AD-1000 Portable Reference Analog to Digital Conversion System Operating Manual and UV22® License Agreement Revision 2.
AD-1000 Operating Manual Manual revised for this new edition by: Danny Buchanan, Caryn Perkins, Richard Elen, Johnny Story, Ryan Freeland and Bob Clearmountain. SoftLimit is a Trademark, and UV22 is a Registered Trademark, of Apogee Electronics, Inc. All other trademarks are property of their respective holders. Technology within the AD-1000 including the C768 Low Jitter Clock is covered by one or more patents that are the property of Apogee Electronics Corporation.
AD-1000 Operating Manual The Apogee AD-1000 20 bit Resolution A/D Converter “Your first class ticket from analog to digital!”
AD-1000 Operating Manual A Note of Thanks At Apogee we believe creating new products which really mean something requires putting a lot of one’s self into that product. Apogee’s AD-1000 was conceived and designed with a passion. The team who put it together put themselves into the product and the results show. We wanted the very best performance and most flexible capabilities – at a reasonable price.
AD-1000 Operating Manual Notes on CE Operation In order to comply with the new (January 1996) requirements for electronic equipment operated in the European Union, Apogee converters must be equipped and operated with special adapters. These adapters are inserted into all of the I/O connectors on the converters and the normal cabling is then inserted into the adapters. Also, the equipment must be marked to reflect that it meets the CE standards (“CE mark”).
AD-1000 Operating Manual Licensing and Legal Information Carefully read the following legal agreement prior to using the UV22 process provided in the AD-1000. Use of UV22 constitutes your acceptance of these terms. If you do not agree to the terms of the agreement, promptly return the AD-1000 and the accompanying items, including written materials and containers to the location where you obtained them for a full refund. 1.
AD-1000 Operating Manual Warranty Information Be sure to return the enclosed warranty card. If you do so, Apogee can contact you with any update information. As enhancements and upgrades are developed, you will be contacted at the warranty registration address. Firmware updates are free for the first year of ownership Please address any inquiries to your dealer or directly to Apogee at: APOGEE ELECTRONICS CORPORATION, 3145 Donald Douglas Loop South, Santa Monica, CA 90405, USA.
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AD-1000 Operating Manual Table of Contents An Introduction to the AD-1000 ...............................................................................................11 Introduction and Features.....................................................................................................11 Specifications.........................................................................................................................14 Inputs .................................................................
AD-1000 Operating Manual Table of Contents Power Connector Pinout Diagrams...........................................................................................44 Appendix I: About UV22 Super CD Encoding ..........................................................................46 UV22 Caveats ...........................................................................................................49 Appendix II: About Digital Audio Interconnects........................................................
AD-1000 Operating Manual Introduction The AD-1000 is a multi-purpose stereo analog to digital converter combining a high quality dual-stage, triple servo, analog ‘front end’ with 20 bit resolution. This combination provides unmatched sonic performance of 20 bit resolution, optimized for 20- and 16-bit applications such as digital tape recorders, disk-based audio workstations, and CD premastering.
AD-1000 Operating Manual Soft Limit™ Included with the AD-1000 is Apogee’s highly acclaimed Soft Limit circuitry. (This feature has functioned as many an engineer’s “secret weapon” to get extra level in their masters.) Soft Limit functions as a selective peak limiter. Typical peak limiters are very abrupt and can spread unwanted harmonics.
AD-1000 Operating Manual Apogee Patented Low Jitter Clock The C768 Ultra Low Jitter Slaving Clock references to an external clock source and provides a ‘flywheel’ effect by smoothing out short-term timing irregularities or jitter. This low jitter slaving clock locks in a predictable and very accurate phase relationship with the incoming reference. The result is superior sonic imaging with excellent soundstage detail.
AD-1000 Operating Manual Specifications QUANTIZATION FREQUENCY RESPONSE 20 Bits/Sample 20Hz–10KHz ±0.025dB 10KHz–20KHz +0.025 / –0.1dB TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE (THD+N) Full Amplitude –20dB scaled to Fs Typically –100dB @ 48KHZ sampling; 0.5dB below full scale Typically –103dB@ 48KHZ sampling; 0.5dB below full scale SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO CROSSTALK SOFT LIMIT THRESHOLD METERING THRESHOLDS Typically –104 Unweighted, –109dB A weighted Typically better than –110dB @ 1kHz –1.
