4:KLIT |N 34^01.08' 5: |W 94^19.67' CRSR enr-leg ent SUP 6. Press E again to display the waypoint page for the newly created Reference Waypoint (figure 5-85). The waypoint that was used to create the Reference Waypoint is automatically inserted into the REF field. The radial and distance as well as the latitude and longitude are also displayed.
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DENVER MINNEAPOLIS CENTER WAYPOINTS (Not For Actual Navigation) OMAHA McCOOK LIS PO NEA MIN ITY KANSAS CITY C SAS KAN GOODLAND TY ER NV DE S CI A NS KA DENVER GCK00 327° 29.7nm WICHITA GCK Garden City VOR TULSA E QU TY ER CI QU AS BU NS AL UE RQ UE UQ BGD00 352° 29.7nm BGD Borger VOR ME AL PVW00 1° 28.
5.6 CENTER WAYPOINTS Like Reference Waypoints, creating Center Waypoints is a method of adding waypoints to a flight plan. The word “Center” refers to air route traffic control center (ARTCC) or area control center (ACC). In some parts of the world these are referred to as “FIRs”. Center Waypoints are waypoints at locations where a flight plan intersects the “Center” boundaries.
(PVW) is the nearest VOR to the first Center Waypoint location, the 00 is appended to PVW to create PVW00. If PVW were later used in the creation of another Center Waypoint, the second waypoint’s identifier would be PVW01. The second line of the CTR 2 page shows the “from” Center followed by the “to” Center. In our example, PVW00 lies on the boundary between Ft. Worth (FW) and Albuquerque (ABQ) Centers. See figure 5-87. A listing of the Center abbreviations is contained in Appendix D.
5.6.3 Creating Center Waypoints After Modifying A Flight Plan Once Center Waypoints have been inserted into a flight plan, they are treated like any other waypoints in the flight plan. If a flight plan containing Center Waypoints is modified in any way, you may recompute new Center Waypoints. The original Center Waypoints are now part of the flight plan and new Center Waypoints are computed by treating the original Center Waypoints the same as any other waypoints in the flight plan.
5.7 PROGRAMMING THE TURN-ON PAGE You may personalize your KLN 90B by programming information on the Turn-On page. Up to four lines, each containing 23 characters, may be entered. The characters A through Z, the numbers 0 through 9, and spaces may be used. Once programmed, this information will be displayed for a few seconds each time you apply power to your KLN 90B. The example in figure 5-98 might give you some ideas, but use your imagination.
5.8 THE STATUS PAGES There are four Status pages. The Status 1 and Status 2 pages display information pertaining specifically to the GPS receiver while the Status 3 and Status 4 pages display supplementary information pertaining to the KLN 90B. 5.8.1 Determining The Status Of The GPS Signals The Status 1 (STA 1) and Status 2 (STA 2) pages may be viewed at any time to determine the status of the GPS receiver and the GPS satellites being received.
initialization process the receiver begins the acquisition process. During this time, the visible satellites are being acquired and data from them is obtained. The transition state indicates an adequate number of satellites for navigation has been acquired and is being tracked but no position data can yet be produced. Normal navigation is indicated by a NAV, NAV A, or NAV D GPS state. NAV A indicates that the altitude input is being used in the position solution.
5.8.2 Determining KLN 90B Software Status And Operational Time The Status 3 page (figure 5-103) displays the software revision status of the KLN 90B host computer and of the GPS receiver. A field called OBS CAL is also included on this page. This value indicates the calibration of the internal resolver circuitry of the KLN 90B. If for some reason your KLN 90B requires service, the information on this page may be useful.
5.9 MODES OF OPERATION The KLN 90B allows you to choose how the course to the active waypoint is defined. This is done by selecting between the two course modes, LEG and OBS. The LEG mode means that the course to the active waypoint is selected by the KLN 90B, and is the default mode when the KLN 90B starts up. The other course mode, OBS, is the mode that allows you to define the course to the active waypoint.
