Solwise Ltd.
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Setup instructions for Solwise SAR703 ADSL Router 1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................. 7 2. GETTING STARTED .......................................................................................................... 8 2.1. Connecting to your network and line .............................................................................................................................8 2.2.
10. MANAGING THE ADSL ROUTER ................................................................................... 25 10.1. Booting the ADSL Router from Ethernet Network.................................................................................................25 10.2. Upgrading on-board flash memory from Ethernet network ..................................................................................25 10.3. SNMP...................................................................................
12.5.12. 12.5.13. 12.5.14. 12.5.15. 12.5.16. 12.5.17. 12.5.18. 12.5.19. 12.5.20. 12.5.21. 12.5.22. 12.5.23. 12.5.24. 12.5.25. 12.5.26. 12.5.27. 12.5.28. 12.5.29. 12.5.30. 12.5.31. ipatm pvc ..............................................................................................................................................................41 iphostname......................................................................................................................................................
12.9.2. 12.9.3. 12.9.4. 12.9.5. 12.9.6. 12.9.7. 12.9.8. 12.9.9. 12.9.10. 12.9.11. show defect...............................................................................................................................................................60 down .........................................................................................................................................................................61 gasp...........................................................................
1. Introduction 1.1 Overview The SAR ADSL Router features multi-mode ADSL technology that provides a downstream rate of up to 8M bps over existing copper wire lines, which is more than 100 times faster than a traditional 56K analogue modem. And it can be connected to your PC or LAN through the 10Base-T or 100Base-T Ethernet interface. It is designed to meet both the needs of single user, and multiple users at small office and home office who want fast Internet access.
Function Behaviour Definition POWER Dark Power off Light Power on Flashing slowly ADSL training in progress Light ADSL link is establish and ready to transfer data Dark Ethernet link absent or power off Light Ethernet link present RX Flashing Receiving data from ADSL link TX Flashing Transmitting data to ADSL link ADSL PC 1.
Serial Console Ethernet Port 10Base-T Port P H UpLink P DSLAM/ISP P P The LAN port on the SAR router is the type designed to be connected to an ‘uplink’ (or crossover) port on a hub. This means you can also connect the router LAN port direct to the port on a PC LAN card using a standard cat5 LAN cable. If you wish to connect the router to a ‘normal’ port on a hub then you will need to use a crossover cable or adapter.
Continue with the software installation, answering the questions as required. Then ensure that the router is connected correctly to your com port and switched on before launching the programme... As the software starts up in will automatically try com port 1 to see if it can find the router. If it fails for any reason, e.g. your router is connected to a different com port then an error message is shown. In this case just click on Retry.....
3. Basic Router Configuration Assuming that you’ve successfully installed and launched your software (as above) then the following screen is shown: For normal UK operation select PPPoA (RFC 2364) as the Connection Mode and then on Properties to set the router settings: VCI: For BT use 38, for KC setup see below. VPI: For BT use 0, for KC setup see below. Tick NAT (see notes in advanced setup if your want to run without NAT mode). Enter your User name and Password. Select CHAP for Authentication.
First of all VCI: For KC use a value of 50 VPI: For KC use a value of 1 Next you need to alter the encapsulation (don’t worry if you don’t know what this means – it’s just describes the way that the PPPoA packets are wrapped). The default router setting for this is Auto i.e. the route will negotiate automatically with the ADSL connection until it finds the encapsulation which suites. This works with BT but not with KC. For KC you need to use ‘LLC’ encapsulation.
4.2. Checking your TCP/IP settings The recommended IP address of the SAR router is 192.168.0.1 (default address is 192.168.7.1 but previous section shows how to change this) on subnet mask 255.255.255.0. In simple terms this means that, in order for your PC to talk to the router, the IP address of your PC’s should be in the range from 192.168.0.2 to 192.168.0.254.
Finally click on OK and then OK from the main Network menu. Windows will now install the revised network settings; please note that your original Windows installation CD might be required. You should then reboot your PC. That’s all there is to it for the client TCP/IP setup. The next section covers basic testing. 5. Testing 5.1. Line Negotiation After uploading the configuration or powering up the router the following things should happen.
