VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 DSP Audio Router Product Description ASL Document Ref.: U-0450-1405.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description This equipment EC standards: is designed and manufactured to conform EMC EN55103-1/E1, EN55103-2/E5, EN50121-4, ENV50204 Safety EN60065 to the following Failure to use the equipment in the manner described in the product literature will invalidate the warranty. A ‘Declaration of Conformity’ statement to the above standards, and a list of auxiliary equipment used for compliance verification, is available on request.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description Contents 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 7 2 System Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 8 2.1 System Context ........................................................................................................................
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 4 System Controller Functions................................................................................................................ 39 4.1 Configuration Mode .................................................................................................................. 39 4.2 Test Mode................................................................................................................................. 39 4.3 Fault Monitor Mode.............
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description Document Change History Issue Amendment Details Date 01 First Draft 11/01/07 02 First Release 19/10/07 03 V4.1.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description This page intentionally left blank.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 1 Introduction This document gives an overview on the application, features, interfaces, and functions of the ASL family of DSP-based Audio Router and Voice Alarm System controllers: the VAR4, VAR12 and VAR20. They are referred to generically as ‘VAR Router’ in this document. This document contains no definite instruction for action: • The operation is described in the Operation Manual. • The installation is described in the Installation Guide.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 2 System Overview The VAR4, VAR12 and VAR20 are advanced DSP-based Audio Router and Voice Alarm System Controllers. They allow connection of 4, 12 or 20 audio inputs, which can be routed to 4, 12 or 20 outputs. Additionally they can monitor and control up to 63 Amplifier Mainframes (V400) and associated amplifier interface card/surveillance units. Each mainframe connects to the VAR Router via an Audio-CANTM serial data network and audio monitor bus.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description The VAR12 Router includes: • Digital storage for 4 x 32-second messages and 4 x 16-second messages. • Twelve universal Mic/Line inputs, each of which supports a serial interface to enable an ASL multi-zone Paging Microphone to be connected. All-Call or Zoneable Fire Microphones may be connected to Inputs 1 and 2. These act as All-Call failsafe override microphones in the event of processor failure as required by BS5839 Part 8. • Twelve A&B audio outputs.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 2.1 System Context The diagram in Figure 2 shows the VAR Router in system context. A number of audio inputs feed the VAR Router. Typically, these include ASL DMS-series paging microphone stations, ASL FMS-series Emergency Fireman’s microphones (All-Call or Zoneable) and various background music sources. The function of the VAR Router is to connect these sources, as required to a number of audio outputs, which, in turn, feed power amplifiers and loudspeakers.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description Figure 3 VAR12/20 Router Network Application with Intellevac ACU V400 AMPLIFIER MAINFRAME DMS20 CENTRAL PAGING MICROPHONE SPEAKER CIRCUITS A ALERT OUTPUT 1 EVACUATE CENTRAL FIRE ALARM PANEL B MIC V400 AMPLIFIER MAINFRAME DATA VAR-NIA CENTRAL BACKGROUND MUSIC SPEAKER CIRCUITS A OUTPUT n A B A B B LOCAL FIRE ALARM PANEL VAR12 DMS10 LOCAL PAGING MICROPHONE ALERT EVACUATE MIC DATA DMS20 LOCAL PAGING MICROPHONE LOCAL BACKGROUND MUSIC ACU AUDIO C
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 2.2 Communication with the ASL Amplifier System The diagram in Figure 2 shows the VAR Router connected to the ASL Amplifier System. The VAR Router communicates with each Amplifier Mainframe processor via a CAN serial data network. Up to 63 Mainframes can be connected. Each Amplifier Mainframe processor communicates with the Surveillance Interface Cards, associated with each of the internal amplifier modules, via a separate intraframe interface.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 3 Audio Router Functions 3.1 Architecture The diagram in Figure 5 shows the audio architecture of the VAR20. The other variants have an identical architecture but reduced numbers of Mic/Line Inputs and DVAs. The majority of audio processing functions are performed by DSP software. However, inputs 1 and 2 support failsafe Fire Microphone routing whereby the DSP elements are bypassed in the event of processor failure or software mis-operation.