2. Rotate the left inner knob to select the MOD page for the desired mode: MOD 1 to select Leg or MOD 2 to select OBS (figure 5-108). PRESS ENT | TO ACTIVATE| | OBS:---^ | | CDI:±5.00NM| MOD 2 enr-leg ent Figure 5-108 3. Press E (figure 5-109). The mode change is complete and you may return to any desired page. It is not possible to change the mode by using the MOD pages when an external switch is installed.
due Westerly, and finally Southwesterly by the time you reach Manila. Of course, your trips with the KLN 90B will be substantially shorter and the desired track will probably change only a few degrees. 3. Automatic waypoint sequencing is provided during flight plan operation. As you reach a waypoint in your flight plan, the next leg of the flight plan automatically becomes active. There are some situations during approach operations in which automatic sequencing is automatically disabled, see chapter 6. 4.
must be the displayed navigation source on the external indicator. When the KLN 90B is not the displayed navigation source on the external indicator or if the KLN 90B is interfaced with an EFIS system, it is possible to change the selected course from several pages on the KLN 90B. This can be done from the NAV 3 or Mode 2 (MOD 2) pages as well as the Super NAV 5 page if it is configured to display the desired track on the left hand side. To change the selected course from one of these pages: a.
5.9.4 Switching From The Leg Mode To The OBS Mode The following mode transition occurs if the KLN 90B is in the Leg mode and the mode is changed to the OBS mode: 1. The waypoint that was active in Leg mode prior to the mode change remains the active waypoint in OBS mode. 2. The selected course is defined by two different methods depending on the installation and the status of the unit. i.
5.9.6 Going Direct-To A Waypoint While in the OBS Mode The direct-to function will select the OBS value that will take the aircraft from the present position direct to the active waypoint when the KLN 90B is interfaced to EFIS, a compatible mechanical HSI interfaced through a KA 90, or when the KLN 90B is not the displayed navigation source on the external indicator. | =GGT |+++++i+·+++ |DIS 20.
If it is desired to change the CDI scale factor to another value, use the following procedure: 1. Select either the MOD 1 or MOD 2 page. 2. Press the left C. If necessary, use the left outer knob to move the cursor over the value of the CDI scale (figure 5-120). ACTIVE MODE| | | LEG | | CDI:±5.00NM| CRSR enr-leg Figure 5-120 3. Rotate the left inner knob to select the desired CDI scale factor (figure 5-121). 4. Turn the left C off. The CDI scale factor change is complete.
5.10 THE FUEL MANAGEMENT PAGES Certain models of fuel management computers manufactured by Shadin Company, ARNAV System, Inc, and Sheltech Ltd. may be interfaced with the KLN 90B. The primary benefit of having the KLN 90B interfaced with a “real time” fuel management computer is that the system can continuously compute the amount of fuel required to reach the destination and the amount of fuel that will be on board upon reaching the destination. The concept is the following.
• The fuel presently on board (FOB). In most installations this is defined by using the fuel flow computer’s control unit. However, if the KLN 90B is interfaced with a compatible Shadin fuel flow computer, it is possible to define the fuel on board by using the KLN 90B. In these installations it is not required to have the fuel flow computer’s control head installed in the aircraft. To change the present fuel on board (FOB) use the following procedure: 1. Turn to the OTH 5 page.
5.10.2 The Other 6 Page (OTH 6) The OTH 6 page displays the following information (figure 5-125): • The endurance (ENDUR) in hours and minutes. The endurance is calculated based on the amount of fuel remaining after subtracting out the reserve (RES) you entered on the OTH 5 or the OTH 6 page from the present fuel on board. • The range (RANGE), which is the distance (nautical miles) that could be flown based on the endurance calculated above and the present groundspeed.
5.11 THE AIR DATA PAGES The Bendix/King KAD 280 and KAD 480 air data systems as well as specific models of Shadin Company air data systems may be interfaced to the KLN 90B. When interfaced with one of these systems, the KLN 90B will display real time air data parameters such as true airspeed (TAS), static air temperature (SAT), total air temperature (TAT), Mach number, density altitude, and pressure altitude.