AD-1000 Operating Manual Note: The AD-1000 will work with any well regulated 12V DC Power source with an output current of 1300 mA or greater. We recommend using linear type power supplies Direct connection to external 12VDC lead acid or NiCad batteries will provide convenient portable operation. See page 43 for additional details on battery power. INPUTS A.
AD-1000 Operating Manual S/PDIF DIGITAL OPTICAL INPUT (Optical input connector on rear panel) 32kHz to 54kHz Input Sampling Rates. S/PDIF. ADAT DIGITAL OPTICAL INPUT – available only with special option AD1K-PRT OUTPUTS D. AES OUTPUT (Male XLR connector on rear panel) 32kHz to 54kHz Output Sampling Rate. AES/EBU Format when front panel NORM position selected. Audio Black when front panel ADAT position selected. E. S/PDIF OUTPUT (15 Pin HD connector on rear panel) 32kHz to 54kHz Output Sampling Rate.
AD-1000 Operating Manual Optional Accessories PS-1000E Model PS-1000E is a rack mountable dual worldwide power source for the AD-1000 with selectable 100, 120, 220, and 240 Volts AC and 50/60Hz providing dual 12.0 Volts DC regulated outputs at 1500mA each. Unit is 1⁄3 rack size and matches style and finish of the AD-1000. Power is distributed by two 15 Pin HD connectors on the rear panel. This unit can power up to two Apogee converters (A/D or D/A).
AD-1000 Operating Manual Unpacking and Installation Unpacking Your AD-1000 is packed in a foam lined shipping container. Be sure to save the container for any future shipments of the unit. Accessories The following accessories are shipped with the AD-1000.
AD-1000 Operating Manual Getting Started Quickly Your AD-1000 is shipped ready to go. It has spent at least two days ‘burning in’. This burn-in procedure involves powered operation at elevated temperatures to isolate units that could possibly fail due to infant mortality. Even if you are familiar with Apogee’s AD-500E, we recommend you read the entire manual before using your AD-1000. There are several new features that make the AD-1000 even more useful.
AD-1000 Operating Manual Operation Locations and Functions: Front Panel Controls The AD-1000 offers an input section that can receive a wide variety of Analog and Digital inputs ranging from low microphone levels to the hottest line levels. The controls affecting the audio input selection and level are located toward the left of the unit and are detailed above. AES, S/PDIF electrical and optical signals can also be input and reformatted to other digital output types.
AD-1000 Operating Manual OSC Position OSC selects a built in 1kHz digital oscillator calibrated to ± 0.01 dB with internal switch selectable output levels for accurate headroom settings. When selecting OSC, the oscillator is selected and output on the corresponding digital outputs. This is used primarily for headroom alignment and testing. The output level can be selected by setting DIP switches located on the top of the AD-1000. The digital oscillator is set at 15dB below full scale as a default.
AD-1000 Operating Manual Selecting the DIG Position The last position counter-clockwise is the DIG position. When selected, an AES or S/PDIF signal (input via the top BNC connector on the back of the AD-1000) or S/PDIF optical signal (via the Toslink input connector) can be re-clocked and formatted into various digital outputs. This allows AES or S/PDIF conversion to ADAT and other useful format conversions. In this mode, the SAMPLE RATE cannot be selected and must remain in the 6 o’clock position.
AD-1000 Operating Manual Soft Limit™ Function Evolved from the legendary AD500E, this unique Apogee feature makes your mixes jump out in the highly competitive market for CD airplay. Short transients can clip analog to digital converters and can produce unwanted harmonics. Typical peak limiters used to remove short transients are very abrupt and actually spread unwanted harmonics.
AD-1000 Operating Manual 6. Turn on Soft Limit. 7. Increase the oscillator output until the desk’s stereo meter reads 0 VU. (Don’t touch the console fader at this point.) 8. Flip the AD-1000 over and find the two little multiturn adjustments through one of the ventilation slots (see diagram). The one nearer the front of the unit sets the RIGHT channel; the one nearer the rear sets the LEFT, and turning the pots clockwise lowers the threshold. 9.
AD-1000 Operating Manual In 16 position: the signal is converted at 20 bits but is reduced to a 16 bit output by adding dither to remove the distortion of truncation. In UV16 position: the signal is converted at 20 bits and processed using Apogee’s UV22 process to capture the resolution and detail of the 20 bit source in a 16 bit word. Apogee’s UV22 is used by virtually all major mastering facilities for 20 bit to 16 bit reduction for CD mastering.
