AISwitch TM AI2524 Router User’s Manual August 1997 Applied Innovation Inc.
AI2524 Router User’s Manual AISwitch TM
Applied Innovation Inc.
AI2524 Router User’s Manual Copyright Notice Copyright © 1983-1997 by Applied Innovation Incorporated (AII). The material discussed in this manual is the proprietary property of AII. AII retains all rights to reproduction and distribution of this document. AISwitch, AISwitch Series 180, and AISwitch Series 130 are registered trademarks of AII. UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and other countries, licensed exclusively through X/Open Company Limited.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ..............................................................................................1-1 Documentation Overview .............................................................................................1-1 Related Documentation.................................................................................................1-3 Contact Information .....................................................................................
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Command Modes ..........................................................................................................4-3 User EXEC Mode Commands .........................................................................4-6 Privileged EXEC Mode Commands ................................................................4-7 ROM Monitor Mode Commands.....................................................................4-8 Global Configuration Mode Commands.......................
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Use Setup after First-Time Startup ..................................................................5-19 Use the Streamlined Setup Facility..................................................................5-27 Chapter 6: Using the System Configuration Dialog .................................................6-1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................6-1 System Configuration Dialog.....
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Generate a Default Route .................................................................................8-7 Configure Lookup of DNS Names ..................................................................8-7 Force the Router ID Choice with a Loopback Interfac .................................. 8-8 Disable Default OSPF Metric Calculation Based on Bandwidth ....................8-8 Configure OSPF on Simplex Ethernet Interfaces ............................................
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Example: Dynamic Routing in Overlapping Areas ......................................... 9-13 Example: Dynamic Interdoma inRouting ........................................................9-15 Configure ISO IGRP Parameters .....................................................................9-17 Configure IS-IS Dynamic Routing ...............................................................................9-19 Enable IS-IS ......................................................
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Configure Miscellaneous TARP PDU Information ......................................... 9-64 Monitor and Maintain the TARP Protocol.......................................................9-64 Examples: TARP Configuration ......................................................................9-65 Chapter 10: Serial Interface Configuration Steps ..................................................10-1 Introduction ..................................................................
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Chapter 12: AI2524 X.25 Configuration Steps .......................................................12-1 Introduction .................................................................................................................12-1 X.25 Configuration .....................................................................................................12-1 X.25 Configuration Task List ........................................................................
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Substitute Addresses in a Local X.25 Rout ..................................................12-39 Configure XOT Alternate Destinations .........................................................12-39 Configure CMNS Routing ..........................................................................................12-40 Enable CMNS on an Interface .......................................................................12-40 Specify a CMNS Static Map of Addresses .................
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Configure LAPF Parameters..........................................................................13-12 Configure Frame Relay Traffic Shaping.....................................................................13-13 Enable Frame Relay Traffic Shaping on the Interface................................... 13-14 Specify a Traffic-Shaping Map Class for the Interfac ................................. 13-14 Define a Map Class with Queuing and Traffic Shaping Parameters ............
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Chapter 15: 56/64-kbps Switched and Digital Data Services (DDS) Interface Configuration Steps...............................................................................................................15-1 Introduction .................................................................................................................15-1 Set the Clock Source ...................................................................................................
Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 1: Introduction Documentation Overview This manual documents the use and operation of the AI2524 in an AISwitch system. These topics are covered: Chapter 1 Introduction This chapter provides a documentation overview, related documentation, contact infor mation, and text conventions. Chapter 2 AI2524 Overview This chapter describes the Cisco IOS software features and AI2524 hardware specifications.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Chapter 8 AI2524 Protocol Configuration Steps This chapter describes how to configure th AI2524 for OSPF TCP/IP, IGRP TCP/IP, and RIP TCP/IP. Chapter 9 AI2524 OSI/CLNP Configuration Steps This chapter describes how to configure th AI2524 for ISO IGRP dynamic routing, IS-IS dynamic routing, and CLNS static routing. Chapter 10 Serial Interface Configuration Steps This chapter describes how to configure synchronous serial interfaces.
Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 18 System Error Messages This chapter contains a link to the AI2524/ Cisco IOS v. 11.2 documentation CD. Chapter 19 Debug Command Reference This chapter contains a link to the AI2524/ Cisco IOS v. 11.2 documentation CD. Appendix A AISwitch Release Note Includes the release notes for this version. Appendix B Acronyms This appendix defines acronyms used in this manual.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Contact Information To register documentation, contact Applied Innovation Inc. at: Applied Innovation Inc. Publications Dept. 5800 Innovation Dr. Dublin, OH 43216-3271 Phone (614) 798-2000 (800) 247-9482 FAX (614) 798-1770 Email aidoc@aiinet.com Register your documentation by completing the registration form. The most current version of release notes and the AI198 CLC User’s Manual are available on the Applied Innovation web site at: http://www.aiinet.
Chapter 1: Introduction Text Conventions Important concepts throughout this manual are emphasized with these special text styles: [Buttons] Function buttons that appear on a screen ar shown in regular body text and enclosed in square brackets. For example: [Close] [Send] Commands In command lines, type text that appears in this style exactly as shown: avdumpdb BNC OFF Press the or key after all commands. Variable Arguments Variable arguments are text that you specify.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual [Optional Arguments] Some arguments are optional. This means that you have the choice of including them or not. Optional arguments are shown enclosed in square brackets, which are not entered. For example: avrestore [directory] means that you type avrestore and (if you need to include a directory) type the actual path name. CFGMSG n, [DEFAULT] means that you type CFGMSG followed by message number, a comma, and (optionally) the word DEFAULT without brackets.
Chapter 1: Introduction Labels Labels are used in diagrams to designat physical components such as jumper straps, switches, and cable connectors. For example: COM1 BOOT1 If the physical component being described is part of the text, it appears as regular type: To reset the COM1 port connector, press th BOOT switch. Menu | Submenu Menu selections are shown in bold text. The bar separates the main menu from submenus.