5.11.1 The Other 9 Page (OTH 9) Without a fuel management system this becomes the OTH 5 page. The following information is displayed (figure 5-130): TAS AIR DATA | TAS 229kt| MACH .34| | | | OTH 9 True airspeed (the true speed of an aircraft through the surrounding air mass) MACH Mach number (the ratio of the true airspeed to the speed of sound at a particular flight condition).
5.12 OPERATION OUTSIDE THE PRIMARY COVERAGE AREA The KLN 90B’s primary coverage area is from N 74° to S 60° latitude as was shown in figure 3-1. All navigation data presented outside this area is automatically referenced to true North unless a manual input of magnetic variation is made on the SET 2 page. The same is true anytime the KLN 90B is in the OBS mode and the active waypoint is outside the primary coverage area.
The active flight plan is the only flight plan available when there is no database cartridge. There is no way to gain access to flight plans one through 25. Functions not requiring the published database are operative. Some functions, such as nearest airport, nearest VOR, nearest NDB, Reference Waypoint, and trip planning, are operational but only to the extent that user-defined waypoints are utilized. Functions that depend on the database cartridge are not operative.
5.14 USING THE TAKE-HOME MODE It is very likely that the KLN 90B will become your “best friend” in the cockpit. As with any good friend, you may need some time to get well-acquainted. This will allow you to utilize it to the maximum extent. A great way to get to know the KLN 90B is to use it outside the airplane, using what we call the “take-home mode”.
CHAPTER 6 - LEVEL 4 OPERATION This is the last chapter on the operation of the KLN 90B. In this chapter you will learn how to use the KLN 90B for non-precision approaches as well as SID/STAR procedures. All of these procedures require that you are com- fortable with the operation of the unit as presented up to this point. In particular, you need to be comfortable with flight plan operation (chapter 4) and the OBS mode (section 5.9). 6.
Load approach into flight plan (A) CDI Scale Factor ±5.0 nm (B) Approach automatically arms when within 30 nm of the airport and an approach is loaded into the active flight plan 30 nm CDI Scale Factor changing from ±1.0 nm to ±0.3 nm Approach Arm CDI Scale Factor ±1.
General Procedure for Non-Precision Approaches If any of these conditions are not met, the KLN 90B will not transition to the approach active mode and a missed approach will be required if the conditions do not change before reaching the FAF. If all of these conditions are met then the CDI scale factor will start to change to ±0.3 NM and the external annunciator will indicate ACTV. Non-precision approaches will all have the general flow of events as follows. Refer to figure 6-1. 1.
6.1.1 Selecting An Approach The first item in the list from the previous section is to select and load the approach into the active flight plan. Approaches are selected from the APT 8 (or ACT 8) page of the airport for which you desire to shoot the approach. If you are operating from a flight plan, the easiest way to get to the approach information is by turning to the ACT page for your destination as described in section 4.2.3.
8. The KLN 90B will then bring up the FPL 0 page and put the sequence of approach waypoints in front of the airport reference point (figure 6-8). V25R-KLAX | KLAX IAP 10 ELMOOì | 1 NDB 24R 11 LAX18 | 2 VOR 07L 12 FITON | 3 VOR 07R 13 FREBYî | 4 VOR 25L 17:KLAX | 5 VOR 25R FPL 0 enr-leg APT 8 Figure 6-8 NOTE: At any time during the process of selecting an approach you can easily return to the previous step by pressing the @ button.