Issue: 03 complete, approved Page 14 of 68 ATTENUATOR HF EQ: +-12dB MID EQ: +-12dB HF EQ: +-12dB DVA MESSAGE#12 DVA MESSAGE#1 GAIN: 0 to -63dB OUTPUT-20 OUTPUT-2 OUTPUT-1 RELATIVE GAIN 0 to -40dB OUTPUT-20 OUTPUT-2 OUTPUT-1 RELATIVE GAIN 0 to -40dB LEVEL: 0 to -63dB LEVEL: 0 to -63dB LEVEL: O to -40dB (rel: +10dBu) HARD LIMITER (+2.5dBu) LEVEL: O to -40dB (rel: +10dBu) HARD LIMITER (+2.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 3.2 Audio Inputs Dependent on model, the VAR Router has 4,12 or 20 electronically balanced universal inputs, these have switchable sensitivity to accept microphone or line level signals, and have digitally controlled adjustable analogue gain prior to the DSP. These analogue gain settings are non-volatile and retained even after power failure and/or processor failure.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 3.2.1 Mic/Line Inputs Each of the Mic/Line Inputs may be configured for a particular input type. The following sections describe the operation and routing of each input type. Table 1 summarises the VAR Router Mic/Line capabilities.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 3.2.1.1 Paging Microphone Mode It is possible to set any of the Mic/Line inputs for Paging Microphone operation. When configured for this mode of operation, any ASL Paging Microphone can be supported. For example: DMS5, DMS10, DMS20. These units are desk consoles that provide zone selection buttons and indicators to show which buttons are selected and which zones are currently ‘busy’, i.e. in use by another user.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description • Failsafe Operation If the VAR Router detects processor failure or mis-operation, a hardware bypass mode comes into operation for the Fire Microphones. When this happens the Router provides an ALL-CALL-ONLY signal back to the Fire Microphone, which illuminates the ALL-CALL-ONLY LED on the Fire Microphone panel. When the PTT is pressed, an All-Call analogue bypass path is driven which bypasses all processor controlled elements.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 3.2.1.6 Network Channel Mode By default if a VAR-NIA is connected to VAR12 or VAR20, the VAR Router Inputs will be used as follows: • Network Channel 1 – VAR Router Input 1 • Network Channel 2 – VAR Router Input 3 • Network Channel 3 – VAR Router Input 4 This is the Intellevac Network standard configuration with 3 network audio channels.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 3.2.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 3.3 Audio Outputs The VAR Router provides 4, 12 or 20 (dependent on model) electronically balanced outputs. These provide a nominal 0 dBu output, which when fully driven, corresponds to 100 V output from the ASL amplifier. Each VAR Router output has separate A and B output connections for driving A&B amplifiers with interleaved speaker circuits. The A and B outputs are isolated so that a short circuit on one output will not affect the other.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description Table 2 VAR Router Induction Loop Outputs VAR Router VAR4 Possible Number of Induction Loops Output Number Output Location 1 4 Base Unit 3 2 1 2 4 12 11 12 4 VAR12 3 11 12 3 4 4 11 12 1 2 20 19 20 12 3 19 20 11 4 12 19 20 VAR20 4 11 5 12 19 20 3 4 6 11 12 19 20 Issue: 03 complete, approved Page 22 of 68 Base Unit Expand Unit 1 Expand Unit 1 Base Unit Expand Unit 1 Base Unit Expand Unit 1 Expand Unit 2 Expand Unit 2 Expand Unit 1 Exp
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 3.4 Audio Input Priority and Override The input priority is used to resolve conflicts when two or more inputs try to broadcast to the same output. In this case the input with the highest priority will be able to broadcast, and the others will not. 19 priority levels available, and can be assigned to any of the audio input sources. Priority is assignable to each input per output.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 3.5 Fades and Chimes 3.5.1 Fades It is possible to specify a fade up and fade down time for each Mic/Line or Music input source. This is typically used on background music where a slow fade-up, in particular, is desirable. The Fade Down time is: • The time it takes for the signal to fade down when turned off (un-routed); • The time it takes for the signal to fade down before an overriding broadcast is made in its place.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description Figure 6 Sequence of Events for Single Audio Source T2 T1 MUSIC AUDIO MUSIC FADE UP=T1 FADE DOWN= T2 ON OFF The diagram in Figure 7 illustrates the sequence of events during the override of a background music source by a Paging Microphone with chime. Note that the background music Fade Down time (T2) not used in this instance. Instead the microphone Fade Down time (T4) is used.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 3.6 Surveillance Tone Detection and Generation 3.6.1 Detection The VAR Router is able to detect the presence of a low frequency 20 Hz surveillance tone on the Mic/Line inputs. ASL Microphones produce this tone as standard. Surveillance Tone detection can be configured ‘on’ or ‘off’ per input. The detection threshold is adjustable per input.