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Chapter 2: AI2524 Overview Chapter 2: AI2524 Overview Introduction This chapter describes the Cisco IOS software features and the AI2524 hardware specifications. The AI2524 multi-protocol router adds the Cisco Internetworking Operating System (IOSTM) routing software to the NEBS compliant AISwitch 180 Series. The AI2524 adds leading edge routing capabilities through TCP/IP and OSI networks to the AI 180 Switch protocol conversion and data port concentration capabilities.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual RS-232 DTE or DCE, EIA-530 DTE, RS-449 DTE or DCE, OR V.35, DTE or DCE, up to E1 speeds. Software Features and Functions The AI 2524 incorporates Cisco IOS software.
Chapter 2: AI2524 Overview also provides network access to terminals, printers, workstations, and other networks. On LANs, terminal services support Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) on UNIX machines with Telnet and rlogin connections. You can use the router to make connections between hosts and resources running different protocols, including router and access server connections to X.25 machines using X.25 Packet Assembler/Disassembler (PAD).
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Figure 2-1:Remote Access Functionality Figure 2-1 illustrates the functions available on access servers: Page 2-4 z Remote node service is demonstrated by the telecommuter’s (remote) PC connection running SLIP, PPP, CSLIP, or XRemote z Terminal service is shown between the terminals and hosts run ning the same protocol (LAT-to-LAT or TCP-to-TCP) z Protocol translation is shown between the terminals and hosts running unlike protocols (LAT-to-TCP or TCP-to-LAT) z As
Chapter 2: AI2524 Overview Management and Security The Cisco IOS software provides an array of network management and security capabilities. Integrated management simplifies administrative procedures and shortens the time required to diagnose and fix problems. Automated operations reduce hands-on tasks and make it possible to manage large, geographically dispersed internetworks with a small staff of experts located at a central site.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual WAN protocols z Frame Relay z High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) z PPP z X.25 a Network protocols z IP z OSI Connectionless Network Services (CLNS) and Connection Mode Network Services (CMNS) IP Routing Protocols The Cisco IOS software supports IP routing protocols, including interior gateway protocols and exterior gateway protocols.
Chapter 2: AI2524 Overview Connections External Connection Requirements The AI2524 provides LAN and WAN access in a modular router platform. The router includes an Ethernet (AUI or 10BaseT) LAN connection, and accommodates two synchronous serial modules.
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Chapter 3: Configuration Overview Chapter 3: Configuration Overview Introduction This chapter provides a brief overview of three ways that the AI2524 can be configured including: z Configuration Mode z AutoInstall z System Configuration Dialog These three and other procedures are described in detail in this manual. The first time the router is powered and booted, you must enter basic configuration information and save the configuration to a file in NVRAM.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual 5. If a valid configuration file is not found in NVRAM, the router runs the System Configuration Dialog so you can configure it manually. For normal router operation, there must be a valid Cisco IOS image in Flash memory and a configuration file in NVRAM. The first time you boot your router, you will need to configure the router interfaces and then save the configuration to a file in NVRAM.
Chapter 3: Configuration Overview 3. After a few seconds you will see the user EXEC prompt (Router> . Enter the enable command to enter enable mode. You can only make configuration changes in enable mode. Router> enable The prompt changes to the privileged EXEC (enable) prompt: Router# 4. Enter the configure terminal command at the enable prompt to enter configuration mode: Router# configure terminal You can now enter any changes you want to the configuration.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Save the Configuration To make your changes permanent, enter the copy running-config startup-config command at the enable prompt: Router# copy running-config startup-config The router is now configured and will boot with the configuration you entered.
Chapter 3: Configuration Overview z Which WAN protocols you will run on each interface (for exam ple: Frame Relay, HDLC, SMDS, and X.25) z Which routing protocol you will use for each network protocol The Cisco IOS software provides a user interface called a command interpreter, or EXEC, that allows you to configure and manage th router or access server. The user interface also provides context-sensitive help.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Use the Web Browser Interface You can issue most of the AI2524 commands using a Web browser. You access the Web Browser interface through the router's home page. AI2524 routers loaded with the latest version of the Cisco IOS software have a home page, which is password protected. From the router's home page, click on the Monitor the Router hyper text link. This link takes you to a Web page that has a Command field.
Chapter 4: Understanding the User Interface Chapter 4: Understanding the User Interface Introduction This chapter describes the features of the user interface.The AI2524 user interface provides access to several different command modes. Each command mode provides a group of related commands. This chapter describes how to access and list the commands available in each command mode and explains the primary uses for each command mode.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual feature that is disabled by default. For example, IP routing is enabled by default. To disable IP routing, specify the no ip routing command and specify ip routing to reenable it. The user interface also provides context-sensitive help for command syntax. This chapter describes how to use the help system. It also de scribes the command editing and command history features that enable you to recall and easily edit command entries.
Chapter 4: Understanding the User Interface Command Modes This section describes how to access each of the AI2524 command modes, including: z User EXEC Mode Commands z Privileged EXEC Mode Commands z ROM Monitor Mode Commands z Global Configuration Mode Commands These command modes are accessible from global configuration mode: z Interface Configuration Mode Commands z Subinterface Configuration Mode Commands z Router Configuration Mode z IPX-Router Configuration Mode z Route-Map Configur
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual configuration command. The following table does not include all o the possible ways to access or exit each command mode. For all command modes, typing a question mark (?) at the prompt will list the commands available. Refer to Context-Sensitive Help, for more information.