Fxyyy Ixyyy Cxyyy Mxyyy RWzzz Daaab • F stands for Final Approach Fix • I stands for Intermediate Fix • C stands for Course Fix • M stands for Missed Approach Point • RW stands for Runway Fix. This is usually the MAP for the approach • zzz will be a runway number possibly including L for Left, R for Right, C for Center, or B for Both. • D stands for DME arc waypoint • aaa is the radial that the fix is on from the reference VOR • b will be a letter corresponding to the distance from the reference VOR.
m - The Missed Approach Point (MAP) of the approach h - The missed approach holding point for the approach Every approach will have a FAF and a MAP. Almost all will have an IAF and missed approach holding point. 13 FREBYî | 14 MA25Bñ | *NO WPT SEQ| 15 LAX | 16 INISH | 17:KLAX | FPL 0 enr-leg Figure 6-9 Another item that you should notice in the flight plan is the line that has *NO WPT SEQ on it (figure 6-9).
6.1.4 Example Approach: No Procedure Turn Now that you know the basics of inserting an approach into the flight plan, we can now show the approach operation of the unit by several examples. This first example will use the approach that was loaded into the flight plan in section 6.1.1. This example will show how the KLN 90B sequences through an approach and what type of annunciations and scale factor changes can be expected.
that are past the MAP. To perform the published missed approach procedure, press D to bring up the direct-to page. The default waypoint will be the first waypoint of the missed approach procedure. In this case the first waypoint is LAX. Confirm this waypoint as the direct to waypoint and press E. 90B will provide a message telling you to set the external indicator (CDI or HSI) to a new value.
6.1.5 Example Approach: Off-Airport Navaid An approach that is quite common is an approach that is based off of an off-airport navaid. An example of this is the VOR RWY 22 approach to Clovis New Mexico Municipal airport, KCVN. To fly this procedure as published use the following steps and refer to figure 6-17 for the procedure. For this example assume that the aircraft is approaching from the Northeast going Direct-to the Clovis airport with no active flight plan. 1.
If a missed approach is required for this approach, then the following steps would be required. 4. If a course reversal is required, then upon reaching TXO perform the appropriate holding pattern entry and set the inbound course on the external CDI or HSI. In this example the inbound course is 241°. At this point the KLN 90B works very similar to a conventional VOR/DME. 9.
6.1.6 Example Approach: Radar Vectors For this example we will use the same approach that was used in the previous section except this approach will be conducted with the help of radar vectors from approach control. The aircraft will be assumed to be arriving from the West, although this does not change the way the approach will be flown using the KLN 90B. 1.
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6.1.7 Example Approach: On-Airport Navaid Another common type of approach is an approach that is based on an on-airport navaid. These could be either VOR or NDB approaches. An example of this type of approach is the VOR RWY 24 approach to Bowman airport in Louisville, Kentucky (Figure 6-21). The airport identifier for this airport is KLOU. For this example assume that the aircraft is approaching KLOU from the Nabb VOR. 1. After passing the Nabb VOR, you are told to expect the VOR 24 approach at KLOU.
6. When the aircraft is 2 NM from the FAF, the KLN 90B will verify that the proper GPS integrity is available. If integrity monitoring is available for the approach, then the KLN 90B will change to the Approach Active mode. This will be annunciated on the external approach status annunciator as well as on the KLN 90B. The CDI scale factor will also start to change from ±1.0 NM to ±0.3 NM. 7. Normal waypoint alerting will occur as the aircraft passes the final approach fix.
6.1.8 Example Approach: DME Arc DME arc procedures with the KLN 90B are completely different from using traditional VOR and DME equipment. Don’t worry though because DME arc procedures using the KLN 90B are also easier than using traditional equipment. This is because the KLN 90B provides left/right guidance around the arc. No more having to watch distance in one place and radial in another! A DME arc is really a whole bunch of initial approach fixes placed one next to each other to form an arc.
solely on the present radial and the defined arc distance from the reference VOR. For this reason it is better to delay selecting approaches that contain DME arcs until the aircraft is closer to the destination. 4. With the cursor over LOAD IN FPL, press E. The approach will be loaded into the active flight plan just like any other approach would be. 5.
NOTE: If the present track does not intercept the arc, then the KLN 90B will display NO INTRCPT in the scratch pad area of the screen. 8. When the aircraft approaches the arc the KLN 90B will provide waypoint alerting and turn anticipation to join the arc. 9. Once established on the arc the KLN 90B provides left/right guidance relative to the curved arc. Distance to the active waypoint is the distance from the present position to the active waypoint, NOT the distance along the arc.