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description All ports on the expand units are opto-isolated interfaces. The base VAR4 unit has two types of control ports; one is an opto-isolated interface, the other is an analogue port. The following sections describe the characteristics of the ports. Table 4 VAR Router Control Ports VAR Port Type VAR4 VAR12 VAR20 3.7.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 3.7.1.2 Monitored +5V 4k7 ohms It may be used to interface resistively monitored contacts. This interface enables the VAR Router to monitor the interface to the Fire Panel or other contact closure. The contacts must be fitted with 6k8/470R resistors. This method of monitoring has been used extensively in the past and is prevalent in continental Europe. THRESHOLD= 2.5V ROUTER ANALOGUE CONTACT INPUT 0V Cabling to Contact 3.7.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 3.7.2.3 Positive Voltage Source (+VE going Input) ROUTER CONTACT INPUT As per Contact Closure to Supply, but to an alternatively switched voltage source, such as to a suitable output from another piece of equipment. 12-40 V FROM REMOTE EQUIPMENT + I OPTO ON WHEN CONTACT CLOSED 3.7.2.4 Fire Alarm Sounder Interface The opto-isolated inputs may be used as a reverse polarity sounder circuit interface to a Fire Alarm system.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 3.7.3 Contact Functions 3.7.3.1 Routing Any contact may be configured to control Latent Routes, i.e. pre-programmed routes which are controlled by a contact closure. Routes may be assigned as Non-latching or Latching. In the latter case, a separate contact may be assigned as a matching ‘reset’ contact. 3.7.3.1.1 Latching Mode Any contact may be configured to trigger a latched Latent Route.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 3.7.3.1.2 Non-Latching Mode Any contact may be configured to trigger a so-called non-latching Latent Route. When the contact is made, a pre-programmed route is set up. When the contact is released, the route is cleared, no separate ‘reset’ input is required. Application examples are (1) when simple paging is required (not using ASL microphones) or (2) when background music needs to be routed to selectable areas.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 3.7.3.4 Music A/B Switching Music may be routed via the Latent Route mechanism as mentioned in Section “3.7.3.1.2 Non-Latching Mode”, any contact may be assigned as a control to switch between Music A and Music B phono inputs. 3.7.4 Remote Fault Indication Besides the analogue and opto-isolated contacts the VAR Router provides two open collector outputs on the base VAR4 unit Control Port 1, REMOTE FAULT-1 and REMOTE FAULT-2.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 3.8 Permanent Routes It is possible to program specific inputs to be permanently allocated to specific outputs. Such routes are ‘permanent’ unless overridden by a higher priority input. The route is restored once the higher priority input is removed. The typical scenario is background music, which may want to be assigned to certain areas. For example, to route music to the shop-floor areas in a factory complex unless another broadcast was active.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 3.9 Remote I/O Units The VAR Router is able to support the connection of up to 9 Remote I/O units (ASL Product: BMB01). The BMB01 units provide additional analogue and opto-isolated digital inputs, and open collector digital outputs. This extends the control and interfacing capability of the system. The BMB01 units are interfaced via a power and RS485 data link that can be up to 1 km long, in order to interface to remote equipment.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description The RS485 data link to the Remote I/O Units is fully monitored. In the event of communications failure, the VAR Router will log a fault. The fault code identifies the specific unit or units that are affected. L 3.9.1 • The maximum recommended distance for the RS485 data link is 1 km. • Only the last physical Remote I/O Unit in the chain should have the RS485 termination enabled. • A single RS485 bus supports up to 3 Remote I/O Units.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 3.9.1.2 Volume Control Operation The application of the Volume Control function is to allow remote control of the volume of specific input sources within a specific zone or zones. Normally the volume control will be mounted within the zone and allow the control of the specific sources, such as background music sources, while leaving the volume of all other sources unaffected.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description The ANS system can be set to act on different audio sources in different units. For normal audio sources the ANS level is frozen and does not change during each announcement into a zone. This so that the broadcast itself is not ‘heard’ by the ANS sensors as an increase in the ambient noise level. Without this function the ANS system would cause the broadcast volume to increase during each broadcast.