Chapter 4: Understanding the User Interface Command Mode Access Method Prompt Exit Method User EXEC Log in. Router> Use the logout command. Privileged EXEC From user EXEC mode, type enable (requires a password). Router# To exit back to user EXEC mode, type disable. To enter global configuration mode, use the configure privileged EXEC command. ROM monitor From privileged EXEC mode, type reload. Press during the first 60 seconds while the system is booting.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Command Mode (Contd.) Access Method Prompt Exit Method Key chain key configuration From key chain configuration mode, type key number. Router(config-keychainkey)# To exit to key chain configuration mode, type exit. To exit to global configuration mode, type exit command. To exit to privileged EXEC mode, type end or press . Response time reporter configuration From global configuration mode, type rtr probe.
Chapter 4: Understanding the User Interface Router> ? Exec commands: <1-99> connect disconnect enable exit help lat lock login logout menu mbranch mrbranch mtrace name-connection pad ping resume show systat telnet terminal tn3270 trace where x3 xremote Session number to resume Open a terminal connection Disconnect an existing telnet session Turn on privileged commands Exit from the EXEC Description of the interactive help system Open a lat connection Lock the terminal Log in as a particular use Exit from
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Router> enable Password: Router# ? Exec commands: bfe clear clock configure connect copy debug disable disconnect enable exit help lat llc2 lock login logout menu name-connection ping reload resume send setup show systat telnet terminal test tn3270 trace where which-route write x3 xremote For manual emergency modes setting Reset functions Manage the system clock Enter configuration mode Open a terminal connection Copy a config file to or from a tftp server Debugging functi
Chapter 4: Understanding the User Interface You can also enter ROM monitor mode by entering the reload EXEC command and then pressing during the first 60 seconds of system startup. To save changes to the configuration file, us the copy running-config startup-config command before issuing the reload command.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Global Configuration Mode Commands Global configuration commands apply to features that affect the system as a whole. Use the configure privileged EXEC command to enter global configuration mode.
Chapter 4: Understanding the User Interface Router# configure Configuring from terminal, memory, or network [terminal]? Enter configuration commands, one per line.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual tn3270 username vines X.25 xns tn3270 configuration command Establish User Name Authentication Vines global configuration commands X.25 Level 3 XNS global configuration commands Interface Configuration Mode Commands Many features are enabled on a per-interface basis. Interface configuration commands modify the operation of an interface such as an Ethernet, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), or serial port.
Chapter 4: Understanding the User Interface Router(config)# interface serial 0 Router(config-if)# ? Interface configuration commands: access-expression Build a bridge boolean access expression apollo Apollo interface subcommands appletalk Appletalk interface subcommands arp Set arp type (arpa, probe, snap) or timeout backup Modify dial-backup parameters bandwidth Set bandwidth informational parameter bridge-group Transparent bridging interface parameters clns CLNS interface subcommands clockrate Configure
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual transmitter-delay tunnel tx-queue-limit vines xns Set dead-time after transmitting a datagram protocol-over-protocol tunneling Configure card level transmit queue limit Vines interface subcommands XNS interface subcommands Subinterface Configuration Mode Commands You can configure multiple virtual interfaces (called subinterfaces) on a single physical interface. This feature is supported on serial inter faces with Frame Relay encapsulation.
Chapter 4: Understanding the User Interface Router(config)# interface serial 2 Router(config-if)# encapsulation frame-relay Router(config-if)# interface serial 2.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual This example displays how a router is configured to support the Routing Information Protocol (RIP).
Chapter 4: Understanding the User Interface Route-Map Configuration Mode Use the route-map configuration mode to configure routing table and source and destination information. In this example, a route map named arizona1 is configured.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual In this example, an IP access list named flag is created and the commands available in access-list configuration mode are listed.
Chapter 4: Understanding the User Interface Warning: When using context-sensitive help, the space (or lack of a space) before the question mark (?) is significant. Get Word Help To obtain a list of commands that begin with a particular character sequence, type in those characters followed immediately by the question mark (?). Do not include a space. This is called word help because it completes a word for you.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Router# co? configure connect copy z Router# configure ? memory network terminal Enter the configure command followed by a space and a question mark (?) to list the command's keywords and a brief explanation: Configure from NV memory Configure from a TFTP network host Configure from the terminal The symbol by itself indicates there are no more keywords or arguments. Press to execute the command.
Chapter 4: Understanding the User Interface Router(config)# access-list 99 ? deny Specify packets to reject permit Specify packets to forward z Enter the deny keyword followed by a question mark (?) to list additional options: Router(config)# access-list 99 deny ? A.B.C.D Address to match z Enter the IP address followed by a question mark (?) to list additional options: Router(config)# access-list 99 deny 131.108.134.0 ? A.B.C.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual The help output shows that the set keyword is required. Check the syntax for entering the time: Router# clock set ? hh:mm:ss Current time Router# clock set Enter the current time: Router# clock set 13:32:00 % Incomplete command. The system indicates that you need to provide additional arguments to complete the command. Press (refer to Command History Features) to automatically repeat the previous command entry.
Chapter 4: Understanding the User Interface Enter the year using the correct syntax and press to execut the command. Router# clock set 13:32:00 23 February 1997 Command History Features The Cisco IOS software user interface provides a history, or record, o commands that you have entered. This feature is particularly useful fo recalling long or complex commands or entries, including access lists. By default, the system records 10 command lines in its history buffer.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Editing Features The current software release includes an enhanced editing mode that provides a set of editing key functions similar to those of the Emacs editor. Notes: z Many of the commands described in this section refer to arrow keys as well as alternate keystrokes. Please note that arrow keys function only on ANSI-compatible terminals such as VT100s.