AD-1000 Operating Manual Pull-Up and Pull-Down Sync Two other positions of the SAMPLE RATE Selector provide the unique ability to increase or decrease the input sampling rate by a 1.001 ratio. Utilizing the above settings, any WC (Word Clock/Sync) input will be multiplied or divided by 1.001. For example a 44.056 kHz WC input will deliver 44.1 kHz locked to the input. Illumination of the 44 LED indicates lock. Users tell us this feature has saved the day in situations where the wrong sample rate was used.
AD-1000 Operating Manual The SAMPLE RATE Selector should be in the 6 o’clock – straight down – position. In this sync source mode, the AD-1000 normally outputs the same frequency as the S/PDIF signal connected to the Sync Input. Two other positions of the SAMPLE RATE Selector provide the unique ability to increase the input sampling rate by a 1.001 ratio. Optical Sync Input The optical sync source comes in via the optical cable input connector located on the rear panel.
AD-1000 Operating Manual Locking to an NTSC Video Sync Source Connect the video reference to one of the BNC connectors on the rear panel. Termination is not necessary if looping to another device and the last device in the chain is terminated with 75Ω. NOTE: The video must be correctly terminated for proper AD-1000 sync operation. 75Ω termination is available by switching a DIP switch on the top of the AD-1000. Select switch position 1 to ON for 75Ω termination.
AD-1000 Operating Manual Valid Sample Rate Selector Positions Sync Source Pwr Switch Internal Crystal Either Word Clock Either AES Sync In Either SPDIF Sync In Either SPDIF Optical In NOR ADAT Optical In ADA NTSC Video In Either PAL Video In Either 60 Hz Video In Either 32 44.056 44.1 44.144 47.952 48 48.048 1.
AD-1000 Operating Manual Rear Panel Functions and Locations Analog Audio Inputs A A D B E 15-pin HD connector: Power (+12vdc) Word Clock out S/PDIF out SDIF out 256 Fs out C Analog In Left XLR Female Analog In Right XLR Female AES/EBU Out XLR Male F BNC Sync In S/PDIF Out S/PDIF + ADAT TOSLink Optical & Digital Ins* *Word Clock, video; AES sync, S/PDIF sync; AES Audio, S/PDIF Audio. Both connectors tied together (loop through) Unused connector should be terminated.
AD-1000 Operating Manual Advanced Operations The DIP Switches – Location and Function There are eight small switches located on the top of the unit that are accessible with a small screwdriver or pin The default position is with all switches set to the off position. The switches serve the following functions.
AD-1000 Operating Manual Technical Input Information Input Impedance The AD-1000 is set up to easily match and interface to most any analog audio input. The AD-1000 input assumes the source impedance (from the unit driving the AD-1000) will be less than 600Ω and probably more like output impedances of 50 to 100Ω.
AD-1000 Operating Manual Precise Calibration using One LED When you need to make a mix from your analog mixing console, it is necessary to calibrate your AD-1000 to the output of the mixing console. The AD-1000 incorporates a unique feature to enable you to simply match the digital output to within a hair width of your console’s meters. The –12 LED is much more flexible than the labeling would make it appear.
AD-1000 Operating Manual Digital Headroom Explained ANALOG METER AD-1000 LEDs DIGITAL OUTPUT MAX. ANALOG +19dBu LEVEL +19 dBu with +4dBu @ 0 ref 0dB 0 dB Full Scale -2/SL dB LED ON* 15 dB HEADROOM '-12' dB ON ANALOG NOMINAL +4dBu TYPICALLY 0dB -15dB +.05dB '-12' dB LED Blinks '-12' dB OFF - ∞ COMPARISON OF ANALOG INPUT TO DIGITAL OUTPUT WITH 15dB HEADROOM AND +4 dBu REFERENCE ANALOG METER AD-1000 LEDs DIGITAL OUTPUT MAX.
AD-1000 Operating Manual Options and Enhancements AD1000 UV22 Digital Through Option The UV22 digital through option gives the AD-1000 the ability to process digital input signals with Apogee’s award-winning UV22 encoding technique, which preserves the audio quality of 20-bit signals in a 16-bit environment. (The standard AD-1000 includes UV22 encoding, but only on analog input signals. Digital signals may be format-converted but not encoded in the standard model.