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 3.9.2 Digital Inputs Each of the digital inputs may be independently assigned as a Routing Control, Routing Reset or Remote Fault input. Operation is as described in Sections “3.7.3.1 Routing” and “3.7.3.2 External Faults”. L 3.9.3 If a Latched Route control is set up on an input on a Remote I/O Unit, then the matching Reset Line must be on the same Remote I/O Unit. Digital Outputs The digital output is an active-low open-collector output.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 4 System Controller Functions 4.1 Configuration Mode This mode is provided to enable an engineer to commission the system. Access to this mode can only be gained by entering the appropriate access code. Please refer to the VAR Router Operation Manual for detailed description of the configuration functions. 4.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description Once a fault is physically fixed it is still latched on the LCD display. It is removed from the latched display by pressing the front panel FAULT CLEAR key, or through the user interface’s ‘Faults’ menu. If a fault cleared in this way still persists, then the fault warning condition will be restored within 100 seconds. Pressing the clear button releases any active amplifier standby switching to reset the system to a known state. The unit features a LAMP TEST key.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 4.4 Audio Monitor Mode The output to any loudspeaker circuit, or any VAR Router audio input or DVA message can be audibly monitored via the front panel loudspeaker and its audio level displayed on the LCD screen. To achieve monitoring of amplifier outputs, an audio monitor bus ‘daisy-chains’ around the amplifier modules within the system using pins within the same connectors as the Audio-CAN bus to simplify system wiring.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 5 Front Panel The VAR Router provides a menu-driven interface, and contains keys used to navigate the display menus. The controls and indicators forming this user interface are described in the following sections. 5.1 Indicators Figure 12 VAR Router LCD Display and LEDs 1 Table 6 2 3 5 4 VAR Router Front Panel Indicators Indicators Description 1 LCD Display 2 x 40 backlit alphanumeric display.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 5.2 Controls The front panel has membrane keys and a rotary encoder for entering commands and making selections, and a monitor loudspeaker. Figure 13 VAR Router Controls 8 7 Table 7 6 5 9 10 11 4 3 2 12 13 1 VAR Router Front Panel Controls Indicators Description AUDIO MON key Selects Audio Monitor sub-menu on the LCD display. 2 LAMP TEST key Tests the interface to all connected amplifier units.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 5.3 Screen Timeouts The LCD backlight is under the control of the processor. The LCD backlight is switched on when any button is pressed, and stays on for 5 minutes after the last key press has occurred. Should a fault occur, the backlight is automatically illuminated.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 6 Rear Panel The diagram in Figure 14 shows the mainframe rear panel connector positions for each VAR Router type.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 6.1 Audio Inputs 6.1.1 Audio Inputs The Audio Input connections are implemented on a 9-way female D connector for each input. Each connector provides balanced audio inputs and dedicated serial data connections for ASL Zoneable Microphones (DMS, FMS, CMB ranges). 0V-SUPPLY AUDIO+ DATA DXN 5 4 9 3 8 DATA DXP AUDIO- 2 1 7 6 +SUPPLY GND FEMALE Pin No. Signal 1 AUDIO+ Balanced Audio - 2 AUDIO- Balanced Audio + 3 0V-SUPPLY 4 5 6.1.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 6.2 Audio Outputs Separate connections are provided for connection to A and B amplifiers for each output. One output is able to sustain a short circuit while leaving the other unaffected. 6.2.1 Base VAR4 Unit The A+B circuit connections are implemented on 15-way male D connectors as described in the following figures.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 6.2.2 Expand Units The A+B circuit connections are identical and implemented on 25-way male D connectors as described in Figure 15. Figure 15 Expand Unit Audio Output OUT-1 + - 1 OUT-2 + - 2 14 OUT-3 + - 3 15 5 4 16 OUT-4 + - 17 OUT-5 + - 6 18 7 19 0V Pin No.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 6.3 Control Ports 6.3.1 Control Port 1 (Base VAR4 Unit) In addition to the analogue contacts, base VAR4 unit Control Port 1 accommodates the Fire Microphone interface, Fault Relay outputs, and Remote Fault outputs on a 25-way female D connector. Section “6.3.6.1 Fire Microphone Wiring Examples” shows examples of connections to this port for interfacing the Fire Microphones. Section “6.3.6.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description Pin No.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 6.3.2 Control Port 2 (Base VAR4 Unit) Base VAR4 unit Control Port 2 implements opto-isolated contacts on a 25-way female D connector.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 6.3.3 Control Port 1 (Expand Unit) Expand unit Control Port 1 implements opto-isolated contacts on a 25-way female D connector. The contact numbers in brackets refer to the upper expand unit (VAR20 only).