Chapter 4: Understanding the User Interface Editing Commands (Contd.) August 1997 2524UM Command Format Recall the next buffer entry. The buffer contains only the last 10 items you have deleted or cut. If you press more than 10 times, you will cycle back to the first buffer entry. Press Erase the character to the left of the cursor. Press or Delete the character at the cursor. Press Delete all characters from the cursor to the end of the command line.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Edit Command Lines that Wrap The Cisco IOS software assumes that you have a terminal screen that is 80 characters wide. If your terminal displays a different number of characters on each line, use the terminal width command. When the cursor reaches the right margin, the command line shifts 10 spaces to the left. You cannot see the first ten characters of the line, but you can scroll back and check the syntax at the beginning of the command.
Chapter 4: Understanding the User Interface Web Browser Interface You can issue most of the AI2524 commands using a Web browser. This AI2524 feature is accessed by using the Web Browser interface, which is accessed from the router's home page. From the router's home page, click on the Monitor the Router hyper text link to display a Web page with a Command field. You can typ commands in this field as if you were entering commands at a terminal connected to the router.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Access Your Router's Home Page Perform these steps to access the home page for your router or access server: 1. Enter the name of the router or access server in the URL field of your Web browser and press . The browser prompts you for the password for the router or access server. 2. Enter the password. Warning: The name and password for your router and access server are designated as part of the configuration process.
Chapter 4: Understanding the User Interface Issue Commands Using the Web Browser Interface To issue commands using the Web Browser interface, click Monitor the router in the first list of hypertext links on the home page. This displays the Web page shown in Figure 4-2.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Enter Commands Using the Command Field Entering the command in the command field is just like entering it at a terminal console. If you are uncertain of the options available for particular command, type a question mark (?). For example, typing show ? in the command field displays the parameters for the show command. The Web Browser interface displays the parameters as hypertext links.
Chapter 5: Using AutoInstall Chapter 5: Using AutoInstall Introduction This chapter provides information about AutoInstall, a procedure that allows you to configure a new router automatically and dynamically. The AutoInstall procedure involves connecting a new router to a network where an existing router is preconfigured, turning on the new router, and enabling it with a configuration file that is automatically downloaded from a Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) server.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual AutoInstall Requirements The AutoInstall process is designed to configure the router automatically after connection to your WAN. In order for AutoInstall to work properly, a Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) host on your network must be preconfigured to provide the required configuration files.
Chapter 5: Using AutoInstall 3. An IP address-to-host name mapping for the new router must be added to a Domain Naming System (DNS) database file. z If the existing router is to help automatically install the new route via an HDLC-encapsulated serial interface using Serial Line Address Resolution Protocol (SLARP), that interface must be configured with an IP address whose host portion has the value 1 or 2. (AutoInstall over Frame Relay does not have this address constraint.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Use a DOS-Based TFTP Server AutoInstall over Frame Relay and other WAN encapsulations support downloading configuration files from UNIX-based and DOS-based TFTP servers. Other booting mechanisms such as RARP and SLARP also support UNIX-based and DOS-based TFTP servers. The DOS format of the UNIX network-confg file that must reside on the server must be eight characters or fewer, with a three-letter exten sion.
Chapter 5: Using AutoInstall How AutoInstall Works Once the requirements for using AutoInstall are met, the dynamic configuration of the new router occurs in this order: 1. The new router acquires its IP address. Depending on the interface connection between the two routers and/or access servers, the new router's IP address is dynamically resolved by either SLARP requests or BOOTP or RARP requests. 2. The new router resolves its name through network-confg, cisconet.cfg, or DNS. 3.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Figure 5-1:Using SLARP to Acquire the New Router's IP Address z In response to BOOTP or RARP requests, an IP address is sent from the BOOTP or RARP server to newrouter. A BOOTP or RARP server must have already been set up to map newrouter's MAC address to its IP address.
Chapter 5: Using AutoInstall Figure 5-2:Use BOOTP or RARP to Acquire the New Router's IP Address AutoInstall over Frame Relay is a special case in that the existing router acts as a BOOTP server and responds to the incoming BOOTP request. Only a helper address and a Frame Relay map need to be set up. No MAC-to-IP address map is needed on the existing router. The AI2524 routers can be configured to act as a RARP server.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Figure 5-3:Dynamically Resolve the New Router's IP Address-to-Host Name Mapping Page 5-8 August 1997 2524UM
Chapter 5: Using AutoInstall The network-confg file is a configuration file generally shared by several routers. In this case, it maps the IP address of the new router (just obtained dynamically) to the name of the new router. The file networkconfg must reside on a reachable TFTP server and must be globally readable. This is an example of a minimal network-confg file that maps the IP address of the new router (131.108.10.2) to the name newrouter.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual When using AutoInstall over Frame Relay, you are put into setup mode while the AutoInstall process is running. If the configuration file is successfully installed, the setup process is terminated.
Chapter 5: Using AutoInstall Perform the AutoInstall Procedure To dynamically configure a new router using AutoInstall, complete these tasks. Steps 1, 2, and 3 are completed by the central administrator. Step 4 is completed by the person at the remote site. 1. Modify the existing router's configuration to support AutoInstall. 2. Set up the TFTP server to support AutoInstall. 3. Set up the BOOTP or RARP server if needed.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual 4. Optionally, configure a DCE clock rate for the serial line, unless an external clock is being used. This step is needed only for DCE appliques. clock rate bps 5. To exit configuration mode, press . 6. Save the configuration file to your startup configuration.
Chapter 5: Using AutoInstall 5. Save the configuration file to your startup configuration. This step saves the configuration to NVRAM. copy running-config startup-config Typically, the local-area network (LAN) interface and IP address ar already configured on the existing router. You might need to configur an IP helper address if the TFTP server is not on the same network as the new router.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual 4. Enter an IP address for the interface. This step sets the IP address of the existing router. ip address address mask 5. Configure a helper address for the TFTP server. ip helper-address address3 6. Optionally, configure a DCE clock rate for the serial line, unless an external clock is being used. This step is needed only for DCE applications. clock rate bps1 7. To exit configuration mode, press . 8. Save the configuration file to your startup configuration.
