Pilot’s Guide KLN 35A Bendix/King® Global Positioning System ORS 01 A
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AlliedSignal, Inc. Commercial Avionics Systems 400 North Rogers Road Olathe, Kansas 66062-1294 FAX: 913-791-1302 TELEPHONE: 913-782-0400 006-08791-0000 Rev.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide 006-08791-0000 for KLN 35A with Operational Revision Status ORS 01 April 1997
Revision History and Instructions Manual KLN 35A Pilots Guide Revision 2, April 1997 Part Number 006-08791-0000 Typographical and spelling errors corrected on pages; 3-27, 3-41, 3-65 and 3-67. Illustration corrections on figures; 3-184 and 4-20. Database Form Corrections. Added warning and copyright notices on front cover. Added revision page R-1. Deleted EFF-1 through EFF-6 pages.
NOTE: A “whiskers” border is used around data on some of the figures in this Pilot's Guide to indicate that the data inside the border is flashing. åå.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Table of Contents INTRODUCTION..............................................................................i KLN 35A SNEAK PREVIEW .........................................................ii HOW-TO INDEX ............................................................................iv 1. KLN 35A SYSTEM COMPONENTS .......................................1-1 2. DATA BASE ...........................................................................2-1 2.1. Data Basics .......................
Table of Contents 3.9.3. Waypoint Alerting for Direct To Operation ............3-35 3.10. Navigation Pages ........................................................3-36 3.10.1. The Navigation 1 (NAV 1) Page ..........................3-36 3.10.2. The Navigation 2 (NAV 2) Page ..........................3-39 3.10.3. The Navigation 3 (NAV 3) Page ..........................3-40 3.10.4. The Navigation 4 (NAV 4) Page ..........................3-40 3.11. Waypoint Pages ...............................................
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Table of Contents 4. ADVANCED GPS OPERATION .............................................4-1 4.1. Creating and Modifying Flight Plans ................................4-1 4.1.1. Creating a Flight Plan .............................................4-1 4.1.2. Viewing Distance and Desired Track Between Stored Flight Plan Waypoints ...................4-3 4.1.3. Activating a Numbered Flight Plan ..........................4-4 4.1.4. Adding a Waypoint to a Flight Plan ........................
Table of Contents 4.6. Operation Outside the Primary Coverage Area .............4-29 4.7. Using the Take-home Mode ..........................................4-30 APPENDIX A - NAVIGATION TERMS .......................................A-1 APPENDIX B - MESSAGE PAGE MESSAGES .........................B-1 APPENDIX C - SCRATCHPAD MESSAGES .............................C-1 APPENDIX D - ABBREVIATIONS ..............................................D-1 State Abbreviations ..................................................
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Introduction INTRODUCTION Thank you for choosing the Bendix/King KLN 35A GPS. If you’ve never used GPS before, you’ll find it will change the way you fly. The moving map graphics with special use airspace boundaries will give you an extra feeling of security during all of your time in the air. All in all, it will let you concentrate on the fun in flying, and isn’t that why you learned to fly in the first place? This Pilot's Guide should be of great help to you.
Introduction KLN 35A SNEAK PREVIEW If you absolutely can't wait to use your KLN 35A until you've read this Pilot's Guide, this section is for you. This page will teach you just enough to get going and then learn by doing. This operational preview assumes the KLN 35A has been properly installed, the unit was previously operational in the same general geographical location, and that no peripheral equipment interfaced with the KLN 35A (such as external HSIs, CDIs, autopilots, moving map display, etc.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Introduction 6. The next page displayed will probably be a page showing the VHF communication frequencies for the airport you are at. For now, use the right outer knob to turn to the NAV page type (watch the lower left corner of the screen and the small bar at the bottom to know when you are there). Then use the right inner knob to select the NAV 2 page if not already there. The NAV 2 page shows your present position relative to a nearby VOR.
Introduction HOW-TO INDEX This index will help you quickly find important procedures at a glance. The list is alphabetized by action words. TO: SEE PAGE: Activate a waypoint in OBS mode without changing the selected course ................................................................................4-29 Activate one of the previously created numbered flight plans ..............4-4 Add a waypoint to a flight plan ..............................................................
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Introduction TO: SEE PAGE: Enter a user-defined waypoint remark on the SUP 3 page ................3-54 Enter a waypoint identifier ...................................................................3-13 Enter an airport remark on the APT 5 page ........................................3-50 Enter the local magnetic variation manually on the SET 2 page ........4-30 Fly Direct To a waypoint......................................................................
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Introduction INTRODUCTION Thank you for choosing the Bendix/King KLN 35A GPS. If you’ve never used GPS before, you’ll find it will change the way you fly. The moving map graphics with special use airspace boundaries will give you an extra feeling of security during all of your time in the air. All in all, it will let you concentrate on the fun in flying, and isn’t that why you learned to fly in the first place? This Pilot's Guide should be of great help to you.
Introduction KLN 35A SNEAK PREVIEW If you absolutely can't wait to use your KLN 35A until you've read this Pilot's Guide, this section is for you. This page will teach you just enough to get going and then learn by doing. This operational preview assumes the KLN 35A has been properly installed, the unit was previously operational in the same general geographical location, and that no peripheral equipment interfaced with the KLN 35A (such as external HSIs, CDIs, autopilots, moving map display, etc.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Introduction 6. The next page displayed will probably be a page showing the VHF communication frequencies for the airport you are at. For now, use the right outer knob to turn to the NAV page type (watch the lower left corner of the screen and the small bar at the bottom to know when you are there). Then use the right inner knob to select the NAV 2 page if not already there. The NAV 2 page shows your present position relative to a nearby VOR.
Introduction HOW-TO INDEX This index will help you quickly find important procedures at a glance. The list is alphabetized by action words. TO: SEE PAGE: Activate a waypoint in OBS mode without changing the selected course ................................................................................4-29 Activate one of the previously created numbered flight plans ..............4-4 Add a waypoint to a flight plan ..............................................................
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Introduction TO: SEE PAGE: Enter a user-defined waypoint remark on the SUP 3 page ................3-54 Enter a waypoint identifier ...................................................................3-13 Enter an airport remark on the APT 5 page ........................................3-50 Enter the local magnetic variation manually on the SET 2 page ........4-30 Fly Direct To a waypoint......................................................................
REQUIRED OPTIONAL HSI GS CDI HDG N 3 6 W W 24 24 15 21 21 S GRAY CODE KI 206 89.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide System Components A basic KLN 35A system consists of a panel mounted KLN 35A GPS and a KA 92 GPS antenna. An altitude input is required to obtain full navigation and operational capabilities. Additional system components may be added or interfaced to the KLN 35A which increase its features and capabilities.
45° 45° USA 30° 15° 30° MID EAST PACIFIC PACIFIC LATIN AM 0° 15° 0° AFRICA 15° 15° SOUTH AM 30° 45° 30° SOUTH PAC SOUTH PAC 60° 165°150° 135° 120°105° 90° 75° 60° 45° 30° 15° 0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° 105° 120°135°150° 165°180° Americas Data Base coverage area Atlantic Data Base coverage area Data Base Chapter 2 Data Base 60° 45° Pacific Data Base coverage area Common to Pacific & Atlantic Data Base coverage areas 006-08791-0000 Rev 0 60° EAST EUR CANADA 2-0 EUROPE 60° Figure
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Data Base 2. DATA BASE 2.1. DATA BASICS The second function of the data base is that it serves as a very convenient means to store and easily access aeronautical information. Want to know the name of the airport, the nearest city, or the airport altitude? Just unleash the power of the KLN 35A and display the information right on the screen. 2.2. DATA BASE CONTENTS AND COVERAGE AREAS There are three data base coverage areas available for the KLN 35A.
Data Base The following is a listing of the KLN 35A data base contents: AIRPORTS Identifier Name City, State or Country Use type (if military) Data Base Chapter 2 Latitude and Longitude Elevation Runway numbers, lengths, surfaces, and lighting Communication frequencies VORs Identifier Name Frequency Latitude and Longitude Magnetic variation NDBs Identifier Name Frequency Latitude and Longitude (Note - Outer Compass Locators are not included in the data base) 250 USER DEFINED WAYPOINTS Identifier Latitude
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Data Base 2.3. ICAO IDENTIFIERS Waypoints are stored in the KLN 35A data base almost exclusively by their ICAO identifiers. ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) is an internationally accepted reference for the data. In almost all cases the proper ICAO identifiers may be taken directly from Jeppesen Sanderson or government aeronautical charts. NOTE: There are several exceptions in Alaska.
Data Base 2.4. UPDATING THE DATA BASE Data Base Chapter 2 The information stored in the data base would eventually become obsolete if there wasn’t some means to update it. For example, new airports open, navaids can move or change frequency, communication frequencies can change, and on and on. The data base is updated by means of a 3.5-inch diskette supplied by AlliedSignal and an IBM-compatible personal computer.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Data Base NOTE: The diskettes sent to you can only be used to update one KLN 35A, although they can update that specific unit numerous times. The first time the diskettes are used in an update operation, a unique identification code from the KLN 35A being used is uploaded to the diskettes.