Check that the DNS, IP Address, Subnet, and Default Gateway are what you expect them to be. If there is an error with one of the settings then go back to your TCP settings and enter the correct setting. 5.3. Running your Browser After checking you can do a ping and ensuring the router starts up okay (see above) you are ready to run your browser. If you’re running Explorer then click on your Explorer icon to start your browser.
that some software needs the IP address of the PC to be ‘exposed’ to the outside world – this is just what NAT stops! The normal way around this problem whilst still retaining the NAT mode is to use port forwarding. Port forwarding (also sometimes called pinholeing) tells the router to direct certain incoming traffic to specified local addresses. e.g. if you are wanting to run a local web server on address 192.168.0.
8. Firmware Upgrade As new features are added to the router you may need to upgrade the router software (firmware). This is done using the Windows Configuration software via the console/serial port. Start the configuration software (see above for details). Check via the Properties that the router has a valid LAN IP address. Make sure that the router is also connected via the LAN to your PC (either direct to the network card in your PC or via your network).
Now you are ready to configure the Router by using command line interface (CLI) commands (see below). 9.2. Using terminal program via serial console port A terminal can be connected directly to the Serial console port. This requires the use of a terminal emulation software package such as Microsoft HyperTerminal. By default setting, the Router is configured to communicate at a baud rate of 9600. Any standard terminal that support baud rate of 9600 can be connected to the Router’s console port.
Enter the following parameters : Bits per second 9600 Data bits 8 Parity None Stop bits 1 Flow Control None Then click OK When the HyperTerminal window appears, you must press the enter key several time to get the command prompt for the Router’s command line interface. Now you are ready to configure the Router by using the command line interface (CLI) commands.
10. CLI Configuration 10.1. Setting up PPP Over ATM (RFC2364) using CLI [System configuration] 10Base-T Port Ethernet 202 1 13 202.1.13 6 100 192 [ISP/DSLAM Configuration] DSLAM/NSP IP Address : 192.168.1.1 Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway : 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.1 [Local PC Configuration] IP Address : 202.1.136.100 Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway : 202.1.136.254 The ADSL Router also can be setup to support RFC 2364(PPP over ATM) with following procedure.
> restart ↵ • Remote bridging over PPPoA > bridge device add edd ↵ > bridge device add ppp/DEVICE=2 ↵ > config save ↵ > restart ↵ > ppp 1 pvc 32 mac ↵ > ppp 1 interface 2 ↵ > ppp 1 enable ↵ > restart ↵ The RFC 2364 configuration also can be removed by following procedure. Please ensure to remove the RFC 2364 configuration before set the ADSL Router to other configuration.
10Base-T Port H U PC 1 202 1 136 10 UpLink PC 8 202 1 136 10 DSLAM/NSP [ISP/DSLAM configuration] IP address : 192.168.102.3 Subnet mask : 255.255.255.0 Gateway : None [Local PC 1 configuration] IP address : 202.1.136.101 Subnet mask : 255.255.255.0 Gateway : 202.1.136.254 [Local PC 8 configuration] IP address : 202.1.136.108 Subnet mask : 255.255.255.0 Gateway : 202.1.136.
192.168.10 PC N 202 1 136 10 DSLAM/NSP [ISP/DSLAM configuration] IP address : 192.168.102.3 Subnet mask : 255.255.255.0 Gateway : 192.168.102.2 [Local PC 1 configuration] IP address : Subnet mask : 202.1.136.1 255.255.255.0 Gateway : 202.1.136.254 [Local PC 8 configuration] IP address : 202.1.136.100 Subnet mask : 255.255.255.0 Gateway : • 202.1.136.
> ppp 2 pvc 0 32 ↵ (Set channel 2 to VPI=0, VCI=32) > ppp 2 interface 0 ↵ > ppp 2 tunnel 1 pptp out ↵ > ppp 2 enable ↵ > pptp bind 192.168.10.2 ↵ > pptp 1 create listen ↵ > config save ↵ > restart ↵ • PPTP dial in In the following example, the PC connects to the ADSL Router firstly must be configured as: IP address of PNS : 192.168.10.1 Subnet mask of PNS : 255.255.255.0 Gateway of PNS : 192.168.10.2 IP address of PAC : 192.168.10.2 > ip device add Ethernet ether //edd 192.168.10.