Chapter 5: Using AutoInstall 1. Enable TFTP on a server. Consult your host vendor's TFTP serve documentation and RFCs 906 and 783. 2. If you want to use a network-confg or cisconet.cfg file to resolve the new router's name, create the network-confg or cisconet.cfg file containing an IP address-to-host name mapping for the new router. Enter the ip host command into the TFTP config file, not into the router.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual net to connect to the new router from the existing router and use the setup facility to configure the rest of the interfaces. For example, th line in the network-confg or cisconet.cfg file could be similar to: ip host newrouter 131.108.170.
Chapter 5: Using AutoInstall 2. If RARP is to be used to resolve the new router's IP address, configure your RARP server. Refer to your host vendor's manual pages and to RFC 903. This example host configuration file contains the minimum set of commands needed for AutoInstall using RARP. It includes the IP address that will be obtained dynamically via BOOTP or RARP during the AutoInstall process. When RARP is used, this extra information is needed to specify the proper netmask for the interface.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Note: Verify that the existing and new routers and/or access servers are connected before entering th copy running-config startup-config EXEC command to save configuration changes. Use the ping EXEC command to verify connectivity. If an incorrect configuration file is downloaded, the new router will load NVRAM configuration information before it can enter AutoInstall mode.
Chapter 5: Using AutoInstall Use Setup for Configuration Changes The setup command facility is an interactive facility that allows you to perform first-time configuration and other basic configuration procedures on all routers. The facility prompts you to enter basic information needed to start a router quickly and uneventfully. Although the setup command facility is a quick way to set up a router, you can also use it after first-time startup to perform basic configuration changes.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual provides you with a high-level view of the configuration and guides you through the configuration change process. Additionally, if you are not familiar with the command parser, the setup command facility is a particularly valuable tool because it asks you the questions required to make configuration changes.
Chapter 5: Using AutoInstall Note: If any problems exist with the configuration file pointed to in NVRAM, or if the ignore NVRAM bit is set in th configuration register, the router enters the streamlined setup command facility. Refer to Use the Streamlined Setup Facility, for more information.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Configure Async lines? [yes]: Async line speed [9600]: 57600 Configure for HW flow control? [yes]: Configure for modems? [yes/no]: yes Configure for default chat script? [yes]: no Configure for Dial-in IP SLIP/PPP access? [no]: yes Configure for Dynamic IP addresses? [yes]: no Configure Default IP addresses? [no]: yes Configure for TCP Header Compression? [yes]: no Configure for routing updates on async links? [no]: Configure for Async IPX? [yes]: Configure for Appletalk Re
Chapter 5: Using AutoInstall AppleTalk starting cable range [2]: AppleTalk ending cable range [2]: AppleTalk zone name [ZZ Serial]: AppleTalk additional zone name: Configure IPX on this interface? [yes]: IPX network number [2]: Configuring interface Async1: IPX network number [4]: Default client IP address for this interface [none]: 172.16.72.4 Configuring interface Async2: IPX network number [5]: Default client IP address for this interface [172.16.72.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Default client IP address for this interface [172.16.72.
Chapter 5: Using AutoInstall appletalk cable-range 2-2 2.2 appletalk zone ZZ Serial ipx network 2 no mop enabled ! Interface Async1 ipx network 4 ip unnumbered Ethernet0 async default ip address 172.16.72.4 async mode interactive ! Interface Async2 ipx network 5 ip unnumbered Ethernet0 async default ip address 172.16.72.5 async mode interactive ! Interface Async3 ipx network 6 ip unnumbered Ethernet0 asyncdefault ip address 172.16.72.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual ! Interface Async9 ipx network C ip unnumbered Ethernet0 async default ip address async mode interactive ! Interface Async10 ipx network D ip unnumbered Ethernet0 async default ip address async mode interactive ! Interface Async11 ipx network E ip unnumbered Ethernet0 async default ip address async mode interactive ! Interface Async12 ipx network F ip unnumbered Ethernet0 async default ip address async mode interactive ! Interface Async13 ipx network 10 ip unnumbered Ethern
Chapter 5: Using AutoInstall Use this configuration? [yes/no]: yes Building configuration... Use the enabled mode 'configure' command to modify this configuration. Router# Use the Streamlined Setup Facility The streamlined setup command facility is available only if you router is running from ROM monitor and has RXBOOT ROMs installed. The streamlined setup command facility permits your router to load a system image from a network server when there are problems with the startup configuration.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Note: The message Configuring interface IP parameters for netbooting only appears if you are booting over a network server and your configuration has insufficient IP information. The streamlined setup command facility continues, prompting you fo interface parameters for each installed interface. The facility asks if an interface is in use. If so, the facility prompts you to provide an IP ad dress and subnet mask bits for the interface.
Chapter 6: Using the System Configuration Dialog Chapter 6: Using the System Configuration Dialog Introduction This chapter describes the System Configuration Dialog process using a sample configuration. The System Configuration Dialog can be manually used to configure the router instead of using AutoInstall. System Configuration Dialog If you do not plan to use AutoInstall (refer to the Using AutoInstall chapter), make sure all the WAN cables are disconnected from the router.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual in the subnet field (if applicable) of the Ethernet and synchronous serial ports. Take these steps to configure the router using the System Configura tion Dialog: 1. Connect a console terminal to the console connector on theAI2524. Note: The default parameters for the console port are 9600 baud, 8 data bits, no parity, and 2 stop bits. 2. After about 30 seconds, information similar to the following is displayed on the console screen.