Data Base 6. Press F. The estimated load time in minutes is now displayed (figure 2-4). Data Base Chapter 2 NOTE: In step 6, repeatedly pressing E will terminate the update process and bring the display back to the original SET 3 page shown in figure 2-2. åå.ånm Estimated load åååååå time: 5 min #>Leg CRSR Approve? APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH Figure 2-4 7. Press F to acknowledge the estimated load time and begin erasing the existing data base. The unit will now display Erasing data base.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide • Data Base There are other error messages that may be displayed. If you have a problem that you can’t resolve, write down any error messages to aid your AlliedSignal Service Center in identifying the problem. 2.5. USER DEFINED DATA BASE In addition to the published data base of airports, VORs, and NDBs stored in the Jeppesen data base, you may create up to 250 other user-defined waypoints. Section 4.4, “Creating User-defined waypoints” describes this further. 2.6.
Data Base Data Base Chapter 2 This page intentionally left blank Effective Date 5/95 2-8 006-08791-0000 Rev 0
KLX 35A Data Base Update Service Order Form Consult Pricing Sheet (006-08794-0001) for Service Prices AlliedSignal CAS offers several update service options to suit your requirements. Please select the service desired, then fill out and mail this order form. Credit card orders may be faxed. Diskette Format Only (Laptop Computer Required. See section 2 of KLX 35A Pilot’s Guide for details.) Check Requested Data Base: Note: Updates are current for 28 days after effective date on diskette.
Tape here Fold here NO POSTAGE NECESSARY IF MAILED IN THE UNITED STATES BUSINESS REPLY MAIL FIRST-CLASS MAIL PERMIT NO.
CURSOR BUTTON ON/OFF SWITCH B Push ON NRST KLN 35A 89.
Basic GPS Operation Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation Effective Date 5/95 3-0 006-08791-0000 Rev 0
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation 3. BASIC GPS OPERATION 3.1. COVERAGE AREA The KLN 35A was designed to provide worldwide navigation coverage from North 74° latitude to South 60° Latitude (figure 3-2). Outside this area, magnetic variation must be manually entered as discussed in section 4.6, “Operation Outside the Primary Coverage Area”. See section 2.2 for the data base geographical regions. Basic GPS Operation Chapter 3 Figure 3-2 KLN 35A Navigation Coverage Area 3.2.
Basic GPS Operation To turn on and initialize the KLN 35A: 1. Turn on the KLN 35A by pushing in the power switch. The Turn-On page (figure 3-3) will be displayed for a few seconds. During this time, the KLN 35A performs an extensive internal test. The operational revision status (ORS) level number in the upper right corner of the display should match the ORS level indicated on the cover of this Pilot’s Guide .
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation 4. When you are ready to approve the Self-test page, press the F button while the Ok? is flashing. If it happens not to be flashing, press the B button and use the right outer knob to move the cursor there. If the date is incorrect, rotate the right outer knob counterclockwise until the cursor is over the entire date field (figure 3-7). Rotate the right inner knob until the correct day of the month is displayed (figure 3-8).
Basic GPS Operation desired time zone is selected on the KLN 35A. If it is necessary to reset the time, position the cursor over the time zone field (figure 3-10) and select the desired time zone (figure 3-11). 07 JAN 96 1415 UTC WPT: Ref KIXD N 38°49.91' 330°Fr W 94°53.38' Ok? 0.8nm APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH Figure 3-10 07 JAN 96 0615 EST WPT: Ref KIXD N 38°49.91' 330°Fr W 94°53.38' Ok? 0.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation The local time zone (LCL) is selected on the SET 2 page, and is defined to be a certain time offset from Zulu (UTC). 7. To aid the GPS receiver in acquiring your position, it is vital that it have a reasonable idea of where you are, and the Initialization page is where you have the chance to set this initial position. Check to see if the displayed initial position is where you actually are.
Basic GPS Operation those of KJFK (figure 3-16). If necessary, the latitude and longitude may be entered manually. 8. When all information on the Initialization page is correct, move the cursor to Ok? and press F to move on. 07 JAN 96 1430 EST WPT: KJFK Ref KJFK N 40°38.41' ---°Fr W 73°46.67' Ok? 0.0nm APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH Figure 3-16 Basic GPS Operation Chapter 3 9. The VFR page will be displayed to notify you that the GPS is for VFR use only. 10.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation Next, you’ll probably want to check the NAV 2 page to see your present position. Use the right outer knob to select the NAV page type and then the right inner knob, if necessary, to select the NAV 2 page. It >Present Posn is quite likely that the present position --.-nm -----will be dashed at first (figure 3-20).
Basic GPS Operation of the display is very useful, since it lets you know where you’re going and how far until you get there. NOTE: In cases when the active waypoint identifier is displayed on the right side of the page divider, line 2 will display the current groundspeed (figure 3-23) 22.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation The third line of the left side has three purposes: (1) If the KLN 35A is ready for you to approve something, such as a selected waypoint, the “Ent” prompt will flash (figure 3-27), indicating you should press the F button to continue. (2) If the åå.ånm ZBV 116.70 KLN 35A has a new message for you åååååå BIMINI which must be viewed on a message #>Leg N 25°42.10' VOR 1 W 79°17.
Basic GPS Operation 3.4. BASIC OPERATION OF PANEL CONTROLS Basic GPS Operation Chapter 3 The KLN 35A controls are very easy to use. Most of the page selection and data entry is done with the knobs on the right side of the front panel and the cursor (B) button immediately above them. The G button is located on the left side , and there are four buttons across the bottom: C (Message), D (Direct To), E (Clear), and F (Enter). The operation of these buttons will be described on the next few pages.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation The right outer knob is rotated to select one of ten page types for the display.
Basic GPS Operation Basic GPS Operation Chapter 3 play, and the bar will always be over one of them. For example, let’s say you were on an APT page KISM (figure 3-32) and you wanted to turn åå.ånm åååååå KISSIMMEE MUN to a SET page. You would look at the >Leg ORLANDO FL list and see that the SET pages are APT 1 eight places to the right of the APT APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH pages. Therefore, turning the right Figure 3-32 outer knob eight clicks clockwise will get you to the SET pages åå.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation To enter a waypoint identifier: 1. If the cursor is not on the screen (figure 3-34), press B to turn on the cursor function (figure 3-35). åå.ånm >Wpt åååååå >Leg 255nm CAL 1 121kt Fr>KRDU To>KSAV Brg 209° ETE 2:06 APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH Figure 3-34 2. If required, rotate the right outer knob to position the cursor (figure 3-36). 3. Rotate the right inner knob to select the first character of the waypoint identifier (figure 3-37). åå.
Basic GPS Operation 7. If Ent is flashing on the left side of the screen, then press F. This will prompt the KLN 35A to display a waypoint page for the waypoint identifier you just entered (figure 3-41). Basic GPS Operation Chapter 3 8. Verify the waypoint information displayed, and then press F again to approve the waypoint page. The display will return to the page previously displayed (figure 3-42). åå.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation 3. Turn off the cursor. To try it out, proceed to the SET 1 page (initial position). Turn the cursor åå.ånm INIT POS:K (B) on (it will come on over the åååååå N 39°36.91' waypoint field). Try turning the #>Leg W 78°45.71' right inner knob clockwise CRSR (figure 3-46). There’s the APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH character you just selected on the Figure 3-46 SET 5 page! 3.4.3.
Basic GPS Operation rotate the right outer knob clockwise. Doing so will move the flashing cursor over waypoints two, three and then will cause the waypoint list to “scroll” so that the other waypoints in the list may be seen. 4. To select the desired waypoint, move the cursor over the appropriate choice (figure 3-49). 5. Press F and the display will change to the waypoint page for the selected waypoint (figure 3-50). 6. Press F again to approve the waypoint page. åå.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation NOTE: The cyclic field which always appears on the left side of the display is the navigation mode selector/annunciator. In most cases, it will display >Leg indicating en route-leg mode (figure 3-54). The other choice is the en route-OBS mode, in which the magnetic selected åå.ånm AUS course is displayed here (figure 3-55). åååååå Mag Var E 7° >142 You can move the cursor to this cyclic VOR 2 >315°Fr 12.
Basic GPS Operation 3.6. INITIALIZATION AND TIME TO FIRST FIX Basic GPS Operation Chapter 3 Since the KLN 35A stores its position and other required parameters in memory when power to the unit is removed, it is seldom necessary to aid the unit in reaching a NAV ready condition. The time required from power on until the KLN 35A determines its present position and is therefore ready to navigate is called “time to first fix.” The time to first fix is normally a few minutes or less.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation to update the position after the power-on sequence, then use the following steps. Remember, if acquisition time is not important then it is not necessary to update the time, date or position. To initialize the position from the SET 1 page: 1. If the cursor is not on the screen (figure 3-58), press the B button to bring it on the page over the INIT POS field (figure 3-59). åå.ånm INIT POS: åååååå N 51°12.00' >Leg W115°51.
