Specifications

Glossary
126
• 2:3 Pull Down: Film (24Hz) to Video (USA/60Hz) transfert:
adding 1 Video Field (1/60 Sec) every 2 Film Images (@ 24
Image/s) on the following sequence: 2+1, 2, 2+1, 2 ...etc,
that is 3,2,3,2...so it gives 5 Video Fields for 2 film Images
(83.3 milliseconds).
• 2:2 Pull Down: Film (25Hz) to Video transfert for “Europe
/Asia” (50Hz): by simply running the Film telecinema 4%
faster, it transfers 24 to 25 images/s, so it gives 1 Film
image (@ 25 images/s) for 2 Video Fields (@ 1/50 sec), that
also gives 1 Film for 1 Frame video (@ 1/25 Sec) thus: 2
Films = 2 Frames Video (the resulting +4% audio pitch is
quite negligible; less than 1/2 tone for almost all applications)
• 3 LEVEL SYNC: See Tri-Level sync.
• 8514/A: IBM
®
’s first interlaced Computer resolution
(1024 x 768 at 86 kHz -i-)
A
• AAC: Advanced Audio Coding: high efficiency audio com-
pression algorithm
• AC3: Compressed Multi-Channel Digital Audio enco-
ding for Home Theater application, designed by
Dolby
©
Laboratories
• ADAPTATIVE MOTION COMPENSATION: System
that minimizes visible artifacts contained in some ani-
mated images, by calculating new pixels or lines accor-
ding to the motion of the picture
•
ADSL: Asymetrical Digital Subscriber Line (about
500 KBits/s sent & 2 Mbits/s received)
• AM: Amplitude Modulation
•
AMPLIFIER: Interface with a signal more powerful in output
than in input. Allows several video or audio signals to be
transmitted and distributed
• ANALOG: An analog "message" is the source of "real-
world" signals that can be found everywhere. An ana-
log signal provides infinite continuous and variable
values from one position to another. A CRT
monitor/projector and a standard audio & video device
uses analog signals (versus Digital signals)
• ANAMORPHIC: Pre-encoded enlarged DVD picture
• ANSI: American National Standards Institute which
sets standards either in Audio (i.e.: filter) or Video (i.e.:
1000 Lumens ANSI -Video Projectors brightness)
• ANTI-FLICKER: System which significantly eliminates
video output flicker (see flicker)
•
ARTIFACTS: Abnormal disruption of the image that
looks like spots, cross color, scratch, steps effects, etc.
• ASCII: American Standard Code for Information
Interchange. A standard code is used to exchange
information between a device and a computer (i.e.:
Keyboard). Analog Way uses ASCII code for its
remote controls
• ASPECT RATIO: Ratio between a picture's width and
height. The aspect ratio is mostly 4/3 for TV or 16/9 for
HDTV. It still remains constant regardless of the
screen size. There can also be specific sizes such as
Panavision™, 14/9, Wide Screen, etc.
• ATM: Asynchronous Transfert Mode
• ATSC: Advanced Television System Committee, American
association that defines present and future High Definition
Television (HDTV)
• AUTOSCAN: Describes a device such as a Scan
Converter or Up/Down Converter that automatically reco-
gnizes any standard or specific format (resolution and
synchronization) connected to its input
B
• BACK PORCH: Portion of a video waveform between the
rising edge of the horizontal sync. and the blanking edge
(non-visible part)
• BALANCED AUDIO: The balanced (or differential)
Audio system is made up of 3 conductors: the plus (+),
minus (-) and ground. The + and - are of opposite pha-
ses so that it can drive a very long length of cable
without any noise
•
BANDWIDTH: Range of frequencies that a signal can pass
through a product without any distortion or loss of quality.
The higher and wider the bandwidth, the better the resulting
signal. The bandwidth is the difference between the highest
and the lowest frequency of a signal, usually at -3dB of
attenuation (0.7) from its maximum level
• BETACAM™: Broadcast Video Recorder, providing a YUV
output (Sony
®
)
• BETAMAX™: Early consumer VCR with Composite
only (Sony
®
)
•
BLACK BURST: Composite video signal, with a black
picture used to synchronize (Genlock) certain video
equipment together, thereby aligning the output. The
signal is made up of vertical and horizontal sync. and
Chroma burst information (1 wire)
• BLACK LEVEL: This is the darkest level that an
image can be. Usually, the adjustment of black level is
set by the brightness control. The Black level is also
the level of the video signal, which involves the blan-
king
• BLANKING: Part of a signal, being the interval bet-
ween the end of one line or frame and the beginning
of the following one. For example, it represents the
turn off of a CRT display's beam (non visible) between
2 horizontal lines (horizontal blanking) or between 2
vertical frames or fields of a picture (vertical blanking)
•
BLUETOOTH: Radio Frequency Network for bidirectio-
nal communication (up to 10 or 100 meters) at 2,4 GHz
• BNC CONNECTOR: Coaxial connector that can easily be
locked. These connectors are widely used for video broad-
cast interconnections
• BOOSTED OUTPUT: Amplified output to drive heavy
loads or long coaxial cables
•
BOOSTER: Device that enables long distance signal driving.