AD-1000 Operating Manual General notes on ADAT Recording The AD-1000 has the ability to output the ADAT digital format (on Toslink Optical) allowing you to bypass the A/D converters in the ADAT recorder and get the legendary Apogee sound on ADAT. The following pages contain information on how to accomplish this in a number of different ways. There are, however, some basic concepts that need to be understood first.
AD-1000 Operating Manual However, many people have come to depend on the superior audio quality of using UV22 to record their 16-bit tracks, and report no significant audio damage by using UV22 again when the recording is mastered. The bottom line here is that you need to be the judge of your own recordings. Listen to the music as it goes through its various stages of tracking, mixing, editing, sequencing and mastering. If you like what you hear, then its OK. If you don’t, then its not.
AD-1000 Operating Manual Recording with the BRC as the master (AD-1000 as the slave) 75Ω Coax 48 kHz Out Terminate w/75Ω Fiber-Optic Cable ADAT “Digital In” Optical Out BRC Digital In AD-1000 Sync Source: WC Sample rate: 6 o’clock BRC: Internal Sync Sync 9-pin D Sync 9-pin D ADAT w/BRC – BRC as Master 1. Connect the output from your console or microphone to the AD-1000 XLR input connectors. (When viewing the AD-1000 from the rear, the Left XLR is on the left side) 2.
AD-1000 Operating Manual WC Out 15-pin HD ADAT “Digital In” ADAT “Digital In” 75Ω Coax ADAT “Digital In” Digital In Sync 9-pin D Digital In Sync 9-pin D Digital In Sync 9-pin D 75Ω Coax First AD-1000 (top): Sync Source Crystal; sample rate 44.1 or 48 kHz. Other AD-1000s: Sync Source WC; sample rate set to 6 o’clock position.
AD-1000 Operating Manual Recording To record a true 20 bit signal onto an ADAT recorder (which is a 16-bit recorder) the following steps must be taken: 1. Connect optical cable from AD-1000 optical output to the optical input of the destination ADAT. Set ADAT to “digital input.” Note: the optical cables cannot be “looped thru” ie, multiple input to output connections made as in “digital track- bouncing” mode. Only connect between AD-1000 and the machine to be recorded on to. 2.
AD-1000 Operating Manual Special notes and restrictions: 1. ADAT format cannot be transmitted while the AD-1000 is set to digital input “DIG.” 2. ADAT format cannot be transmitted and received simultaneously. As a result, the AD-1000 cannot be connected in an optical “loop.” 3. While transmitting ADAT, the AD1000 outputs AES “black” - a sync signal with no data. 4. While synced to video, the AD-1000 will only transmit 44.056 kHz or 47.952 kHz sample rates in ADAT mode. 5.
AD-1000 Operating Manual Recording On To the DA-88 From an AD-1000 Using Video Sync 1. Connect the output of your console or microphones to the Sync Source XTAL AD-1000 XLR input connectors. Fiber-Optic Sample Rate Cable 2. Select the appropriate analog input (+4 CAL, –10 CAL, or 44.1 / 48 kHz Power Sw: ADAT MIC) on the INPUT SELECT switch. ADAT In WC Out 3. Set the front panel power switch of the AD-1000 to ADAT when using the Apogee FC-8 Format Converter.
AD-1000 Operating Manual S/PDIF and Word Clock (WC) Output Operation The S/PDIF and Word Clock (WC) outputs are available on the 15-pin HD connector on the rear of the AD-1000 (the same connector that is the power supply input). This cable can be ordered from your Apogee dealer (PS1000/AD-1000 cable) or use the diagram overleaf if you want to make it yourself. Please note the WC output is on different pins than on the AD-500, so the equivalent AD-500 cable (PS-1000/AD) will not work on the AD1000.