Basic GPS Operation 5. With the right inner knob, position the cursor over Ok?, if it is not already there (figure 3-62). åå.ånm INIT POS:CYYC åååååå N 51°06.83' #>Leg W114°01.22' CRSR Ok? APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH Figure 3-62 Basic GPS Operation Chapter 3 6. Press F to approve the initial position. The cursor will automatically be removed from the screen.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation 3.7.1. SELECTING WAYPOINTS BY IDENTIFIER The most direct way of selecting a specific waypoint is to simply enter the waypoint’s identifier directly on the appropriate waypoint page type (APT, for example). Let’s use Chicago O’Hare International Airport whose identifier is KORD as an example. To select a waypoint by identifier from a waypoint page: 1. Use the right outer and inner knobs to select the Airport 1 (APT 1) page (figure 3-64).
Basic GPS Operation 5. Use the same process to select an “R” and then a “D” (figure 3-68). You are now viewing the APT 1 page for KORD. åå.ånm KORD 670ft åååååå CHICAGO-O HARE >Leg CHICAGO CRSR IL APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH Figure 3-68 The KLN 35A feature of filling in characters of the identifier can be a time saver! For a second example, let’s select Bloomington VOR whose identifier is BMI. More selecting a waypoint by identifier: 1.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation 3. Turn the right inner knob clockwise to scan through the waypoints in alphabetical order, or counterclockwise to scan in reverse alphabetical order. Remember that numbers are considered lower in order than letters. Thus, the airport identifier KA2 comes before KAAF. NOTE: The faster you turn the knob while scanning, the larger the step through the waypoints. This variable rate scanning allows you to get from one end of the list to the other very quickly.
Basic GPS Operation 3.7.4. SELECTING WAYPOINTS BY NAME OR CITY When you know the identifier of the desired waypoint you will use one of the two methods just described to select it. However, what if you know the name but you don’t know the identifier of your desired waypoint? You’re in luck because the KLN 35A will allow you to enter the first few characters of the name to help you find it in the data base. We will use a couple of examples to illustrate how this is done.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation We will now use another example to show how we may enter a few characters and then scan through all the waypoints in the data base beginning with those characters. Let’s use this method to find La Guardia Airport in New York City. To select an airport by scanning the airport name: 1. With the cursor off and the right inner knob in the “in” position, select the APT (Airport) 1 page. The airport displayed at this time is not important. 2. Turn on the cursor (B). 3.
Basic GPS Operation There are a few changes made to names in order to accommodate the KLN 35A display and to make the names easier to find. Basic GPS Operation Chapter 3 1. Names which are too long to fit on the display are abbreviated. The first six characters are usually exactly correct, but the follow ing are exceptions: North, Northern, East, Eastern, etc.—uses N, E Southeast, Northwest, etc.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation The choices are: APT VOR NDB SUP SUA FSS CTR Airports VORs NDBs Supplemental (User-defined) waypoints Special Use Airspaces Flight Service Station Frequencies Center Frequencies To select the desired nearest function, use the right outer knob to move the cursor to the desired selection and press F. Notice that the cursor is initially over the APT field, so you may press G then press F immediately to access the nearest airports. 118.00 KPAO 1 1370ft 136.
Basic GPS Operation nearest list can only be reached by scanning backwards. It does not wrap around after the last waypoint in the complete list. Waypoint pages displayed in the nearest list do not contain a latitude and longitude position as they do in the complete list. Instead, the bearing and distance to the waypoint (or the radial and distance from the waypoint) are displayed. In addition, nearest airport pages display the length, surface, and lighting of the longest runway.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation 3.8.1.2 Continuous Display of Nearest Airport When the nearest airport page is initially displayed, “1” is displayed in the upper right hand corner of the page to designate this airport as the nearest airport. However, if you continue to fly along your flight plan with this page selected, the same airport will be displayed and its position in the nearest airport list will change from 1 to 2, 3, 4 ... 9 until finally it won’t be in the nearest airport list at all.
Basic GPS Operation The nearest special use airspace feature is constantly keeping track of the five nearest areas of SUA. Pressing the G button and selecting the SUA option will display the SUA 1 page (figure 3-89) for the åå.ånm KANSAS CITY åååååå CL B 1 nearest SUA to your location, includ>Leg Below 8000ft ing those which you are inside. Turn SUA 1 012° 9.3nm to section 3.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation To scan through the remainder of the nearest SUA areas, pull the right inner knob to the “out” position and turn it clockwise to view the SUA pages for the second nearest through fifth nearest SUAs. NOTE: The KLN 35A displays the five nearest SUAs regardless of your present altitude and the altitude limits of the SUA. For instance, it will include SUAs specified as “Below 6000ft” even if you are cruising at 10,000 feet. 3.8.3.
Basic GPS Operation 3.8.4. Viewing the Nearest Center Frequencies The KLN 35A also stores in its data base the low altitude boundaries of each of the ARTCC “Centers”. The KLN 35A determines the proper Center to contact and the appropriate frequencies to use for the aircraft’s present position. Pressing the G button and selecting the CTR option will display this information to you (figure 3-94). Next time åå.ånm LOS ANGELES CTR 118.55 you wish to obtain VFR flight following åååååå >Leg 132.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation 3. If there is any waypoint page (APT, VOR, NDB, SUP, or ACT page) in view when D is pressed, then the DIR page will contain the identifier for the waypoint just viewed. If none of the conditions above is occurring, then: 4. When D is pressed, the waypoint identifier for the current active waypoint will be displayed on the DIR page. If there is no active waypoint when D is pressed, then: 5. The Direct To page displays blanks in the waypoint identifier field.
Basic GPS Operation 4. Rotate the right inner knob to select the second character of the identifier (figure 3-99). åå.ånm åååååå #>Leg CRSR DIRECT TO: KC2 APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH Figure 3-99 5. Use right outer and inner knobs as in the previous steps until the desired identifier is completely displayed (figure 3-100). åå.ånm åååååå #>Leg CRSR DIRECT TO: KCAD APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH Figure 3-100 6.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation If you get off course and wish to recenter the left/right deviation bar (D-Bar) to proceed to the same waypoint, use the following procedure: To recenter the D-Bar by going direct to the active waypoint: 1. Select a non-waypoint page (NAV, FPL, CAL, SET, or OTH) on the screen. 2. Press D. The Direct To page is displayed on the left, containing the active waypoint identifier. 3. Press F. 3.9.2.
Basic GPS Operation 3.10. NAVIGATION PAGES As you would expect, the NAV (navigation) pages contain information relating specifically to the KLN 35A’s navigation capabilities. The KLN 35A has four NAV pages. The procedure for selecting specific pages, including the NAV pages, was described in section 3.4.1, “Page Selection”. 3.10.1. THE NAVIGATION 1 (NAV 1) PAGE Basic GPS Operation Chapter 3 The NAV 1 page is the primary navigation display, and is shown in figure 3-106.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation deviation from the desired track. Therefore, the CDI shows course deviation five nautical miles left and right of course. A vertical deviation bar positioned two dots to the right of the center triangle indicates the aircraft is two nautical miles to the left of course (figure 3-109).
Basic GPS Operation dashed out (figure 3-113). Line 3: Magnetic desired track, and magnetic actual track (see Appendix A for navigation terms). In normal on-course flight, it is desirable to steer the aircraft to keep these two numbers equal. Basic GPS Operation Chapter 3 Line 4: A cyclic field which can display either bearing to the active waypoint (To) or radial from the active waypoint (Fr) relative to the present position.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation position to active waypoint. 3.10.2. THE NAVIGATION 2 (NAV 2) PAGE åå.ånm åååååå >Leg NAV 2 >Present Posn N 38°53.74' W 94°53.39' The NAV 2 pages in figures 3-115 APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH and 3-116 display the aircraft’s Figure 3-115 present position in one of two formats. The first line is a cyclic field >Present Posn which allows you to toggle between åå.ånm åååååå >Leg Ref: OJC formats. When the NAV 2 page is 310°Fr 9.
Basic GPS Operation By turning on the cursor (B) over the first line and pressing E, you can change to the latitude and åå.ånm Time CDT 1605 longitude format. 3.10.3. THE NAVIGATION 3 (NAV 3) PAGE åååååå Depart >Leg ETA KIXD NAV 3 Flight 1343 1710 2:22 APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH Figure 3-119 The Navigation (NAV) 3 page shows you several important times pertaining to your flight (figure 3-119). Line 1: The current system time zone and time.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation this is the NAV 4 page anyway, because of its unique graphics. The left side of the screen displays the distance to go, active waypoint identifier, and mode annunciation (either Leg, or the OBS selected course), just like it usually would, but the fourth line is a cyclic field for which you may select: Magnetic Desired Track (degrees) Groundspeed (knots) Estimated Time Enroute (hours:minutes) Crosstrack Correction (nautical miles) DTK123 123kt 1:23 1.
Basic GPS Operation When you are navigating with a flight plan (see section 4.2), the NAV 4 page displays the waypoints of the active flight plan (FPL 0) with their waypoint identifiers (figure 3-121). Course lines connect the flight plan waypoints.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation To select the desired NAV 4 orientation, you must first select the menu, then use the right outer knob to position the cursor over the map orientation field (figure 3-126). Rotate the right inner knob to display N↑ for North up, DTK↑ for desired track up (figure 3-127) or TK↑ for actual track up. If the cursor is located on a field other than the map orientation field, then the DTK↑ or TK↑ annunciation is replaced with the actual value.