Can also provide several outputs (see Distribution Amplifier)
• BREAKAWAY: When the audio and video signals from
the same source can be separated and used indepen-
dently
• BRIGHTNESS: Intensity of the video level being the
quantity of brightness emitted by the display (offset of
a visible part of the video picture)
•
BUFFER: Electronic device with a unity gain, that allows
an input signal to be "isolated" from the output signal
• B-Y: See UV
C
• CABLE EQUALIZATION: Technology for compensa-
ting the High Frequency quality losses in long distance
cable applications
• CAD: Computer Aided Design, Software and
Hardware used in design work
•
CANNON™: Sometimes called "D" connector, originally
manufactured by ITT/CANNON
®
for the early industrial field
• CAPTIVE SCREW: Connector with 3 or 5 wires for balan-
ced & unbalanced Audio (i.e. PHOENIX
®
)
• C.C.I.R: Comité Consultatif International Radiocom-
munication, committee that sets European TV stan-
dards (taken over by ITU)
• C.C.I.T.T: Consultative Committee on International
Telegraphy & Telephony
• C.C.T.V: Closed Caption TV or Closed Circuit TV, res-
tricted area for TV broadcasting
•
CE: Comformité Européenne (European Compliance). CE
label is assigned to a product complying with the European
Union (EU) directive for EMI, RFI Interference and Safety
• CD: Digital Audio Compact Disc, designed by Philips
®
,
Marantz
®
, Sony
®
• CGA: Color Graphic Adaptor. IBM's first low resolution
display format 640 x 200 for computers with a 4/16
color (TTL signal), at 15 kHz Line Frequency
• CHROMINANCE: Color information contained in a
video signal. The chrominance is independent from
the luminance. A video picture without any chromi-
nance would be Black and White
• CINCH: Connector (coaxial) mainly used in Audio and
Video. See RCA
®
• CMRR: Common Mode Rejection Ratio, ratio of useful &
noise signals expressed in dB. In this case, a useful signal
is "differential", noise is "common mode" (see Balanced)
• CMYK: Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black are colors
used for printing. It is the opposite in Video that ins-
tead of adding colors to make white subtracts colors to
make white. If C=M=Y=K=0, it is white (no ink)
• COLOR DIFFERENCE: See U,V
•
COLOR SATURATION: The amount of color versus
white brightness. "Dark Blue" is more saturated than
"Light Blue"
• COLOR SUBCARRIER: See Subcarrier
•
COMB FILTER: Improved video delay line filter for separa-
tion between the Luma and the Chroma. It is called a comb
filter because its frequency response looks like a comb
• COMPONENT VIDEO: Video signal (also called YUV / Y,
R-Y, B-Y / BETACAM™, DVCAM™ (Sony) / MII™,
DVCPRO™ (JVC, Panasonic)) widely used in broadcas-
ting. The quality level is better than Y/C and Composite
Video signals. The advantage is that the Y luminance is
separated from the Chrominance U&V. The Component
Video signal is transmitted with 3 coaxial cables
• COMPOSITE SYNC.: Signal made of Horizontal and
Vertical synchronization pulses that does not contain
Chrominance and Luminance information. Sometimes it can
also be called "C.SYNC", "SYNC", "COMP" (1 coaxial wire)
• COMPOSITE VIDEO: Video signal that combines the
modulated Chrominance, the Luminance and the
Sync. pulses. The signal is transmitted by a single
coaxial cable. It is usually called PAL, SECAM or
NTSC
•
CONTACT CLOSURE: Used for remote control of basic
functions. Splicing of conductors allowing the electrical
signal to pass
• CONTRAST: The range of the minimum and the maxi-
mum brightness values
• CPU: Central Processing Unit
• CRCB: Also called Digital U,V
•
CROSS COLOR: Diaphony between luminance and
chrominance in Composite video signals. Often seen on
fine verticals lines of a TV set (High Frequencies transi-
tions)
• CRT: Cathode Ray Tube. Vacuum tube for displays, in
which electrons are projected onto a phosphor screen
to produce light and further images. This technology is
used in televisions and computer monitors
D
• D1: Term used for a broadcaster digital video signal.
Equivalent to serial or parallel digitized YUV that is
sampled in a 4:2:2 form with 8 or 10 quantified bits.
About 270 Mbits per second (non-compressed)
• D2: Digital composite video (PAL & NTSC), non-com-
pressed, it is about 143 & 116 Mbits/sec
• D2 MAC PAQUET: Early European High Definition
Television Standard
•
D CONNECTOR: Connector generally used with compu-
ters. DB or D have 2 rows of pins (see also HD connec-
tor)
• DAT: Digital Audio Transport, commonly called Tape. It
was created to record information in a digital form.
• DATA MONITOR: Term used to define the computer or
display monitors that cannot display TV/Video signals
(15 kHz). A Data monitor's starting frequency is of
about 31 kHz or more (VGA, SVGA...)
• DDWG: Display Digital Working Group, open manufac-
turer group for defining the display connection topic.
• DECIBEL (dB): Logarithmic ratio of two "powers" or
"voltage" in term of losses or gains (1/10 of a Bel). It is
commonly used in Audio systems: OdB is a gain of
unity and -3dB is a gain of 0.7
• DECODER:
Video (TV scan) device that transforms a
Composite or Y/C signal into an YUV or RGB base-
band, with no change in Horizontal and Vertical fre-
quencies
• DECT: Digitally Enhanced Cordless Telephony
(Europe)
• DFP: Digital Flat Panel (connector & interfacing)
• DIFFERENTIAL AUDIO: see balanced
•
DIGITAL: Way of coding an analog signal. A Digital signal