Chapter 6: Using the System Configuration Dialog 32K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory. 8192K bytes of processor board System flash (Read ONLY) Notice: NVRAM invalid, possibly due to write erase. --- System Configuration Dialog --At any point you may enter a question mark '?' for help. Refer to the 'Getting Started' Guide for additional help. Use ctrl-c to abort configuration dialog at any prompt. Default settings are in square brackets '[]'.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual 6. Enter an enable secret password: The enable secret is a one-way cryptographic secret used instead of the enable password when it exists. Enter enable secret: pail The enable password is used when there is no enable secret and when using older software and some boot images. 7. Enter the enable and virtual terminal passwords: Enter enable password: shovel Enter virtual terminal password: vterm1 8.
Chapter 6: Using the System Configuration Dialog Refer to this table for ISDN switch types: Country Description Australia basic-ts013 Australian TS013 switches Europe basic-1tr6 German 1TR6 ISDN switches basic-nwnet3 Norwegian NET3 ISDN switches (phase 1) basic-net3 NET3 ISDN switches (UK and others) vn2 French VN2 ISDN switches vn3 French VN3 ISDN switches Japan ntt Japanese NTT ISDN switches North America basic-5ess AT&T basic rate switches basic-dms100 NT DMS-100 basic rate switch
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Chapter 7: Manually Loading System Images Chapter 7: Manually Loading System Images Introduction This chapter outlines the steps to load and maintain system images, microcode images, and configuration files. These instructions describe copying system images from routers to network servers (and vice versa), displaying and comparing different configuration files, and listing the Cisco IOS software version running on the router.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Image and Configuration File Load Task List To load and maintain system images, microcode images, and configuration files needed for startup, complete the tasks outlined in the next section. Note: The organization of tasks assumes you have a minimal configuration that you want to modify. The tasks in the first three sections are typical for all routers. Perform the remaining tasks as needed for your routing environment.
Chapter 7: Manually Loading System Images Retrieve System Images and Configuration Files If you have a minimal configuration that allows you to interact with the system software, you can retrieve other system images and configuration files from a network server and modify them for use in you routing environment. This section describes tasks related to retrieving system images and configuration files for modification.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Note: Be sure there is enough available space before copying a file to Flash memory. Use the show flash command and compare the size of the file you want to copy to the amount of available Flash memory shown. If the space available is less than the space required by the file you want to copy, the copy process will continue, but the entire file will not be copied into Flash memory.
Chapter 7: Manually Loading System Images This example demonstrates the use of the copy tftp flash command to copy a system image named gs7-k when Flash memory is too full to copy the file. The filename gs7-k can be in lowercase or uppercase; the system sees GS7-K as gs7-k. If more than one file of the sam name is copied to Flash, regardless of case, the last file copied is th valid file. env-chassis# copy tftp flash IP address or name of remote host [255.255.255.255]? dirt Translating "DIRT"...
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual transferred successfully. A series of V characters indicates that a checksum verification of the image is occurring after the image is written to Flash memory. Note: If you enter n after the Erase flash before writing? prompt, the copy process continues. If you enter y and confirm the erasure, the erase routine begins. Be sure you have enough Flash memory space before entering n at the erasure prompt.
Chapter 7: Manually Loading System Images You can copy normal or compressed images to Flash memory. You can produce a compressed system image on any UNIX platform using the compress command. Refer to your UNIX platform's documentation for the exact usage of the compress command. This example shows how to copy a system image named IJ09140Z into the current Flash configuration: Router# copy tftp flash IP address or name of remote host [255.255.255.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual cess to copy a different configuration to the router that is stored on a network server. You can copy a configuration file from a TFTP server to the running configuration or to the startup configuration. When you copy a configuration file to the running configuration, you copy to and run the file from RAM. When you copy a configuration file to the startup configuration, you copy it to the nonvolatile random-access memory (NVRAM).
Chapter 7: Manually Loading System Images 4. Save the configuration file to your startup configuration. This step saves the configuration to NVRAM.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual 2. List information about Flash memory, including system image filenames, amounts of memory used and remaining, and Flash partitions. show flash [all | chips | detailed | err | partition number [all | chips | detailed | err] | summary] 3. View the console output generated during the Flash load helpe operation. show flh-log 4. List the configuration information in running memory. show running-config 5. List the startup configuration information.
Chapter 7: Manually Loading System Images This example illustrates how to use this command: Router# verify flash Name of file to verify [gsxx]? Verifying via checksum... vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv Flash verification successful. Length = 1923712, checksum = 0xA0C1 Router# Reexecute the Configuration Commands in Startup Configuration You can reexecute the configuration commands stored in NVRAM.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Perform General Startup Tasks When modifying your routing environment, you perform general startup tasks. For example, to modify a configuration file, you enter configuration mode. You also modify the configuration register boot field to tell the router if and how to load a system image upon startup.
Chapter 7: Manually Loading System Images ever, you can list the comments in configuration files stored on a TFTP server. Configure the Cisco IOS software from the Terminal When you configure the software from the terminal, it executes the commands you enter at the system prompts. To configure the software from the terminal: 1. Enter configuration mode and select the terminal option. configure terminal 2. Enter the necessary configuration commands. 3. To exit configuration mode, press . 4.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual sence of critical configuration information. Refer to Use Setup for Configuration Changes, for details on the setup command facility.
Chapter 7: Manually Loading System Images In this example, the software is configured from the file tokyo-config at IP address 131.108.2.155: Router1# copy tftp running-config Host or network configuration file [host]? IP address of remote host [255.255.255.255]? 131.108.2.155 Name of configuration file [tokyo-confg]? Configure using tokyo-confg from 131.108.2.155? [confirm] y Booting tokyo-confg from 131.108.2.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual z When the entire boot field equals a value between 0-0-1-0 and 1-1-1-1, the router loads the system image specified by boot system commands in the startup configuration file. When the startup configuration file does not contain boot system commands, th router loads a default system image stored on a network server.