• Remote bridging over PPPoA > config reset bridge ↵ > config save ↵ > restart ↵ > ppp 1 pvc none ↵ > ppp 1 interface 0 ↵ > ppp 1 disable ↵ > restart ↵ 11. Managing The ADSL Router 11.1. Booting the ADSL Router from Ethernet Network By default, the Router is configured to boot from the on-board flash memory. But it is possible boot via Ethernet network as well. The executable image is stored in the local PC and is downloaded to the Router via Ethernet network upon every reset.
MIB II (RFC 1213) Bridge MIB (RFC 1493) PPP/LCP MIB (RFC 1471) PPP/Security MIB (RFC 1472) PPP/IP MIB (RFC 1473) PPP/Bridge MIB (RFC 1474) 12. ADSL Link Performance Statistics To see the ADSL link performance statistics, you can use the serial console port or the Ethernet interface to access the command line interface. After power up wait till ADSL LED glows steadily. This condition indicates Router has reached “SHOWTIME”.
ppp snmp config bridge nat adsl isfs flashfs The former variant sends the command to the process. The latter variant remembers the process name, and sends subsequent commands to the process, as if they had been preceded by the process name, until the command “home” is issued. The prompt is changed to reflect this; moreover, if a “help” command with no arguments is issued, it is passed to the process as usual, but then information about the “home” command is appended to the process’s output by the console.
DSL isfs> help Commands are: ls rm cat Type 'help all' or 'help ' for more details DSL isfs> home DSL> 13.2.2. help Syntax: help help help all help help help all Description: Displays a summary of available commands, more detailed information on a particular command, or more detailed information on all commands.
13.2.4. restart Syntax: restart Description: Reboots the Router 13.2.5. system Syntax: system Description: Displays the system type, firmware version and other information. 13.3. Commands for ISFS and FLASHFS process 13.3.1. ISFS and FLASHFS overview The Router requiring storage of configuration data should make use of the ISFS file system. The FLASHFS file system provides permanent storage of files and is not normally used other than at start of day or when re-writing the FLASH.
Example: ls 13.3.4. isfs rm Syntax: isfs rm Description: The rm command allows the user to remove a file from the ISFS file system. The memory used to store the file is freed .A subsequent FLASHFS update will write the new, shorter, ISFS files into FLASHFS, providing an implicit rm function for FLASHFS. Note: If the file removed is the only file that would be stored in FLASHFS as type ‘fixed’, the file will remain in FLASHFS as the fixed file area will not be re-written during an update.
Description: This command deletes a device from the bridge configuration. The changes will only take place after the configuration is saved and the system is rebooted. The syntax of the device name is the same as that for the device add command. Configuration saving saves this information. Example: DSL bridge> device delete edd 13.4.3. device list Syntax: device list Description: This command lists all the devices that are currently attached to the bridge.
13.4.6. filterage Syntax: filterage [] Description: This command sets, or displays if no arguments are given, the filter table ageing time. The ageing time is the time after which MAC addresses are removed from the filter table when there has been no activity. The time is specified in seconds and may be any integer value in the range 10…100,000 seconds. This value may also be changed through SNMP. Changing the value of filterage has immediate effect. Configuration saving saves this information.
Description: This command shows the status of the bridge and its ports. The status information for a port includes the SNMP type information about time exceeded packets, packets discarded, etc. It also includes the broadcast history of the port over the last five seconds and the high water mark of packets queued on the bridge for this device. Example: DSL bridge> status 13.4.10.
;Sets the hello time DSL bridge> spanning hellotime 5 to 5 seconds 13.4.13.spanning maxage Syntax: spanning maxage [
13.4.17.spanning port priority Syntax: spanning port priority [] Description: Reads or sets the priority of the port. The priority may be any value between 0 and 255. The priority is used in conjunction with the pathcost to determine the best root to the root bridge. The higher the priority number, the less significant, in protocol terms, the port. The port priority may also be changed by SNMP command. Configuration saving saves this information.
Example: DSL bridge> spanning status 13.5. Commands for IP process 13.5.1. arp Syntax: arp add arp delete arp flush arp [list] arp help [all|] Description: Allows display and manipulation of the ARP table: the list of IP addresses and corresponding MAC addresses obtained by ARP on Ethernet-like interfaces. Normally there is no need to add entries to the table with “arp add”, since they should be discovered by the ARP protocol.
config [save] Description: Displays the IP configuration (not including the “snmp” configuration), or saves it in flash memory. The functionality of the “config” command is also accessible in the standard way through the config process (e.g. “config print ip”), if that process is present. However, when accessed through the config process, the “snmp” configuration is included. Example: DSL> ip config device add ether ether //nice mtu 1500 192.168.2.1 device add vlane ether //lane mtu 1500 192.168.55.