Basic GPS Operation In the same manner, the nearest VORs and/or airports may be selected by first using the right outer knob to move the cursor over the 17.6nm SUA:on OMN ORL VOR or APT selection field and then SGJ % % VOR:offGJ KORL % using the right inner knob to select on {>Leg >117kt APT:on %" 123° KJAX or off. The example in figure 3-129 APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH shows SUAs and airports having Figure 3-129 been selected.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation • Press E to instantly declutter the SUA, VOR, and airport selections from the graphics display. Flight plan and Direct To waypoints will still be displayed. Press E again to restore the selections. CAUTION: The NAV 4 page does not display weather, terrain, or other data. 3.11. WAYPOINT PAGES NOTE: Each of the waypoint page types includes a cyclic field which displays present magnetic bearing to or magnetic radial from the waypoint.
Basic GPS Operation If the airport is being viewed as part of the nearest airports list (see section 3.8.1, “Viewing the Nearest Waypoints”), the APT 1 page format will differ as follows (see figure 3134): åå.ånm KLIT 3 260ft åååååå ADAMS >Leg 7200ft HRD L APT 1 >103°To 14.5nm APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH Figure 3-134 Line 1: After the airport identifier, the number designating the airport’s position in the nearest airport list is displayed. In figure 3-134, KLIT is the third nearest airport.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation port’s position in the nearest airport list is displayed. Line 2: The city where the airport is located. Line 3: The State if the airport is located in the US., the Province if located in Canada, or the country if outside the US. and Canada. A listing of the abbreviations used for States, Provinces, and countries is contained in Appendix D. The right side of line 4 displays MILITARY if it is a military airport or PRIVATE if it is a private-use airport.
Basic GPS Operation Runway surface abbreviations: HRD Hard surface TRF Turf GRV Gravel CLY Clay SND Sand DRT Dirt SNW Snow ICE Ice SHL Shale MAT Steel mat Basic GPS Operation Chapter 3 Runway lighting Abbreviations: L Sunset to sunrise LPC Pilot controlled lighting LPT Part-time or on-request lighting Lines 3-4: Runway information for the next shortest runway (if any), in the same format as lines 1 and 2.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide CL C CLR CTA CTAF CTR DEP DIR GRND MCOM MF PCL PTAX RAMP RDR TMA TWR UNIC Basic GPS Operation class C airspace (formerly airport radar service area) (VFR frequency) clearance delivery control area (VFR frequency used outside the U.S.
Basic GPS Operation 3.11.1.5. The Airport 5 (APT 5) Page See figure 3-140. Line 1: The ICAO identifier (see section 2.3) of the airport; an arrow precedes the identifier if it is the active waypoint. åå.ånm åååååå >Leg APT 5 KLIT [Remarks] APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH Figure 3-140 Lines 2-4: The pilot-entered remarks for the airport. Three lines of 14 characters each are available for the remarks. These remarks might include information on lodging, dining, airport services, etc.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation 3.11.2. VOR PAGES Two pages of information may be displayed for each VOR in the KLN 35A. Sample VOR pages are shown in figures 3-145 through 3-147. 3.11.2.1. The VOR 1 Page See figure 3-145. Line 1: The VOR identifier, preceded by an arrow if it is the active waypoint. To the right of the identifier is the frequency of the VOR in megahertz. åå.ånm MEX 117.00 åååååå MEXICO CITY >Leg N 19°26.22' VOR 1 W 99°04.
Basic GPS Operation 3.11.3. NDB PAGES Two pages of information may be displayed for each NDB in the KLN 35A. Sample NDB pages are shown in figures 3-148 through 3-150. 3.11.3.1. The NDB 1 Page See figure 3-148. Line 1: The NDB identifier, preceded by an arrow if it is the active waypoint. To the right of the identifier is the frequency of the NDB in kilohertz. åå.ånm DFI 246 åååååå DEFIANCE >Leg N 41°20.07' NDB 1 W 84°25.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation 3.11.4. SUPPLEMENTAL WAYPOINT PAGES The Supplemental waypoint pages (SUP 0, SUP 1, SUP 2, and SUP 3) allow you to create “custom” waypoints for use in navigation. A crop sprayer might want to create a waypoint on a field that is sprayed regularly, for instance. Another candidate might be a small airport which is not included in the KLN 35A data base. To learn how to create a user-defined waypoint, see section 4.4. 3.11.4.1.
Basic GPS Operation 3.11.4.3. The Supplemental 2 (SUP 2) Page See figure 3-153. Line 1: The user-defined waypoint identifier, preceded by an arrow if it is the active waypoint. To the right of the identifier are the letters “USR” to signify that this is a user-defined waypoint. åå.ånm åååååå >Leg SUP 2 MYWPT Ref: Rad: Dis: USR AKO 101° 10.6nm APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH Figure 3-153 Line 2: The identifier of the user-defined waypoint’s reference waypoint.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation next character on the line (figure 3-156). 3. Repeat step 2 as necessary. 4. Press F to approve each line of remarks. The cursor will automatically move to the next line (see figure 3-157). 5. Turn the cursor off when you are finished creating the remark. åå.ånm WPTX åååååå G #>Leg CRSR USR APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH Figure 3-156 åå.
Basic GPS Operation 4. Move the flashing part of the cursor to the month field (middle three dashes) with the right outer knob, and select the proper month (figure 3-160). 5. Move the flashing part of the cursor to the tens digit of the year field, and select the proper number (figure 3-161). 6. Repeat step 5 for the ones digit of the year field. 7. Press F to start the KLN 35A using the newly entered date (figure 3-162). åå.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation 6. Move the flashing part of the cursor to the tens of minutes, select the proper number (figure 3-166), then move on to the last digit and set it. 7. Press F to start the clock running (figure 3-167). Note that the seconds will reset to zero when you do this. åå.ånm åååååå #>Leg CRSR DATE/TIME 08 DEC 94 143_:42 MDT Mountain Day APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH Figure 3-166 åå.
Basic GPS Operation A representative OTH 1 page is shown in figure 3-168. The OTH 1 page displays the GPS receiver state and the system’s estimate of the position error expressed in nautical miles. åå.ånm State NAV D åååååå >Leg Estimated Posn OTH 1 Error 0.02nm APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH Basic GPS Operation Chapter 3 Figure 3-168 The GPS state is indicated on line 1.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation Figures 3-169, 3-170 and 3-171 show a representative example of a set of OTH 2 pages. There will be three OTH 2 pages if more than six satellites are being received as in this example. The following information is displayed for each satellite on the OTH 2 pages: • The specific GPS satellites or “space vehicles” (SV) being received are displayed in the left column. Each satellite has its own identification number.
Basic GPS Operation 3.13.2.1.The OTH 3 Page An example of an OTH 3 page is åå.ånm User Waypoints shown in figure 3-172. All currently åååååå LAKE >Leg MYRWY 0 stored user-defined waypoints are OTH+3 WPTX 5 listed in alphanumeric order. If the APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH user-defined waypoint is the active Figure 3-172 waypoint, an arrow (∆) follows the identifier.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation 3.13.2.2. The OTH 4 Page An example of an OTH 4 page is åå.ånm WPTS w/Remarks shown in figure 3-177. All waypoints åååååå FARM U >Leg KISM A with remarks are listed in OTH 4 K57 A alphanumeric order. Remarks can be APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH stored for airports (on the APT 5 Figure 3-177 page) or user-defined waypoints (on the SUP 3 page).
Basic GPS Operation 3.14. REMOTE MOUNTED ANNUNCIATORS The KLN 35A has outputs capable of driving two remote annunciator lights: waypoint alert and WPT message. Although these annunciators are optional, it is desirable to have them mounted in the pilot’s MSG normal scan area so that these annunciators are easily seen. A typical annunciator is shown in figure 3-181; however, actual annunciation abbreviations Figure 3-181 and configurations may be different.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation page will also instruct you to press the E button if you wish to see the Airport 4 page (airport communications) for the primary airport so that the correct communications frequency may be determined (figure 3-183).
Basic GPS Operation Basic GPS Operation Chapter 3 Only the outer lateral boundaries are stored for Class B, Class C, CTA, and TMA airspace. These SUA areas are stored as “cylinders” of airspace so all altitudes below the upper limit of these areas are considered to be in the SUA.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation The vertical buffer serves to “stretch” the SUA area in both directions (up and down) by the selected buffer altitude. For example, let’s say you have selected a buffer of 1,000 feet and the actual SUA area exists from 5,000 feet MSL to 12,000 feet MSL. In this case you will receive SUA alert messages if you fly at any altitude between 4,000 and 13,000 feet MSL.
Basic GPS Operation 6. Press D to bring up the Direct To page. Use the right inner and outer knobs to enter the identifier of Mueller Municipal airport (KAUS) by using the right inner knob to select the characters and the right outer knob to move the flashing part of the cursor to the desired cursor location. 7. Press F. The APT 1 page for Mueller Municipal is now displayed on the screen. 8. Press F again to approve the waypoint page. The NAV 1 page is now displayed.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation button, you select the 30 nautical mile range scale using the right inner knob. Moving the cursor to Menu? And pressing F brings up the display menu on the screen. You then use the right knobs to select APT:on and SUA:on so that nearby airports and special use airspace (SUA) are shown on the moving map display. While the menu is displayed, select the track up map orientation (TK ) as well, Pressing the B button again removes the menu from the screen. 5.