14. The visual descent point is identified by the along track distance to the MAP to be 1.5 NM. When the aircraft reaches this point (figure 6-28), and the runway environment is in sight, it is possible to descend for a landing. 1.5 oq RW12ñ | z{-«} | 101 uv .06NM=| ûü130^| †ü129^|2 If a missed approach is needed use the following steps: 15. The missed approach calls for a climb to 2000 and then a left turn direct to FOW.
The destination waypoint will, by default, be the missed approach point of an approach loaded in the flight plan. If there is no approach in the flight plan, then the default waypoint is the last waypoint in the active flight plan. Of course it is possible for you to enter any waypoint in this field. An example is shown in figure 6-31. Notice in the figure that the first four bars are below the line and the other three are above the line.
6.2 SID/STAR PROCEDURES The database in the KLN 90B also contains the pilot NAV SIDs (Standard Instrument Departures) and STARs (Standard Terminal Arrival Routes) for the primary database coverage area (see Chapter 2 for database coverage areas). SID/STAR procedures stored in the database can only be considered accurate as long as the database is current. Even though the database contains SID and STAR procedures, there is a lot of information that is not included in the database.
1. Select KSFO on one of the airport pages (figure 6-32). If you are operating from an active flight plan you can use the ACT 7 page for KSFO by scanning through the active flight plan (see section 4.2.3). 2. If not already displayed, rotate the right inner knob until the APT 7 page appears as in figure 6-33. This will allow the selection of SID procedures. 3. Turn the right cursor on by pressing the right C, and rotate the right outer knob until the flashing cursor is over PORTE9 (figure 6-34).
3. Turn the right cursor on by pressing the right C, and, if necessary, rotate the right outer knob until the flashing cursor is over the desired STAR. With the cursor over AQN4 (figure 6-40), press E. | KDFW |SELECT STAR | 1 AQN4 | 2 BOIDS4 | 3 BUJ6 | 4 SCY6 ent CRSR 4. The KLN 90B will now ask which transition you want to use. For this example select INK (figure 6-41) and press E. 5. In some cases, the STAR procedure requires you to select a specific runway.
3. Use the left inner and outer knobs in the normal manner to define the desired waypoint. 4. Press E to display the waypoint page for this identifier. If the waypoint is correct, then press E a second time to confirm the waypoint page. The new waypoint is added to the waypoints that make up the SID or STAR procedure. To delete an individual waypoint in a SID or STAR procedure use the following steps: 1. Use the left knobs to select the FPL 0 page on the left side of the screen. 2.
6.2.4 Example of a SID Procedure To illustrate the use of the KLN 90B with a SID, the Porte Nine departure loaded into the flight plan in section 6.2.1 will be used. This procedure is one of the more difficult that you are likely to come across. Most procedures are not this difficult, but this SID serves as a good example for what steps to take when you encounter a difficult procedure. 9. There is an altitude restriction marked with an “x” on the chart. The name of this point is 26FLW.
6.2.5 Example of a STAR Procedure To illustrate the use of the KLN 90B with STAR procedures the steps required to fly Acton Four arrival to Dallas/Fort Worth International will be shown in this section. This procedure is considerably simpler than the SID example shown in section 6.2.4. NOTE: It is extremely rare to have a different path over the ground for turbojets and non-turbojets, but be sure to cross check with your paper charts.
APPENDIX A - NAVIGATIONAL TERMS WPT 2 NORTH ETE ETA ARC - Bearing to waypoint (degrees) Drift Angle (degrees) - not displayed on KLN 90B Distance to waypoint (nm) Desired Track (degrees) Selected Course Groundspeed (nm/hr) Heading (degrees) Present position Actual Track (degrees) Waypoint Cross Track Error Correction (nm) displayed as “FLY L 2.