(Other commands apply only to the devices in effect, rather than to those configured; when adding a device, for example, one may need to issue the “device add” command, then the “config save” and reboot, then issue any other configuration commands that depend on the existence of the device, and then “config save” again.) “” is an arbitrary label for the interface, which is used in referring to it in subsequent commands.
# type dev file IP address device ether ether //nice mtu 1500 192.168.2.1 device vlane ether //lane mtu 1500 192.168.55.1 DSL> ip device add loop loop 127.0.0.1 Change will have no effect until after config save and restart. DSL> ip device delete vlane Change will have no effect until after config save and restart. DSL> ip device # type dev file IP address device ether ether //nice mtu 1500 192.168.2.1 device vlane ether //lane mtu 1500 192.168.55.1 # DELETED device loop loop - mtu 2048 127.0.0.
13.5.6. get Syntax: get Description: Reads and executes commands from a file. The commands in the file are in the same format as those documented in this chapter, with no “ip” prefix. They can contain comments, introduced by the “#” character. The “get” command is “hidden”, not shown by “ip help”. Example: DSL> ip get //isfs/cmdfile 13.5.7. ipatm abort Syntax: ipatm abort Description: Closes an IP-over-ATM SVC; the number is as displayed by “ipatm files”.
ipatm arpserver atm here DSL> ip ipatm arpserver atm 47.0.83.10.a2.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.20.2b.4.3.8.0 DSL> ip ipatm arpserver atm ipatm arpserver atm 47.00.83.10.a2.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.20.2b.04.03.08.00 13.5.10.ipatm files Syntax: ipatm files Description: Lists the IP-over-ATM connections, listens, and slots for available connections. Example: DSL> ip ipatm files i/f atm 0 transmissions queued, 6 free connections, 4 listeners 0: on atm Connected to 192.168.220.
ipatm pvc delete [] ipatm pvc flush Description: Lists configured PVCs for use by IP-over-ATM; configures another; deletes one; or deletes all. “” is the name of an interface configured for IP-over-ATM using PVCs. “” is the VCI to use for the PVC. The range of possible VCIs depends on the system. “” is the IP address of the machine at the other end of the PVC.
Turns off forwarding between interfaces; see the “relay” command for more details. The command “norelay” with no parameters is equivalent to “norelay all”: it turns off all forwarding. Configuration saving saves this information. Example: DSL> ip relay relay ether ether relay ether vlane relay vlane vlane DSL> ip norelay ether vlane forward relay ether ether relay vlane ether forward relay vlane vlane 13.5.15.
values of the attributes LPORT and RPORT provided the protocol type (UDP or TCP) is appropriate. They are also displayed in place of port numbers, when a suitable mapping exists. “” should be either “UDP” or “TCP”; it can be omitted, but that is not very useful. For “portname read”, the file is in the same format as //isfs/services, which is the same as the output from “portname list”. The “portname” command is “hidden”, not shown by “ip help”. Configuration saving saves this information.
relay ether ether relay ether vlane forward DSL> ip relay ether vlane relay ether ether relay ether vlane DSL> ip relay all relay ether ether relay ether vlane relay vlane vlane 13.5.18.rip accept Syntax: rip accept [all|] [none|*] Description: Controls for which version or versions of RIP (RIP version 1, RFC 1058, or RIP version 2, RFC 1723) TCP/IP will accept incoming information on each interface. Configuration saving saves this information.