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KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Advanced GPS Operation 4. ADVANCED GPS OPERATION 4.1. CREATING AND MODIFYING FLIGHT PLANS The following rules and considerations apply to KLN 35A flight plans: The KLN 35A is capable of storing in its memory nine flight plans plus an active flight plan. • Each of the flight plans may contain up to 20 waypoints. The waypoints may consist of any combination of published waypoints from the data base or user created waypoints.
Advanced GPS Operation To create a flight plan: 1. Select the flight plan (FPL) pages with the right outer knob. 2. Select a flight plan page (preferably other than FPL 0) which does not contain a flight plan (figure 4-1). If all of the flight plan pages contain flight plans, refer to section 4.1.6, “Deleting Flight Plans”. åå.ånm Copy FPL 0? åååååå 1: >Dis >Leg FPL 7 APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH Figure 4-1 3. Turn on the cursor (B).
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Advanced GPS Operation the screen. Refer to section 4.4 for instructions on how to create a user-defined waypoint. 8. Press F again to approve the waypoint page being displayed. The cursor will move automatically to the second waypoint position (figure 4-5). 9. Use the same procedure to enter the rest of the waypoints in the flight plan (figure 4-6).
Advanced GPS Operation This display will default to the distance presentation at power-on. The area in the upper right hand corner of the screen is a cyclic field. To cycle between distance and desired track display on a numbered flight plan page: 1. Turn on the cursor (B); it will come up over the cyclic field, which in this case is displaying distance (Dis) in nautical miles (figure 4-7). 2. Press E. The cyclic field will change to magnetic desired track (Dtk) (figure 4-8).
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Advanced GPS Operation 4. The selected flight plan is now displayed as FPL 0, the active flight plan. Any changes made to FPL 0 will not affect how this flight plan is stored as the numbered flight plan. 4.1.4. ADDING A WAYPOINT TO A FLIGHT PLAN A waypoint may be added to any flight plan containing fewer than 20 waypoints To add a waypoint to a flight plan: 1. Turn on the cursor with the B button. 2.
Advanced GPS Operation 6. Press F again to approve the waypoint page (figure 4-17). åå.ånm Use? Inverted? åååååå 2:GPT >Dis >Leg 3:SJI 96 CRSR 8:KPIE 497 APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH 7. Turn off the cursor (B). Figure 4-17 4.1.5. DELETING A WAYPOINT FROM A FLIGHT PLAN To delete a waypoint from a flight plan: 1. Press B to enable the cursor if it is not on already. 2. Move the cursor over the waypoint you wish to delete (figure 4-18). Advanced GPS Operation Chapter 4 3. Press E.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Advanced GPS Operation 3. Press E. The words Delete FPL? will appear at the top of the page (figure 4-22). If a mistake was made and you do not wish to clear this flight plan, press E again. 4. Press F to clear the flight plan (figure 4-23). åå.ånm Delete FPL? åååååå 1:KNEW >Dis #>Leg 2:GPT 54 CRSR 7:KPIE 497 APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH Figure 4-22 åå.ånm Copy FPL 0? åååååå 1: >Dis >Leg FPL 7 APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH Figure 4-23 4.1.7.
Advanced GPS Operation 4.2. OPERATING FROM THE ACTIVE FLIGHT PLAN 4.2.1. GENERAL PROCEDURES Advanced GPS Operation Chapter 4 Everything you have learned in this Pilot’s Guide thus far is applicable to using the KLN 35A for flight plan operation. The following rules and considerations apply for flight plan operation while the KLN 35A is in the En route-Leg mode: • Always verify that you are viewing the active flight plan page (FPL 0) and not one of the other numbered flight plan pages.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Advanced GPS Operation • As flight plan waypoints are reached, the active leg symbol automatically shifts to the next leg. • If the flight plan contains more waypoints than can be displayed on the screen at one time, the page will automatically scroll as progress is made along the flight plan so that the active leg is always displayed (figure 4-30). • åå.
Advanced GPS Operation playing the active waypoint identifier (figures 4-33 and 4-34). This is called “waypoint alerting”. If an external waypoint alert annunciator is mounted in the aircraft, this annunciator will begin flashing at the same time. åå.ånm 1:SLC åååååå ≤ 2:OGD >Leg ≥ 3:MLD FPL 0 7:KPIH >Dis 2 47 APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH Figure 4-33 To utilize the turn anticipation feature, åå.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Advanced GPS Operation for the active waypoint will be displayed (figure 4-37). The location of the waypoint in the flight plan (waypoint 1, waypoint 2, etc.) is åå.ånm ∆ 6 KPIH 4450' POCATELLO REGL annunciated with a number to the left åååååå >Leg POCATELLO of the identifier. In addition, an arrow ACT 1 ID to the left of the waypoint number APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH designates the active waypoint.
Advanced GPS Operation automatically resume navigation along the flight plan when the Direct To waypoint is reached. Waypoints which exist prior to the Direct To waypoint in the active flight plan are bypassed. Of course, the active flight plan will never be resumed if the Direct To operation is to a waypoint which is not in the active flight plan. Any of the several methods previously described for initiating Direct To operation may be used, although the one below is the easiest for this application.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Advanced GPS Operation 4.2.5. VIEWING DISTANCE, ETE, ETA, OR DESIRED TRACK TO FLIGHT PLAN WAYPOINTS The active flight plan (FPL 0) page has a data field to the right of each waypoint in the flight plan.
Advanced GPS Operation NOTE: When the cursor is over the cylic field and it is displaying the ETA time zone, turning the right inner knob changes the system time zone (figure 4-49). åå.ånm ≤ 1:KZZV åååååå ≥ 2:APE >Leg 3:DQN CRSR 5:KIND >EST 1035 1112 1154 APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH Figure 4-49 NOTE: When the KLN 35A is in OBS mode, the FPL 0 page will present OBS selected course (OBS) as an option instead of magnetic desired track (Dtk).
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Advanced GPS Operation To calculate distance, bearing, and time from waypoint to waypoint: 1. From the CAL 1 page (figure 4-51), turn on the cursor (B). It will appear over a cyclic field that either displays Wpt (waypoint to waypoint) or Fpl (flight plan). 2. For this type of calculation, the cyclic field should display Wpt. Press E to toggle if this is not the case (figure 4-52). 3.
Advanced GPS Operation To calculate distance and time for a flight plan: 1. From the CAL 1 page, turn on the cursor (B). It will appear over a cyclic field that either displays Wpt (waypoint to waypoint) or Fpl (flight plan). 2. For this type of calculation, the cyclic field should display Fpl. Press E to toggle if this is not the case. 3. Turn the right outer knob clockwise to place the cursor over the flight plan number.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Advanced GPS Operation 2. For this type of calculation, the cyclic field should display Wpt. Press E to toggle if this is not the case. 3. Turn the right outer knob clockwise to move the cursor to the "from" waypoint in the upper right corner of the screen (figure 4-58). åå.ånm åååååå >Leg CRSR >Wpt Fr>KDPA 127kt To>KSUS FF:010 Res:005 Fuel Req 23 APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH Figure 4-58 4. Enter the desired identifier for the "from" waypoint and press F.
Advanced GPS Operation 9. Move the cursor to the fuel reserve requirement field and enter the desired value. As you do, watch the calculation of fuel required on line 4 change (figure 4-63). åå.ånm åååååå >Leg CRSR >Wpt Fr>P.Pos 105kt To>KSPI FF:007 Res:008 Fuel Req 17 APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH Figure 4-63 To calculate fuel requirements for a flight plan: 1. From the CAL 2 page, turn on the cursor (B).
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Advanced GPS Operation 2. Enter the altitude indicated on the aircraft’s altimeter (Ind:) to the nearest hundred feet by using the right inner knob to select the desired value (figure 4-66). 3. Use the right outer knob to move the cursor to the Baro: field, and then use the right inner knob to enter the current altimeter setting (figure 4-67). The pressure altitude (Prs) is now displayed. åå.ånm PRESSURE ALT åååååå Ind: 05000ft >Leg Baro: 30.
Advanced GPS Operation 4.3.5. THE CALCULATOR 5 (CAL 5) PAGE The CAL 5 page is used to determine the true airspeed (TAS) of the aircraft. To calculate the true airspeed (TAS): 1 Turn on the cursor (B). 2. Enter the aircraft’s calibrated 130kt airspeed by using the right inner åå.ånm CAS: åååååå Prs: 05500ft knob (figure 4-70). If the >Leg Temp: 006°C CRSR TAS 141kt calibrated airspeed isn’t known, use the indicated airspeed.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Advanced GPS Operation To calculate the winds aloft: 1. Turn on the cursor (B). 2. Enter the aircraft’s true airspeed by using the right inner knob (figure 4-72). If the CAL 5 page was previously used to calculate true airspeed, it will already be displayed. 3. Use the right outer knob to move the cursor to the Hdg: field, and then use the right inner knob to enter the aircraft’s heading (figure 4-73). The headwind or tailwind and the wind direction and speed are now displayed.