Chapter 7: Manually Loading System Images Perform the Boot Field Modification Tasks You modify the boot field from the hardware configuration register or the software configuration register, depending on the platform. The hardware configuration register can be changed only on the processor card or with dual in-line package (DIP) switches located at the back of the router. For information on modifying the hardware configuration register, refer to the appropriate hardware installation guide.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Router1# show version GS Software, Version 9.0(1) Copyright (c) 1986-1992 by Cisco Systems, Inc. Compiled Fri 14-Feb-92 12:37 System Bootstrap, Version 4.3 Router1 uptime is 2 days, 10 hours, 0 minute System restarted by reload System image file is unknown, booted via tftp from 131.108.13.111 Host configuration file is "thor-boots", booted via tftp from 131.108.13.111 Network configuration file is "network-confg", booted via tftp from 131.108.13.
Chapter 7: Manually Loading System Images Specify the Startup Configuration File Task List To specify a startup configuration file, perform either the first two tasks or the third task: z Download the Network Configuration File z Download the Host Configuration Fil Download the Network Configuration File To configure the Cisco IOS software to download a network configu ration file from a server at startup: 1. Enter configuration mode from the terminal. configure terminal 2.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual the name to all lowercase letters, removing all domain information, and appending -confg. If no host name information is available, the software uses the default host configuration filename router-confg. 1. Enter configuration mode from the terminal. configure terminal 2. Optionally, enter the host configuration filename to be downloaded. boot host {tftp filename [ip-address ]} 3. Enable the device to automatically load the host file upon restart. service config 4.
Chapter 7: Manually Loading System Images If the network server fails to load a configuration file during startup, it tries again every 1 0minutes (the default setting) until a host provides the requested files. With each failed attempt, the network server displays a message on the console terminal. If the network server is un able to load the specified file, it displays this message: Booting host-confg...
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual 2. Copy the system image from Flash memory to a TFTP server. copy flash tftp 3. When prompted, enter the IP address or domain name of the TFTP server. {ip-address | name} 4. When prompted, enter the filename of the system image in Flash memory. filename This example uses the show flash all command to learn the name of the system image file and the copy flash tftp command to copy the system image to a TFTP server.
Chapter 7: Manually Loading System Images no boot system flash configuration command to revert to booting from ROM. For example, you might want to revert to booting from ROM if you do not yet need this functionality, if you choose to boot from a network server, or if you do not have the proper image in Flash memory. After you enter the no boot system flash command, use the copy running-config startup-config command to save the new configuration command to the startup configuration.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Perform Startup Tasks The startup tasks in this section are optional. Startup Task List You can perform these optional startup tasks: z Partition Flash Memory Using Dual Flash Bank z Use Flash Load Helper to Upgrade Software on Run-from-Flash Systems Partition Flash Memory Using Dual Flash Bank Dual Flash bank allows you to partition banks of Flash memory into separate, logical devices so that the router can hold and maintain two different software images.
Chapter 7: Manually Loading System Images Flash Load Helper versus Dual Flash Bank You might use Flash load helper rather than dual Flash bank for one of these reasons: z You want to download a new file into the same bank from which the current system image is executing. z You want to download a file that is larger than the size of a bank, and hence want to switch to a single-bank mode. z You have only one single-bank Flash SIMM installed.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Unless the image is downloaded as the first file in the first partition, this download must be performed by an image that recognizes relocatable images. In contrast, a nonrelocatable image is an image that does not recognize relocatable images. You can identify a relocatable image by its name. The naming convention for images that are stored on a UNIX system is: platform-capabilities-type The letter l in the type field indicates a relocatable image.
Chapter 7: Manually Loading System Images Partition Flash Memory To partition Flash memory, type the following in global configuration mode: partition flash partitions [size1 size2] This task succeeds only if the system has at least two banks of Flash and if the partitioning does not cause an existing file in Flash memory to be split across the two partitions.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Manually Boot from Flash Memory To manually boot the router from Flash memory, perform one of thes tasks in ROM monitor mode: z Boot the first bootable file found in any partition. boot {flash | flash flash:} z Boot the first bootable file from the specified partition. boot {flash | flash flash:} partitionnumber: z Boot the specified file from the first partition. boot {flash | flash flash:} filename z Boot the specified file from the specified partition.
Chapter 7: Manually Loading System Images Configure the Router to Automatically Boot from Flash Memory To configure the router to boot automatically from Flash memory, perform one of these tasks in global configuration mode: z Boot the first bootable file found in any partition. boot system {flash | flash flash:} z Boot the first bootable file from the specified partition. boot system {flash | flash flash:} partition-number: z Boot the specified file from the first partition.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Flash memory. It is a lower-cost software upgrade solution than dualbank Flash, which requires two banks of Flash memory on one SIMM. The Flash load helper software upgrade process is simple and does not require additional hardware; however, it does require some brief network downtime. A system image running from Flash can use Flash load helper only if the boot ROMs support Flash load helper. Otherwise, you must perform the Flash upgrade manually.
Chapter 7: Manually Loading System Images z Allows you to save any configuration changes made before you exit out of the system image. z Notifies users logged in to the system of the impending switch to the boot ROM image so that they do not lose their connections unexpectedly. z Logs console output during the Flash load helper operation into a buffer that is preserved through system reloads. You can retrieve the buffer contents from a running image.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual The system tries to bring up at least the boot ROM image if it cannot boot an image from Flash memory. Before reinitiating the copy tftp flash command, you must set the configuration register boot field to a nonzero value, using th config-register global configuration command. The copy tftp flash command initiates a series of prompts to which you must provide responses.