Broadcasts a request for RIP information from other machines. TCP/IP does this automatically when it first starts up, and the routing information should be kept up to date by regular broadcasts from the other machines, so this command is normally of little use. Example: DSL> ip rip boot 13.5.21.rip hostroutes Syntax: rip hostroutes [off] Description: Sets or clears the “hostroutes” flag; TCP/IP will accept RIP routes to individual hosts only if this flag is on.
of broadcasting it. However, the RIP relay support has not been recently tested and is not believed to be reliable; furthermore, configuration saving does not save the RIP relay configuration. On a non-broadcast medium, therefore, it is preferable to use static (manually configured) routes. 13.5.25.rip relays Syntax: rip relays Description: Displays the configured RIP relays. See “rip relay” for information on RIP relays 13.5.26.
would match a Class C network, and ff:ff:ff:ff is a route to a single host. (Note: the default is not always sensible; in particular, if “” is 0.0.0.0 then it would be better for the mask to default to 0:0:0:0.) “” (default 1) is the number of hops counted as the cost of the route, which may affect the choice of route when the route is competing with routes acquired from RIP. (But note that using a mixture of RIP and static routing is not advised.
13.5.29.routes Syntax: routes Description: Lists routes. (The same as “route”, with no parameters.) 13.5.30.stats Syntax: stats arp|icmp|ip|tcp|udp [reset] stats help [|all] Description: Displays or clears a subset of IP statistics.
Example: DSL> ip device # type dev file IP address device ether ether //nice mtu 1500 192.168.2.1 device vlane ether //lane mtu 1500 192.168.55.1 DSL> ip subnet subnet vlane.home . 192.168.55.0 ff:ff:ff:00 vlane subnet ether.home . 192.168.2.0 ff:ff:ff:00 ether DSL> ip subnet add vlane.home . 192.168.55.1 ff:ff:fc:0 DSL> ip subnet subnet vlane.home . 192.168.52.0 ff:ff:fc:00 vlane subnet ether.home . 192.168.2.0 ff:ff:ff:00 ether 13.6. Commands for NAT process 13.6.1.
nat inbound add / [quiet] nat inbound delete <#> nat inbound flush Description: This command enables the user to list or to set up a series of rules, to determine what happens to incoming traffic. By default all incoming packets, other that packets arriving in response to outgoing traffic will be rejected. The nat inbound add command allows packets arriving on a specific port and IP protocol to be forwarded to a machine on the private network.
Support for outgoing fragments: enabled Session timeouts: ICMP query: 10 UDP: 30 TCP (established): 300 TCP (other): 15 Initial port number: 10000 13.6.5. nat protocol Syntax: nat protocols Description: The nat protocols command lists the application level gateways (ALGs) provided in the current image in order to support particular higher-level protocols, and the port or ports, which each ALG monitors Example > nat protocols Name Port/IP protocol ftp 21/tcp 13.6.6.
nat stats [reset] Description: This command displays various statistics gathered by NAT on the interface . These are cumulative totals since power on, or since the reset keyword was given. The nat stats command does not provide the total number of packets or bytes transferred, as this information is normally available from the device driver on the interface which NAT is filtering.
13.7.3. disable Syntax: disable Description: Clear the enable flag for a PPP channel. This is the default setting. Disabling does not remove other configured information about this channel. In the PPP state machine, this sets the PPP link to ‘closed’. If it is already closed, there is no effect. Configuration saving saves this information. By default all channels are disabled. 13.7.4.
13.7.8. hdlc Syntax: hdlc [1|0] Description: If 1, use an HDLC header on the front of transmitted packets and require one on received ones. This consists of two bytes, FF-03, and assists in interoperability with some other (non-standard) implementations. If 0, disable this. Call with no argument to find the current setting. The default value is 0 (disabled). Configuration saving saves this information.
13.7.13. lcpmaxterminate Syntax: lcpmaxterminate [] Description: Set the Max-Terminate parameter for LCP. This is the maximum number of Terminate Requests that will be sent without reply, before assuming that the peer is unable to respond. Call with no argument to find the current setting. The default value is 2. Configuration saving saves this information. 13.7.14.
qos [cbr|ubr] [pcr []] Description: Specify that the VC for a PPP channel should be Constant Bit Rate or Unspecified Bit Rate, and (optionally for UBR) give a Peak Cell Rate for the connection. If two values are specified then they are transmit and receive PCRs respectively. If called while not attached to a VC then the settings are saved for use when a VC is created. If the channel is already attached to a VC then it is closed, and re-opened with the new values.
Description: This command describes how we require the far end to log in on this channel. Requiring the other end to log in most frequently happens when they dial us (rather than the other way round), so this is likely to be one of several channels which are set using svc listen. Because of this, exact names and passwords are not attached to individual channels but are matched to particular users, as defined using the user command.
