User`s manual

7800 Series Hysteresisgraph System User's Manual
A-4 Glossary of Terminology
line of flux. An imaginary line in a magnetic field of force whose tangent at any point gives the direction of the field at that point; the
lines are spaced so that the number through a unit area perpendicular to the field represents the intensity of the field. Also know as a
Maxwell in the cgs system of units.
line voltage. The RMS voltage of the primary power source to an instrument.
load regulation. A steady-state decrease of the value of the specified variable resulting from a specified increase in load, generally
from no-load to full-load unless otherwise specified.
M. Symbol for magnetization. See magnetization.
magnetic air gap. The air space, or non-magnetic portion, of a magnetic circuit.
magnetic field strength (H). The magnetizing force generated by currents and magnetic poles. For most applications, the magnetic
field strength can be thought of as the applied field generated, for example, by a superconducting magnet. The magnetic field
strength is not a property of materials. Measure in SI units of A/m or cgs units of oersted.
magnetic flux density (B). Also referred to as magnetic induction. This is the net magnetic response of a medium to an applied field,
H. The relationship is given by the following equation: B = µ
o
(H + M) for SI, and B = H + 4πM for cgs, where H = magnetic field
strength, M = magnetization, and µ
o
= permeability of free space = 4π × 10
–7
H/m.
magnetic hysteresis. The property of a magnetic material where the magnetic induction (B) for a given magnetic field strength (H)
depends upon the past history of the samples magnetization.
magnetic induction (B). See magnetic flux density.
magnetic moment (m). This is the fundamental magnetic property measured with dc magnetic measurements systems such as a
vibrating sample magnetometer, extraction magnetometer, SQUID magnetometer, etc. The exact technical definition relates to the
torque exerted on a magnetized sample when placed in a magnetic field. Note that the moment is a total attribute of a sample and
alone does not necessarily supply sufficient information in understanding material properties. A small highly magnetic sample can
have exactly the same moment as a larger weakly magnetic sample (see Magnetization). Measured in SI units as A·m
2
and in cgs
units as emu. 1 emu = 10
–3
A·m
2
.
magnetic scalar potential. The work which must be done against a magnetic field to bring a magnetic pole of unit strength from a
reference point (usually at infinity) to the point in question. Also know as magnetic potential.
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magnetic units. Units used in measuring magnetic quantities. Includes ampere-turn, gauss, gilbert, line of force, maxwell, oersted, and
unit magnetic pole.
magnetization (M). This is a material specific property defined as the magnetic moment (m) per unit volume (V). M = m/V.
Measured in SI units as A/m and in cgs units as emu/cm
3
. 1 emu/cm
3
= 10
3
A/m. Since the mass of a sample is generally much
easier to determine than the volume, magnetization is often alternately expressed as a mass magnetization defined as the moment
per unit mass.
magnetostatic. Pertaining to magnetic properties that do not depend upon the motion of magnetic fields.
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material safety data sheet (MSDS). OSHA Form 20 contains descriptive information on hazardous chemicals under the OSHA
Hazard Communication Standard (HCS). These data sheets also provide precautionary information on the safe handling of the gas
as well as emergency and first aid procedures.
Maxwell (Mx). A cgs electromagnetic unit of magnetic flux, equal to the magnetic flux which produces an electromotive force of
1 abvolt in a circuit of one turn link the flux, as the flux is reduced to zero in 1 second at a uniform rate.
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MKSA System of Units. A system in which the basic units are the meter, kilogram, and second, and the ampere is a derived unit
defined by assigning the magnitude 4π × 10
–7
to the rationalized magnetic constant (sometimes called the permeability of space).
NBS. National Bureau of Standards. Now referred to as NIST.
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Government agency located in Gaithersburg, Maryland and Boulder,
Colorado, that defines measurement standards in the United States. See Standards Laboratories for an international listing.
negative temperature coefficient (NTC). Refers to the sign of the temperature sensitivity. For example, the resistance of a NTC
sensor decreases with increasing temperature.
neutral zone. The area of transition located between areas of a permanent magnet which have been magnetized in opposite directions.
noise (electrical). Unwanted electrical signals that produce undesirable effects in circuits of control systems in which they occur.
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normalized sensitivity. For resistors, signal sensitivity (dR/dT) is geometry dependent; i.e., dR/dT scales directly with R;
consequently, very often this sensitivity is normalized by dividing by the measured resistance to give a sensitivity, s
T
, in percent
change per kelvin. s
T
= (100/R) (dR/dT) %K, where T is the temperature in kelvin and R is the resistance in ohms.
normally closed (N.C.). A term used for switches and relay contacts. Provides a closed circuit when actuator is in the free
(unenergized) position.
normally open (N.O.). A term used for switches and relay contacts. Provides an open circuit when actuator is in the free
(unenergized) position.
oersted (Oe). The cgs unit for the magnetic field strength (H). 1 oersted = 10¾π ampere/meter ≈ 79.58 ampere/meter.
ohm (Ω
ΩΩ
Ω). The SI unit of resistance (and of impedance). The ohm is the resistance of a conductor such that a constant current of one
ampere in it produces a voltage of one volt between its ends.
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