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 6.3.4 Control Port 2 (Expand Unit) Expand unit Control Port 1 implements opto-isolated contacts on a 25-way female D connector. The contact numbers in brackets refer to the upper expand unit (VAR20 only).
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 6.3.5 Fault Relay Output Wiring Examples Control Port-1 on the base VAR4 unit has two types of global fault outputs; a changeover relay contact and a set of relay contacts with resistors suitable for use in a monitored circuit such as that provided with Fire Panels. The diagram in Figure 20 shows the changeover The diagram in Figure 21 illustrates the monitored fault relay internal detail. fault relay internal detail.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 6.3.6.2 L Figure 23 Fire Microphone on Input 2 The LEDs must have suitable series resistors fitted; these are fitted as standard within the ASL FMS range of product.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 6.4 Serial Ports 6.4.1 Audio-CAN The Audio-CAN port is a 9-way male D connector for connection to the system Audio-CAN bus that provides digital communication between the VAR Router, amplifier mainframes, and their associated amplifier modules and interface cards. An audio monitor bus ‘daisy-chains’ around the amplifier modules within the system using pins within the same connectors as the Audio-CAN bus to simplify system wiring.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 6.4.3 RS485 Port (EXP) 0V RS485 DXP Pin No. Signal Description 1 1 2 3 4 Reserved 2 5 Reserved 3 0V Ground 4 6 7 8 9 5 RS485 DXN 6.5 RS485 DXP RS485 Communication Data + (9600 baud) 6 Reserved 7 Reserved 8 MALE ! Reserved 9 Reserved RS485 DXN RS485 Communication Data – (9600 baud) Other unused pins on this connector are for future expansion. DO NOT MAKE CONNECTIONS TO THEM.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 7 Product Specification Audio Routing VAR4 Universal Mic/Line audio inputs with serial control, surveillance tone, and phantom power ........................4 Audio outputs with surveillance tone ..................................................4 (Separate A and B outputs for each) Built-in DVA storage ................................................................................
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description Audio Signal Processing Input Sensitivity and impedance Line ..........................................................................................................−20 dBu (77 mV) @ Z ≥10 kΩ Mic ...........................................................................................................................770 µV @ Z ≥10 kΩ Music (phono) ........................................................................................
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description Current Consumption VAR4 Backlight on and sounder on ............................................................................... 400 mA @ 24 V DC supply Backlight off and sounder off ............................................................................... 350 mA @ 24 V DC supply VAR12 Backlight on and sounder on ................................................................................... 1.1 A @ 24 V DC supply Backlight off and sounder off ......
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 8 Figure 25 Mechanical Dimensions VAR4 Mechanical Dimensions 436 mm 483 mm THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION Issue: 03 complete, approved Page 61 of 68 258 mm 252 mm 222 mm 44 mm = 1 U
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description Figure 26 VAR12 and VAR20 Mechanical Dimensions 436 mm THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION Issue: 03 complete, approved Page 62 of 68 258 mm 483 mm 252 mm 222 mm 132 mm = 3 U
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 9 Reference Documents Additional reference information may be found in the following documentation, available from the “Data Downloads” page of Application Solutions website: www.asl-electronics.co.uk Table 8 Reference Documents Ref.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 10 Abbreviations AC Alternating Current ACU Audio Control Unit ANS Ambient Noise Sensor ASL Application Solutions Limited BDIST Battery Distribution Unit BMB01 Remote I/O Unit CAN Controller Area Network CPU Central Processing Unit DC Direct Current DIP Dual In-line Package DMS Digital Microphone Station DSP Digital Signal Processing DVA Digital Voice Announcer (Messages) EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory EAP
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description 11 Index bypass ............................................................ 13 failsafe .............................................. 8, 9, 13, 18 hardwired........................................................ 17 A access code....................................................9, 39 amplifier ..............................................................39 mainframe .............................................8, 12, 56 surveillance card ...................
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description This page intentionally left blank.
VAR4 / VAR12 / VAR20 - Product Description Service and Warranty Name and Address of Authorised Distributor: This product carries a full warranty. For full details of warranty and service agreements, please contact the Authorised Distributor who supplied the product to you. Exclusions The warranty does NOT cover: 1. Customer misuse, including incorrect installation. 8. Modification to the unit or inexpert / attempted repair. 2. Damage other than manufacturing defects. 9. 3.