The interface is regarded by the operating system as an Ethernet-like device like other Ethernet devices. It also provides an Entry to SNMP providing basic information about traffic through the interface. This command shows the basic information about byte and packet traffic through the interface, in SNMP terms. 13.7.24.user Syntax: user add [pwd [pap|chap]] user [] user delete |all Description: This command stores information about a particular login name/password combination.
access read public access write xyzzy 192.168.4.73 13.8.2. config Syntax: config [save] Description: Displays the configuration (as from “access list” and “trap list” together), or saves it to flash memory. Example: DSL> snmp config access read public access write xyzzy 192.168.4.73 trap add public 192.168.4.73 162 13.8.3.
This command displays the defects data of the ADSL link. It will not return any message if ADSL link is not established yet. 13.9.3. down Syntax: down Description: Disable ADSL link 13.9.4. gasp Syntax: gasp Description: Send dying gasp 13.9.5. mode glite Syntax: mode glite Description: Set G.Lite mode 13.9.6. mode Syntax: mode Description: This command displays the current mode of the ADSL link. 13.9.7. mode multi Syntax: mode multi Description: Set multi mode 13.9.8.
13.9.10.up Syntax: up Description: Enables ADSL link 13.9.11.show id Syntax: show id Description: This command displays the vendor id of local equipment and remote equipment. It will not return any message if ADSL link is not established yet. 14. Reset to Factory Defaults To reset the router to defaults you need to enter a CLI command. Therefore you will have to connect to the router via either Console or Telnet (see above for details). Then at the ‘..
TCP/IP with RIP version 1(RFC 1058) and version 2(RFC 1723) compatible ARP(RFC 1293, supports only one single subnet) BOOTP(RFC 2131, RFC 2132) SNMP version 1(RFC 1155, RFC 1157, RFC 1213) TELNET server(RFC 854, 855, 857, 858) NAT server TFTP revision 2(RFC 1350) PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) support PAP/CHAP user Authentication with PPP PPTP tunnelling*** Data rates Up to 8 Mbps downstream and 640 Kbps upstream.
- Make sure the power switch is turned on. If the PC LED is dark - Make sure your Ethernet cable is firmly plugged into the back panel of the router and the other end into your computer or HUB. - Make sure you using the correct Ethernet cable for your application. - Make sure your Ethernet board is installed properly in your system by ping the IP address of your PC. 16.3. B.
- The TCP/IP protocol is bound to the network adapter. 2. Ping the IP address of your Modem. If you get a response back, proceed to next step directly. If you don’t get a response back, the problem lies between your PC and your Modem: - Check the cables. - Check the hub. - Make sure that your PC and your Modem belong to the same IP sub network. - Observe the TX and RX LEDs to see if data traffic flow appears to be normal 3. Ping the DNS server.
The values assigned to the first few bits in an IP network address determine which class designation the network has. In decimal notation, Class A network addresses range from 1.X.X.X to 126.X.X.X, Class B network addresses range from 128.1.X.X to 191.254.X.X, and Class C addresses range from 192.0.1.X to 223.255.254.X. Client An intelligent workstation that makes requests to other computers known as servers. PC computers on a LAN can be clients.
International Telecommunication Union - United Nations specialised agency for telecommunications LAN Local area network - A privately owned network that offers high-speed communications channels to connect information processing equipment in a limited geographic area. (usually within a single campus or building). LED Light Emitting Diodes - Type of indicator lights on the panel of the router. MAC layer/address Media Access Control layer/address defined by the IEEE 802.
A network layer function that determines the path for transmitting packets through a network from source to destination. Router A device that supports network communications. A router can connect identical network types, However—unless a gateway is available—a common protocol, such as TCP/IP, must be used over both networks. Routers may be equipped to provide WAN line support to the LAN devices they serve.
Refers to a logical connection between end stations in an ADSL/ATM environment Virtual Path Refers to a bundle of virtual channels in a ADSL/ATM environment. VPI Virtual Path Identifier - Number that identifies the link formed by the virtual path in a ADSL/ATM environment. UDP User Datagram Protocol - A TCP/IP protocol describing how packets reach applications in destination nodes. Wall jack A small hardware component used to tap into telephone wall cable.