Advanced GPS Operation To delete a user-defined waypoint that is no longer needed, see section 3.13.2, "Viewing and Deleting User Waypoints and Waypoint Remarks". 4.4.1. CREATING A WAYPOINT AT YOUR PRESENT POSITION Creating a waypoint at your present position is the simplest possible way to create a user-defined waypoint. This is nice for "remembering" a spot you are at. Let's suppose you're at a private strip that you want to name "VALLY" To create a user-defined waypoint at your present position: 1.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Advanced GPS Operation 4.4.2. CREATING A WAYPOINT AT A CERTAIN LATITUDE/LONGITUDE It is also possible to create a user-defined waypoint by manually entering a latitude and longitude. Let's say you wanted to create a user waypoint over your farm at N 42°56.32', W 76°29.95' To create a user-defined waypoint with latitude/longitude: 1. From any supplemental waypoint (SUP) page, turn on the cursor (B).
Advanced GPS Operation 7. Use the right outer knob to move the cursor, and the right inner knob to select the proper numbers to complete the latitude entry (figure 4-85). 8. Press F. The cursor will move to the longitude field. 9. Enter the longitude in the same manner as the latitude (figure 4-86). 10. Press F to approve this position. The cursor will automatically turn off (figure 4-87). åå.ånm FARM USR åååååå N 42°56.32' #>Leg ____°__.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Advanced GPS Operation 5. Press F. The display will change to a format like figure 4-90 with the cursor over the reference waypoint field. åå.ånm åååååå >Leg CRSR FCTRY USR Ref: _____ Rad: ___._° Dis: ___._nm APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH 6. Use the right inner and outer knobs to select the identifier of the desired reference waypoint (figure 4-91). 7. Press F. The waypoint page for the waypoint you just entered will be displayed (figure 4-92). 8.
Advanced GPS Operation The mode is annunciated on the left side of the screen, line 3. When in the En Route-Leg mode, it displays Leg (figure 4-95), and when in the En Route-OBS mode, it displays the selected magnetic course (figure 4-96). åå.ånm ∂∆KICT åååååå > ««««∑∏π«««« ∫ >Leg DTK345° TK343° NAV 1 >345°To 0:50 APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH Figure 4-95 åå.ånm ∂∆ KICT åååååå > ««««∑∏π«««« ∫ >345 TK343° NAV 1 >345°To 0:50 APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH Figure 4-96 4.5.1.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Advanced GPS Operation the KLN 35A. If the CDI or HSI has five dots left and right of the center position, then each dot represents one nautical mile of deviation. 2. Navigation is provided along the great circle path between two waypoints. As you probably know, great circle navigation is the shortest distance between two points located on the earth's surface.
Advanced GPS Operation 4. When the active waypoint is a VOR, the published magnetic variation for the VOR is utilized rather than the calculated magnetic variation. 4.5.4. EFFECTS OF SWITCHING FROM EN ROUTE-OBS MODE TO EN ROUTE-LEG MODE The following mode transition occurs if the KLN 35A is in the En Route-OBS mode with a TO indication and the mode is switched to the En Route-Leg mode: 1. The waypoint that was active while in the OBS mode remains the active waypoint when the En route-Leg mode is activated.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Advanced GPS Operation To activate a waypoint in OBS mode without changing the selected course: 1. Press D (figure 4-101). The rules described in section 4.9, "Direct To Operation", dictate which waypoint identifier will be initially displayed on the Direct To page. Change the waypoint if necessary. åå.ånm åååååå #>149 CRSR DIRECT TO: ARG APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH Figure 4-101 2. Press D a second time. The åå.
Advanced GPS Operation When navigation is within the primary coverage area, the SET 2 page does not display magnetic variation (figure 4-104). However, under the conditions stated above, a user magnetic variation may be entered on line 4 of the SET 2 page. åå.ånm åååååå >Leg SET 2 DATE/TIME 25 DEC 94 1830:09 EST Eastern Std APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH Figure 4-104 To enter the local magnetic variation manually on the SET 2 page: 1. Turn on the cursor (B). 2.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Advanced GPS Operation For more information on the Commander 2000, or to place an order, contact: Lone Star Aviation Corp. 1306 Tatum Drive Arlington, TX 76012 Phone: (817) 548-7768 FAX: (817) 261-8692 When the KLN 35A is in the take-home mode, it performs as if it is receiving adequate satellite signals to determine its position. It displays the latitude and longitude of its last known position or of whatever position it is initialized to on the Setup 1 (SET 1) page (see section 3.
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KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Appendix BRG DA DIS DTK OBS GS HDG POS TK WPT XTK - Bearing to waypoint (degrees) Drift Angle (degrees) Distance to waypoint (nm) Desired Track (degrees) Selected Course Groundspeed (nm/hr) Heading (degrees) Present position Actual Track (degrees) WPT 1 Waypoint Cross Track Error Correction (nm) displayed as “FLY L 2.
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KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Appendix APPENDIX B - MESSAGE PAGE MESSAGES Adj Nav Crs to 234° — (Adjust navigation indicator course to 234°) When this message appears, you should select the suggested course on the HSI or CDI. When the KLN 35A is in the En Route-Leg mode, this message occurs at the beginning of turn anticipation (prior to reaching the active waypoint) if the upcoming course change is greater than 5°. See section 4.2.2.
Appendix Message Page Messages Appendix B Inside SUA [name and type of special use airspace] [altitude boundaries] [responsible ATC facility] -- (Inside Special Use Airspace) This message appears when the aircraft is inside special use airspace (SUA). See section 3.15. Magnetic Var Invalid All Data Referenced To True North — This message appears when the magnetic variation is invalid due to operation outside of the data base magnetic variation area without having a pilot-entered magnetic variation.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Appendix User Data Base Lost -- This message appears when the KLN 89(B) determines that the internal memory backup battery is dead or that some other internal failure has occurred which has caused userentered waypoints, flight plans, and waypoint remarks to be lost. User Data Lost -- This message appears when the KLN 89 determines that the internal memory backup battery is dead or that some other internal failure has occurred which has caused user data such as page setups to be lost.
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KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Appendix APPENDIX C - SCRATCHPAD MESSAGES Scratchpad messages are temporarily displayed in reverse video in the bottom left corner of the screen. The following are scratchpad messages that may appear: Active Wpt — (Active Waypoint) Appears when you attempt to delete a user-defined waypoint on the OTH 3 page if the waypoint is the active waypoint (the waypoint you are navigating to).
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KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Appendix APPENDIX D - ABBREVIATIONS STATE ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATION 006-08791-0000 Rev 0 Alaska Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Iowa Idaho Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Massachusetts Maryland Maine Michigan Minnesota Missouri Mississippi Montana North Carolina North Dakota Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico Nevada New York Ohio Oklahoma D-1 Abbreviations Appendix D AK AL AR AZ CA CO CT
Appendix STATE ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VA VT WA WI WV WY Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Vermont Washington Wisconsin West Virginia Wyoming Abbreviations Appendix D CANADIAN PROVINCE ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATION AB BC MB NB NF NS NW ON PE PQ SK YK PROVINCE Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland Nova Scotia Northwest Territory Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Yukon COUNTRY ABBREVIATIONS
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Appendix COUNTRY ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) 006-08791-0000 Rev 0 United Arab Emirates Argentina American/Western Samoa Antigua/Barbuda Australia Austria Burundi Belgium Benin Burkina Faso Bangladesh Bulgaria Bahrain Bahamas Bhutan Belize Bermuda Bolivia Brazil Barbados Brunei Botswana Central African Republic Switzerland Chile/Easter Isl.
Appendix Abbreviations Appendix D COUNTRY ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) DNK DOM DZA ECU EGY ERI ESP ETH FIN FJI FLK FRA GAB GBR GHA GIB GIN GLP GMB GNB GNQ GPV GRC GRD GRL GTM GUF GUY HKG HND HTI HUN IDN IND IOT IRL IRN IRQ ISL ISR Effective Date 5/95 Denmark Dominican Republic Algeria Ecuador Egypt Eritrea Spain Ethiopia Finland Fiji/Tonga Falkland Islands France Gabon United Kingdom Ghana Gibraltar Guinea Guadeloupe/Martinique Gambia Guinea-Bissau Equatorial Guinea Cape Verde Greece Grenada Greenland Guatema
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Appendix COUNTRY ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) 006-08791-0000 Rev 0 Italy Jamaica Jordan Japan/Okinawa Johnston Island Kenya Cambodia/Kampuchea Kiribati/Tuvalu/Phoenix I./Line I. St. Kitts/Nevis Korea Kuwait Laos Lebanon Liberia Libya/SPA Jamahiriya St. Lucia Sri Lanka Lesotho Luxembourg Macau Morocco Madagascar/Comoros/Mayotte I./Reunion Maldives Melilla Mexico Marshall Island Midway Island Mali Malta Mariana Islands Mozambique Mauritania Monserrat Isl.