AD-1000 Operating Manual 5 4 10 15 3 9 14 2 8 13 1 7 12 6 11 AD-1000 HD15 connector (J1) pin numbering viewed looking into the connector on the unit from the outside (numbers are as molded on the connector itself) J1 S/PDIF 1 2 SHIELD SHIELD WC UNBAL 75Ω 3 (BLACK) 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 CHASSIS GND SHIELD (from PSU) 12 13 14 15 GRAY (from PSU) +12v rtn (gnd) WHITE (from PSU) +12v (Bat) AD-1000 HD15 connections – S/PDIF Page 44
AD-1000 Operating Manual 5 4 10 15 3 9 14 2 8 13 1 7 12 6 11 AD-1000 HD15 connector (J1) pin numbering viewed looking into the connector on the unit from the outside (numbers are as molded on the connector itself) J1 1 2 SHIELD WC UNBAL 75Ω 3 (BLACK) 4 5 RIGHT (RED) SDIF-2 SHIELD 6 7 8 LEFT (WHITE) SHIELD 9 10 11 CHASSIS GND SHIELD (from PSU) 12 13 14 15 GRAY (from PSU) +12v rtn (gnd) WHITE (from PSU) +12v (Bat) AD-1000 HD15 connections – SDIF-2 Page 45
AD-1000 Operating Manual Appendix I – UV22 Super CD Encoding Squeezing more performance from a standard CD is not a new idea. It began with adding white noise, called dither, to the digital audio. Plain dither was followed by different flavors of dither noise, then a process called ‘noise shaping’ and more recently various forms of so-called ‘bit mapping’. Independent listening tests confirm that these systems either color the recordings we are trying to preserve, or compromise the audible noise floor.
AD-1000 Operating Manual Something For Nothing? If we take a well-recorded 16-bit digital audio source and we decide to add some digital EQ, compression, gain change, de-click, de-crackle or even the latest surround-sound process, we are digitally manipulating our 16-bit numbers. We don’t get more audio information out than we put in, but we do get numbers with resolution greater than the 16 bit input signal.
AD-1000 Operating Manual “Listening tests have shown the Apogee UV22’s 16-bit output is the closest to what we hear on our 20-bit source. It’s really like getting something for nothing. “We chose the Ravel recording to test dithering schemes because of its wide dynamic range, distinct imaging and deep sound stage. The piece opens with very low level tympani, high woodwinds and light strings and slowly builds to a 250-voice and orchestra crescendo.
AD-1000 Operating Manual “UV22 rounds out the rough edges of digital” —Stephen Marcussen, Precision Mastering, Hollywood “[The Apogee UV22] rounds out the rough edges of digital. I put material through the UV22 at below –60 dB and you could clearly hear the low-level information. It was much smoother and much more intact”. “The low-level stuff was really nice and smooth.” “The signal with the UV22 was a lot clearer than without.
AD-1000 Operating Manual Appendix II – Digital Audio Interconnects Digital Audio Without Making Your Eyes Glaze Over You’ve probably read, or at least started to read many articles on digital audio. Like many people, you may be guilty of skipping the technical diagrams and jumping to the last page for the conclusions. Understanding how digital audio works is akin to getting into the details of how MIDI controls musical instruments… it’s handy information, but not necessary for making music.
AD-1000 Operating Manual The numbers of digital audio are transmitted in binary form. Instead of using our familiar ten-finger-oriented decimal numbers, we substitute one-finger binary numbers. Any decimal number can be represented as a binary number and vice versa. The big advantage of using binary coding to represent digital audio samples is that each individual digit of a complete binary number takes only one of two values instead of the ten when we use our familiar decimal method of counting.
AD-1000 Operating Manual rate tempo and add faster multiples many times higher than the drummers sixteenth-note example. Now imagine what would happen to the drummer’s playing if we put slight, random variations in his click track reference. The drummer would try to follow the changing tempo but because the changes were unpredictable, he would overshoot the click tempo as it moved up and down. The random click track variations around a perfectly steady tempo could be called tempo jitter.
AD-1000 Operating Manual Mitsubishi (Melco) PD Interface The Mitsubishi 2-track and multitrack interconnect formats are similar to the Sony SDIF format – but not enough for direct compatibility. Like the Sony format, the Mitsubishi 2 track “DUB” connections are unbalanced, although different in their ability to directly drive high speed optical isolators on the receiving end (for improved ground isolation).
AD-1000 Operating Manual on a twisted pair of wires enclosed in an outer metal shield. The shield is usually a continuous, flexible braided wire jacket or in applications where flex is unnecessary, a metal foil wrap is often used (inside patch bays and consoles for example). The shield provides a ground connection and reduces the influence of outside electrical interference on the two wires carrying the audio. Two wires are used instead of one to further reduce the effects of outside interference.
AD-1000 Operating Manual Revision History Manual Revision Rev 0.1 1/27/95 Rev 0.2 6/8/95 Installed New Graphic Elements Rev 0.3 6/19/95 Added changes and revisions to entire manual. Rev 2.0 8/6/96 Complete revision and reworking including additional section covering new options Rev 2.