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APPENDIX B - MESSAGE PAGE MESSAGES The following is a list of the messages that can appear on the Message page. When the message prompt appears, press MSG to view the message page. See section 3.5 for an explanation of the Message page. APT ELEVATION UNKNOWN - (Airport Elevation Unknown) This message appears if the elevation of the airport which would otherwise be used for the height above airport alert is unknown.
BATTERY LOW: SERVICE REQUIRED TO PREVENT LOSS OF USER DATA - This message appears when the KLN 90B’s internal battery is low and needs replacing at an authorized Bendix/King service center. The battery should be replaced within a week to prevent the loss of all user-defined data including waypoints, airport remarks, flight plans, etc. Typical battery life is approximately three to five years.
RAIM NOT AVAILABLE APR MODE INHIBITED PREDICT RAIM ON STA 5 - This message appears when integrity monitoring (RAIM) is predicted to not be available at either the FAF or the MAP. The KLN 90B will not allow the unit to go into the approach active mode until conditions improve. Turn to the STA 5 (Status 5) page to perform a RAIM prediction. The STA 5 page will give an indication of how long it will be until RAIM is available so that the approach can be flown using the KLN 90B (see section 6.1.
RS-232 OUTPUT ERROR - This message appears when the RS 232 output fails an internal test. Anything connected to the RS 232 output bus, such as some moving map displays and ELTs (for position reporting), will not be fully functional. Do not use moving map displays that depend on the KLN 90B’s RS 232 output if this message is displayed. SATELLITE COVERAGE INADEQUATE FOR NAV - This message appears when the received GPS signals are not adequate for navigation.
APPENDIX C - STATUS LINE MESSAGES Status line messages are short operational messages that are displayed in the lower center segment of the screen. (See section 3.3 and figure 3-37). The following are the status line messages that may appear. ACTIVE WPT - (Active Waypoint) Appears when you try to delete a user-defined waypoint on the OTH 3 page if the waypoint is the active waypoint (waypoint you are navigating to).
NO INTRCEPT - (No Intercept) Appears when an attempt is made to recalculate the intercept point on a DME arc and the actual track does not intercept with the arc. Change the track (heading) of the aircraft so that the actual track does intercept the DME arc and try again. NO NDB WPTS - (No NDB Waypoints) Appears when the NDB type pages have been selected if the KLN 90B doesn’t contain a data base cartridge and there are no user-defined NDB waypoints.
APPENDIX D - ABBREVIATIONS STATE ABBREVIATIONS CANADIAN PROVINCE ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATION STATE AK AL AR AZ CA CO CT DC DE FL GA IA ID IL IN KS KY LA MA MD ME MI MN MO MS MT NC ND NE NH NJ NM NV NY OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VA VT WA WI WV WY Alaska Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Iowa Idaho Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Massachusetts Maryland Maine Michigan Minnesota Missouri Mississippi Montana North Carolina Nor
Country Abbreviations - Continued CMR CNR COG COK COL CRI CRO CSK CUB CYM CYP DEU DJI DMA DNK DOM DZA ECU EGY ERI ESP ETH FIN FJI FLK FRA GAB GBR GHA GIB GIN GLP GMB GNB GNQ GPV GRC GRD GRL GTM GUF GUY HKG HND HTI HUN IDN IND IOT IRL IRN IRQ ISL ISR ITA JAM JOR JPN JTN Cameroon Canary Islands Congo Cook Islands Colombia/San Andres Costa Rica Croatia Czechoslovakia Cuba Cayman Islands Cypress Germany Djibouti Dominica Denmark Dominican Republic Algeria Ecuador Egypt Eritrea Spain Ethiopia Finland Fiji/Tonga
Country Abbreviations - Continued PYF QAT ROM RWA SAU SDN SEN SGP SHN SLB SLE SLO SLV SOM SPM STP SUR SVK SWE SWZ SYC SYR TCA TCD TGO THA TTO TUN TUR TWN TZA UGA URY USA VCT VEN VGB VIR VNM VUT WAK WLF XJ1 XJ2 XJ3 XJ4 XJ5 XJ6 XJ7 XJJ XJR YEM YUG ZAF ZAM ZAR ZWE French Polynesia/ Society I./Tuamotu Qatar Romania Rwanda Saudi Arabia Sudan Senegal Singapore Ascension Island/St. Helena Solomon Islands Sierra Leone Slovenia El Salvador Somalia St.
Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC/FIR) Abbreviations - Continued BRL BRN BRR BRS BRT BRU BRV BRY BRZ BSK BST BUC BUD BUJ CAI CAL CAM CAM CAN CAP CAS CHA CHE CHI CHO CHR CHT CHU CLE COC COL COP COR CRT CUR DAK DAK DAM DAR DEL DEN DES DHA DIK DOR DSS DUR DUS EDM EMI ENT EZE FRA FW GAB GAN GAN GEN GEO Berlin Barnaul Barranquilla Brasilia Beirut Brussels Bratislava Beryozovo Brazzaville Bratsk Brest Bucharest Budapest Bujumbura Cairo Calcutta Campo Grande Central America Canaries Capetown Casablanca Chay
Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC/FIR) Abbreviations - Continued LUS LVO MAD MAG MAI MAL MAN MAR MAU MAZ MAZ MDR MEL MEM MEN MER MEX MGD MIA MIA MIL MIN MIR MLM MLT MNC MNC MNS MNT MOG MON MOS MRM MS MSK MTV MUN MUR MUS NAD NAH NAI NAS NDJ NIC NIK NMY NOR NOV NUK NY NY NZE OAK OAK ODE OKH OMS ORN Lusaka Lvov Madrid Magadan Maiquetia Male Manila Marseille Mauritius Mazatlan Mazatlan Oceanic Madras Melbourne Memphis Mendoza Merida Mexico Magdagachi Miami Miami Oceanic Milan Minneapolis Mirny Malmo Malt
Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC/FIR) Abbreviations - Continued SUR SWI SYD SYK SYM TAE TAH TAI TAL TAM TAS TAZ TBI TEH TEL TIK TIL TIR TOK TOR TRI TRO TUN TUR TYU UFA UJU ULA UND URA URU VAN VAR VEL VIE VIL VLA VNT VLO VOL VRK WAR WAS WEL WIN WND WUH YAK YAN YEK YEN YER YS ZAG ZAI ZHK ZUR ZYR Surgut Switzerland Sydney Syktyvkar Seymchan Taegu Tahiti Oceanic Taipei Tallinn Tampere Tashkent Tashavz Tbilisi Tehran Tel Aviv Tiksi Tilichiki Tirana Tokyo Toronto Tripoli Trondheim Tunis Turukhansk Tyumen
Other Abbreviations Used on KLN 90B Pages - Continued DEST DEV DIR DIS DNGR DTK DUP E EDT ELE ELEV ELV ENDUR ENG ENR ENT ESA EST ETA ETE F FAF FAILR FF FLT FOB FP FPL FPM FR F REQ FSS G GAL GDT GPS GPS CRS GRND GRV GS GST H H HAD HAS HB HDG HDWND HRD HSI HT I IAF IDENT IMP INACTV IND Destination Deviation (on external course devation indicator) Director (freq) Distance Danger area Desired track Duplicate East Eastern Daylight Time Elevation Elevation Airport elevation Endurance Engine En route Enter Minimu
Other Abbreviations Used on KLN 90B Pages - Continued R (R) RAD RAIM RAMP RCVR RDR REF REQD RES REST RMI RMKS RW S S SAT SDT SEL SEQ SET SFT SHL SID SND SNR SNW SPC USE SRCH SST STA STAR STN SUP SV SW T T t TAS TAT TEMP TK TLWND TMA TRAN TRF TRI TRNG TRSA TWR U UNIC UNK UTC RNAV overlay approach procedure Radar environment to approach & departure Radial Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring Ramp/taxi control (freq) Receiver Radar (freq) Reference Required fuel Reserve fuel Restricted area Radio magnetic
APPENDIX E - SECONDS TO DECIMAL MINUTES The KLN 90B utilizes latitude and longitude expressed in degrees, minutes, and hundredths of a minute. You may occasionally see a document expressing latitude and longitude in degrees, minutes, and seconds. You may use this table to convert seconds to hundredths of a minute.