Appendix Abbreviations Appendix D COUNTRY ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) NIC NIU NLD NOR NPL NRU NZL OMN PAC PAK PAN PCI PER PHL PNG POL PRI PRK PRT PRY PYF QAT ROM RWA SAU SDN SEN SGP SHN SLB SLE SLV SOM SPM STP SUR SVK SWE SWZ SYC Effective Date 5/95 Nicaragua Niue Island Netherlands Norway Nepal Naura New Zealand Oman Oakland OTCA (PACIFIC) Pakistan Panama Caroline Island/Micronesia Peru Philippines Papua New Guinea Poland Puerto Rico Korea (Dem. Peoples Republic) Portugal/Azores/Madeira Isl.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Appendix COUNTRY ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) XJJ XJR YEM YUG ZAF ZAM ZAR ZWE 006-08791-0000 Rev 0 Syria Turks and Caicos Islands Chad Togo Thailand Trinidad/Tobago (SP?) Tunisia Turkey Taiwan Tanzania Uganda Uruguay Baker Islands St. Vincent Venezuela Virgin Islands (U.K.) Virgin Islands (U.S.
Appendix Abbreviations Appendix D ARTCC ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATION ABQ ACC ADD ADE ADN AKM AKT ALG ALM AMD AMM AMS ANA ANC ANC ANC ANK ANT ARK ASH ASM AST ASU ATF ATH ATL ATY AUC AUC BAG BAH BAK BAL BAN BAR BAT BEI BEL BER BIA Effective Date 5/95 ARTCC ALBUQUERQUE ACCRA ADDIS ABABA ADELAIDE ADEN AKMOLA AKTYUBINSK ALGIERS ALMATY AMDERMA AMMAN AMSTERDAM ANADYR ANCHORAGE ARCTIC ANCHORAGE ANCHORAGE OCEANIC ANKARA ANTANANARIVO ARKHANGELSK ASHKHABAD ASMARA ASTRAKHAN ASUNCION ANTOFAGASTA ATHENS ATLANTA ATYRAU
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Appendix ARTCC ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) 006-08791-0000 Rev 0 BISHKEK BLAGOVESHCHENSK BELGRADE BLOEMFONTEIN BODO BODO OCEANIC BOGOTA BOMBAY BORDEAUX BOSTON BEIRA BRINDISI BREMEN BRISBANE BERLIN BARNAUL BARRANQUILLA BRASILIA /UTA BEIRUT BRUSSELS BRATISLAVA BERYOZOVO BRAZZAVILLE BRATSK BREST BUCHAREST BUDAPEST BUJUMBURA CAIRO CALCUTTA CAMPO GRANDE CENTRAL AMERICA CANARIES CAPE TOWN CASABLANCA CHAYBUKHA CHELYABINSK CHICAGO CHOKURDAKH CHERSKY CHITA Abbreviations Appendix D BIS BLA BLG B
Appendix Abbreviations Appendix D ARTCC ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) CHU CLE COC COL COP COR CRT CUR DAK DAK DAM DAR DEL DEN DES DHA DIK DOR DSS DUR DUS EDM EMI ENT EZE FRA FW GAB GAN GAN GEN GEO GUA GUY HAN HAR HAV HK HNR HOC Effective Date 5/95 CHULMAN CLEVELAND COCOS I COLOMBO COPENHAGEN CORDOBA CURITIBA CURACAO DAKAR DAKAR OCEANIC DAMASCUS DARWIN DELHI DENVER DAR-ES-SALAAM DHAKA DIKSON DORNOD DUSSELDORF DURBAN DUSHANBE EDMONTON EMIRATES ENTEBBE EZEIZA FRANKFURT FT WORTH GABORONE GANDER DOMESTIC GANDER OCE
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Appendix ARTCC ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) 006-08791-0000 Rev 0 HONOLULU CERAP HOUSTON HOUSTON OCEANIC INDIANAPOLIS IRKUTSK ISLA DE PASCUA ISTANBUL JAKARTA JACKSONVILLE JEDDAH JOHANNESBURG KABUL KALININGRAD KAMENNYI MYS KANO KARACHI KATHMANDU KAZAN KANSAS CITY KHABAROVSK KHARKOV KHATANGA KIEV KIGALI KINGSTON KIRENSK KISANGANI KOTA KINABALU KUALA LUMPUR KHANTY-MANSIYSK KINSHASA KZYL-ORDA KOLPASHEVO KOSTANAY KRASNOVODSK KRASNOYARSK KIROV KISHINAU KHARTOUM KUNMING D-11 Abbreviations Appe
Appendix Abbreviations Appendix D ARTCC ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) KUR LAH LAN LAP LAX LIL LIM LIS LJU LON LUA LUB LUS LVO MAD MAG MAI MAL MAN MAR MAU MAZ MAZ MDR MEL MEM MEN MER MEX MGD MIA MIA MIL MIN MIR MLM MLT MNC MNC MNS Effective Date 5/95 KURGAN LAHORE LANZHOU LA PAZ LOS ANGELES LILONGWE LIMA LISBON LJUBLJANA LONDON LUANDA LUBUMBASHI LUSAKA LVOV MADRID MAGADAN MAIQUETIA MALE MANILA MARSEILLE MAURITIUS MAZATLAN MAZATLAN OCEANIC MADRAS MELBOURNE MEMPHIS MENDOZA MERIDA MEXICO MAGDAGACHI MIAMI MIAMI OCE
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Appendix ARTCC ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) 006-08791-0000 Rev 0 MONTERREY MOGADISHU MONTREAL MOSCOW MURMANSK MYS SHMIDTA MINSK MONTEVIDEO MUNICH MUREN MUSCAT NADI OCEANIC NAHA NAIROBI NASSAU N'DJAMENA NICOSIA NIKOLAEVSK-NA-AMURE NIAMEY NORILSK NOVOSIBIRSK NUKUS NEW YORK NEW YORK OCEANIC NEW ZEALAND OAKLAND OAKLAND OCEANIC ODESSA OKHA OMSK ORENBURG OKHOTSK OSLO PUNTA ARENAS PANAMA PORT-AU-PRINCE PARIS PORT ELIZABETH PECHORA PERM D-13 Effective Date 5/95 Abbreviations Appendix D MNT M
Appendix Abbreviations Appendix D ARTCC ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) PEN PER PET PEV PHN PIA PM PMT PRA PRM PTR PV PYO REC RES REY RIG RIV RMS ROB ROC ROM ROS ROV SAI SAL SAM SAN SCO SDO SEA SEM SEY SHA SHE SHN SHW SIM SIN SJU Effective Date 5/95 PENZA PERTH PETERSBURG PEVEK PHNOM PENH PIARCO PORT MORESBY PUERTO MONTT PRAGUE PARAMARIBO /UTA PETROPAVLOVSK-KAM.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Appendix ARTCC ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) 006-08791-0000 Rev 0 SKOPJE SALT LAKE CITY SALEKHARD SANTA MARIA OCEANIC SAMARKAND SANAA SOFIA SONDRESTROM STAVANGER STOCKHOLM SUKHUMI SUNDSVALL SURGUT SWITZERLAND SYDNEY SYKTYVKAR SEYMCHAN TAEGU TAHITI OCEANIC TAIPEI TALLINN TAMPERE TASHKENT TASHAUZ TBILISI TEHRAN TEL AVIV TIKSI TILICHIKI TIRANA TOKYO TORONTO TRIPOLI TRONDHEIM TUNIS TURUKHANSK TYUMEN UFA UJUNG PANDANG ULAANBAATAR D-15 Abbreviations Appendix D SKO SLC SLK SM SMR SNA SOF SON
Appendix Abbreviations Appendix D ARTCC ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) UND URA URU VAN VAR VEL VIE VIL VLA VLO VNT VOL VRK WAR WAS WEL WIN WND WUH YAK YAN YEK YEN YER YS ZAG ZHK ZUR ZYR Effective Date 5/95 UNDERHAAN URALSK URUMQI VANCOUVER VARNA VELIKIYE LUKI VIENNA VILNIUS VLADIVOSTOK VOLOGDA VIENTIANE VOLGOGRAD VORKUTA WARSAW WASHINGTON WELLINGTON WINNIPEG WINDHOEK WUHAN YAKUTSK YANGON YEKATERINBURG YENISEYSK YEREVAN YUZHNO-SAKHALINSK ZAGREB ZHEZKAZGAN ZURICH ZYRYANKA D-16 006-08791-0000 Rev 0
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Appendix OTHER ABBREVIATIONS USED ON KLN 35A PAGES 006-08791-0000 Rev 0 Airport waypoint Aircraft Acquisition Active flight plan waypoints Adjust Alaska Daylight Time Alaska Standard Time Alert Altitude Airport Atlantic Daylight Time Atlantic Standard Time Barometric Bearing Calculator Calibrated Airspeed Central Daylight Time Character Class B Airspace Class C Airspace Course Cursor Central Standard Time Control Area Data base Degraded navigation Density Altitude Distance Danger A
Appendix Abbreviations Appendix D OTHER ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) FR GDT GS GST HAD HAS HDG HLT IDENT IND INIT KT L MAG VAR MDT MSG MST N N NAV NAV A NAV D NM OBS ORS OTH P.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Appendix OTHER ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) RES REST S S SDT SET SNR SST SUA SUP SV SW TAS TEMP TK TMA TOT TRSA U USR UTC V W WPT Z Reserve fuel Restricted Area South Supplemental waypoint Samoa Daylight Time Setup Signal-to-noise ratio Samoa Standard Time Special Use Airspace Supplemental Space vehicle Software True Airspeed Temperature Actual track Terminal Area Total Terminal Radar Service Area User-defined waypoint User-defined waypoint Coordinated Universal Time (Zulu) VOR waypoint W
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KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Appendix APPENDIX E - LAT/LON CONVERSIONS The KLN 35A utilizes latitude and longitude expressed in degrees, minutes, and hundredths of a minute. You may occasionally see a document expressing latitude and longitude in degrees, minutes, and seconds. This table may be used to convert seconds to hundredths of a minute. 006-08791-0000 Rev 0 HUNDREDTHS OF A MINUTE (’) .00 .02 .03 .05 .07 .08 .10 .12 .13 .15 .17 .18 .20 .22 .23 .25 .27 .28 .30 .32 .33 .35 .37 .38 .40 .42 .43 .45 .47 .
Appendix LAT/LON CONVERSIONS (Cont’d) SECONDS (”) 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 HUNDREDTHS OF A MINUTE (’) .55 .57 .58 .60 .62 .63 .65 .67 .68 .70 .72 .73 .75 .77 .78 .80 .82 .83 .85 .87 .88 .90 .92 .93 .95 .97 .98 For example: 35° 46’ 24” is the same as 35° 46.40’ Lat/Lon Conversions Appendix E 32° 15’ 58” is the same as 32° 15.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Appendix BACKGROUND The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system that was originally conceived and implemented by the United States Department of Defense (DoD). The system is, however, available to all civilian users free of charge. GPS provides extremely precise position, velocity, and time information. The satellites are not geosynchronous, as is the case with many weather and television satellites.
GPS Primer Appendix F Appendix For example, the GPS receiver might determine that it is exactly 12,000 miles from satellite A, 12,700 miles from satellite B, and 13,100 miles from satellite C. At the same time, the aircraft’s encoding altimeter might be indicating an altitude of 9,500 feet MSL. There is only one point in space that satisfies these four measurements. GPS DATA SIGNALS Two of the primary types of signals that the GPS satellites broadcast are almanac and ephemeris data.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Appendix GPS SYSTEM SEGMENTS The Space Segment consists of the 24 NAVSTAR satellites which orbit the earth at an altitude of 10,898 nautical miles. The satellite orbits are very precisely planned so that the entire surface of the earth may use the GPS system 24 hours a day, every day. There are almost always more than six satellites in view from anywhere on Earth. The Control Segment consists of a network of ground-based monitoring and control stations.
Appendix GPS Primer Appendix F GPS XPRESS™ CARD 8-CHANNEL RECEIVER The KLN 35A uses an AlliedSignal GPS receiver known as the GPS Xpress™ card. It was dubbed this way because it is identical in size to an everyday credit card, and its faster acquisition time than previous single-channel designs. The GPS receiver has eight parallel channels, which means each channel can continuously track a satellite, for continuous tracking of up to eight GPS satellites.
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Index INDEX A 006-08791-0000 Rev 0 I-1 Index Abbreviations Airport names 3-26, 3-45 ARTCC/FIR D-8 Canadian Province D-2 Communication frequencies 3-48 Country D-2 GPS receiver state 3-3-58 Other abbreviations D-17 State D-1 Time zones 3-4 ACT (Active waypoint pages) 4-10 Activating Numbered flight plan 4-4 Waypoint in the OBS mode 4-28 Actual track 3-38, 3-43, A-1 Adding waypoints to flight plan 4-2 Airport data Bearing and distance 3-46 City, State (or country) 3-45 Communicatio
Index APT 2 page 3-46 APT 3 page 3-47 APT 4 page 3-48 APT 5 page 3-50 ARTCC (Center) Abbreviations D-8 Frequencies 3-32 AUTO map scale 3-42 Autopilot 1-1 Index B Baro set 3-2, 3-63 Battery 2-7 Bearing to waypoint 3-36, 3-38, 3-45 C CAL 1 page 4-14 CAL 2 page 4-16 CAL 3 page 4-18 CAL 4 page 4-19 CAL 5 page 4-20 CAL 6 page 4-20 Canadian province abbreviations D-2 Cancel Direct To operation 3-35, 4-12 CDI External 1-1 Internal 3-36 Characters “>“ 3-16 “→” 3-36, 4-8 “*” 3-59 “+” 3-8 City of airport 3-45 Clea
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Index Change first waypoint identifier character 3-14 Creating Flight plans 4-1 User waypoint at known latitude/longitude 4-23 User waypoint at present position 4-22 User waypoint from another waypoint 4-24 Crosstrack distance 3-36, A-1 CRSR button 3-10 CTA 3-49 Cursor 3-10 Cyclic field (>) 3-16 Index D Data base Airports 3-45 Contents 2-1 Functions 2-1 Geographical regions 2-0 ICAO identifiers 2-3 NDBs 3-52 PC interface kit 2-4 Subscriptions and update options 2-8 Updating 2-4, 2-7
Index Disable turn anticipation 4-10 Distance 3-7, A-1 Duplicate waypoint page 3-15 Index E Editing Flight plans 4-5, 4-6 Emergency nearest airport 3-27 Enter (ENT) button and prompt 3-9, 3-10 Entering Airport remarks 3-50 User waypoint remarks 3-54 Waypoint identifiers 3-13 Estimated position error (EPE) 3-58 Erase; See Delete ETA (Estimated time of arrival) 3-40 ETE (Estimated time en route) 3-38, 3-41 F Flight plans Activating 4-4 Active flight plan 4-1, 4-8 Adding waypoints 4-2 Creating 4-1 Deleting
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Index G GPS Coverage area 3-1 Panel controls 3-0 Receiver status 3-57, 3-58 Theory of operation F-1 Groundspeed 3-8 H How-To Index iv HSI 1-1 Index I ICAO identifiers 2-3 Initial position 3-5, 3-19 Initialization 3-2, 3-18 Initialization page 3-3 Interfaces 1-1 Inverting flight plans 4-5 J K KA 92 antenna 1-1 L Latitude/longitude conversion table E-1 Leg mode 4-35 Lighting, runway 3-48 Locator outer marker (LOM) 3-55 M Magnetic variation 4-26 Map display 3-40 Message (MSG) butto
Index Index N Name of navaid or airport 3-45, 3-51, 3-52 NAV 1 page 3-36 NAV 2 page 3-39 NAV 3 page 3-40 NAV 4 page 3-40 NAV/GPS switch/annunciator 3-62 Navigation map display 3-40 Navigation pages Moving map (NAV 4 page) 3-40 Present position (NAV 2 page) 3-39 Primary navigation (NAV 1 page) 3-36 Times relating to navigation (NAV 3) 3-40 Navigation terminology A-1 NDB 1 page 3-52 NDB 2 page 3-52 NDB data Bearing and distance 3-52 Frequency 3-52 Identifier 3-52 Latitude/longitude 3-52 Name 3-52 Nearest 3-
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Index PC requirements for updating data base 2-4 Plus sign (+) meaning 3-8 Prefixes for airport identifiers 2-3 Present position 3-7, 3-39 Q R Index Radial from a waypoint 3-38, 3-39 Receiver status 3-57, 3-59 Remarks Airport page 3-50 User waypoint page 3-54 Runway information 3-47 S Sample trip 3-65 Satellite status 3-59 Scanning waypoint names 3-23 Scratchpad messages 3-9 Screen organization 3-7 Selected course, See OBS mode Selecting Waypoints 3-21, 3-22, 3-23, 3-24 Self-test
Index Surface, runway 3-48 System components 1-1, 1-2 Index T Take-Home mode 4-30 Take-Home warning page 3-2 Time Actual 3-3, 3-40, 3-55 Departure 3-40 ETA 3-40 ETE 3-38, 3-41 Flight 3-40 Setting 3-5, 3-55 Time to first fix 3-18 Time zones 3-4 TMA 3-49 To/From indicator 3-37 Track; See Actual Track True airspeed 4-20, 4-21 Turn anticipation 4-9 Turn-on 3-1 Turn-on page 3-2 Trip planning 4-14, 4-16 U Updating the data base 2-3 User waypoints 3-53, 3-60 UTC; See Time zones V VOR 1 page 3-51 VOR 2 page 3-5
KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide Index W X Y Z 006-08791-0000 Rev 0 I-9 Effective Date 5/95 Index Waypoint alerting 3-35, 4-10 Waypoint identifier entry 3-13 Waypoint identifiers 2-3 Waypoint pages Active waypoint 4-10 Airport 3-45 NDB 3-52 Selecting waypoint pages 3-21, 3-22, 3-23, 3-24 User-defined waypoint/SUP 3-53 VOR 3-51 Waypoint scanning window 3-44 Waypoints Adding to flight plan 4-2 Creating user waypoint 4-21 Deleting from flight plan 4-6 Deleting user waypoint 3-60 Duplicate 3-15 “From” and “To” way
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