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INDEX A APT 2 page (Airport 2) 3-43 APT 3 page (Airport 3) 3-43 APT 4 page (Airport 4) 3-45 APT 5 page (Airport 5) 3-47 APT 6 page (Airport 6) 3-48 APT 7 page (Airport 7) 3-49, 6-21 APT 8 page (Airport 8) 3-49, 6-4, 6-16 ARC 6-18, A-1 ARTCC (“Center”) Abbreviations D-3 Frequencies 3-52 Waypoints 5-25 AUTO map scale 3-36, 6-9 Autopilot 6-18 Abbreviations Airport names 3-26, 3-42 ARTCC/FIR D-3 Canadian province D-1 Country D-1 Other KLN 90B D-6 State D-1 ACT page (active flight plan waypoints) 4-10 Actual t
E Database 2-1 Navigation 3-1 Cross track error 3-32, A-1 CTA 3-39, 3-42 CTR 1 page (Center 1) 5-25 CTR 2 page (Center 2) 5-25 Cursor 3-11 Customs 3-48 Editing SID 6-23 STAR 6-23 EFIS 3-4, 5-34, 6-9 Enter prompt 3-10 EPE (estimated position error) 5-30 Erase, see Delete ESA, see minimum enroute safe altitude ETA (estimated time of arrival) 4-12, A-1 ETE (estimated time enroute) 3-31, 3-36, 4-11, A-1 D Database Cartridge 2-3, 2-7 Contents 2-1 Coverage areas 2-1 Currency requirement for approach use 6-1 Fu
I N -i (initial approach fix identifier suffix) 6-7 IAF (initial approach fix) 6-2 Selecting 6-4, 6-16 ICAO identifiers 2-3 Initialization 3-17 INT page (Intersection page) 3-50 Integrity monitoring, see RAIM Intercept DME arc 6-16, 6-17 Moving the intercept point 6-17 Interfaces 1-1 Intermediate fix 6-6 Intersections 3-50 Intersection user waypoints 5-18 NAV 1 page (Navigation 1) 3-31 NAV 2 page (Navigation 2) 3-32 NAV 3 page (Navigation 3) 3-32 NAV 4 page (Navigation 4) 3-34, 5-7 NAV 5 page (Navigation
R Deleting 6-24 Editing 6-23 Example 6-26 Loading 6-23 Selecting 6-23 State abbreviations D-1 Status line messages 3-10, Appendix C Step-down fix 6-9, 6-18 Sunrise/Sunset 5-15 SUP page (Supplemental waypoint) 5-18 Super NAV 1 page 3-32 Super NAV 5 page 3-27, 3-37, 5-9, 5-35, 6-1, 6-6, 6-17 Supplemental waypoints 3-51, 5-18 Surface, runway 3-44 System components 1-1 RAIM (receiver autonomous integrity monitoring) 6-3, 614, 6-15, 6-18 Prediction 6-19, 6-20 Radar vectors 6-12, 6-17 Receiver status 5-29 REF p
V VNAV (vertical navigation) 3-36, 5-7 Vectors 6-12, 6-17 VOR(s) page 3-49 user waypoint 5-18 nearest 3-22, 3-37 on map display 3-37 W Waypoint alerting 3-29, 4-8 Waypoint scanning window 3-37, 6-17 Waypoints Active 3-31 “Center” 5-25 Duplicate 3-15 Identifiers 2-3 Nearest 3-22 Reference 5-21 Selecting by identifier 3-20 Selecting by name or city 3-24 Selecting by scanning 3-21 User defined 2-2, 5-16 Wind 5-12, 5-43 X Y Z I-5 Rev 1
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