Chapter 7: Manually Loading System Images Enter the name of the destination file: Destination file name [default = source name]? Accessing file `abc/igs-kf.914' on 131.108.1.111.... Loading from 131.108.13.111: Erase flash device before writing? [confirm] If you choose to erase Flash memory, the dialog continues. The copy tftp flash operation verifies the request from the running image by trying to copy a single block from the remote TFTP server.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual If the configuration was modified but not saved, you are asked to save the configuration: System configuration has been modified. Save? [confirm] If you confirm to save the configuration, you might also receive this message: Warning: Attempting to overwrite an NVRAM configuration previously written by a different version of the system image.
Chapter 7: Manually Loading System Images Monitor Flash Load Helper To view the system console output generated during the Flash load helper operation, use the image booted up after the Flash memory upgrade. Type this command in privileged EXEC mode: show flh-log If you are a remote Telnet user performing the Flash upgrade without a console connection, this task allows you to retrieve console output when your Telnet connection terminates due to the switch to the ROM image.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual In this example, a router is manually booted from Flash memory. Because the optional filename argument is absent, the first file in Flash memory is loaded.
Chapter 7: Manually Loading System Images 3. Manually boot the router from a network file. boot filename [ip-address ] In this example, a router is manually booted from the network fil network1: >boot network1 Manually Boot from ROM To manually boot the router from ROM, complete these steps in EXEC mode: 1. Restart the router reload 2. Press during the first 60 seconds of system startup. 3. Manually boot the router from ROM.
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Chapter 8: AI2524 Protocol Configuration Steps Chapter 8: AI2524 Protocol Configuration Steps Introduction This chapter describes the AI2524 protocol configuration steps for th OSPF TCP/IP, IGRP TCP/IP and RIP TCP/IP. AI2524 OSPF TCP/IP Configuration Steps Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is an IGP designed expressly for IP networks. OSPF supports IP subnetting and tagging of externally derived routing information.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual z Configure Route Calculation Timers z Configure OSPF over On-Demand Circuits Enable OSPF To enable OSPF, you must create an OSPF routing process, specify the range of IP addresses to be associated with the routing process, and assign area IDs to be associated with that range of IP addresses. 1. Enable OSPF routing. This places you in the router configuration mode. router ospf process-id 2.
Chapter 8: AI2524 Protocol Configuration Steps 6. Set the number of seconds that a device's hello packets must not have been seen before its neighbors declare the OSPF route down. ip ospf dead-interval seconds 7. Assign a specific password to be used by neighboring OSPF routers on a network segment that is using OSPF's simple password authentication. ip ospf authentication-key key 8. Enable OSPF MD5 authentication.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Configure OSPF for Nonbroadcast Networks Because there might be many routers attached to an OSPF network, a designated router is selected for the network. It is necessary to use special configuration parameters in the designated router selection if broadcast capability is not configured.
Chapter 8: AI2524 Protocol Configuration Steps z Define an area to be a stub area. area area-id stub [no-summary] z Assign a specific cost to the default summary route used for th stub area. area area-id default-cost cost Configure OSPF Not So Stubby Area (NSSA) NSSA area is similar to OSPF stub area. NSSA does not flood Type 5 external link state advertisements (LSAs) from the core into the area, but it can import AS external routes in a limited fashion within the area.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Implementation Considerations Before implementing this feature, consider these items: z You can set a Type 7 default route that can be used to reach external destinations. When configured, the router generates a Type 7 default into the NSSA by the NSSA ABR. z Every router within the same area must agree that the area is NSSA; otherwise, the routers will not be able to communicate with each other.
Chapter 8: AI2524 Protocol Configuration Steps Create Virtual Links In OSPF, all areas must be connected to a backbone area. If there is break in backbone continuity, or if the backbone is purposefully partitioned, you can establish a virtual link.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Force the Router ID Choice with a Loopback Interface OSPF uses the largest IP address configured on the interfaces as its router ID. If the interface associated with this IP address is ever brought down, or if the address is removed, the OSPF process must recalculate a new router ID and resend all its routing information over its interfaces.
Chapter 8: AI2524 Protocol Configuration Steps Configure Route Calculation Timers You can configure the delay time between when OSPF receives a topology change and when it starts a Shortest Path First (SPF) calculation. You can also configure the hold time between two consecutive SPF calculations.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Network Illustration This list outlines key features supported in OSPF implementation: Stub areas Definition of stub areas is supported. Route redistribution Routes learned via any IP routing protocol can be redistributed into any other IP routing protocol. At the intradomain level, this means that OSPF can import routes learned via IGRP, RIP, and IS-IS. OSPF routes can also be exported into IGRP, RIP, and IS-IS.
Chapter 8: AI2524 Protocol Configuration Steps AI2524 IGRP TCP/IP Configuration Steps The Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) is a dynamic distancevector routing protocol for an autonomous system that contains large, arbitrarily complex networks with diverse bandwidth and delay characteristics. IGRP uses a combination of user-configurable metrics, including in ternetwork delay, bandwidth, reliability, and load.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Create the IGRP Routing Process To create the IGRP routing process, perform these required tasks starting in global configuration mode: 1. Enable an IGRP routing process, which places you in router configuration mode. router igrp process number 2. Associate networks with an IGRP routing process. network network-number IGRP sends updates to the interfaces in the specified networks. If an interface's network is not specified, it will not be advertised in any IGRP update.
Chapter 8: AI2524 Protocol Configuration Steps tions limit the number of cases in which load balancing can occur, but ensure that the dynamics of the network will remain stable. These general rules apply to IGRP unequal-cost load balancing: z IGRP will accept up to four paths for a given destination network.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual work performance, however, so ensure that you make all metric adjustments carefully. Note: Because of the complexity of this task, we recommend that you only perform it with guidance from an experienced system designer.
Chapter 8: AI2524 Protocol Configuration Steps Validate Source IP Addresses To disable the default function that validates the source IP addresses of incoming routing updates, type this command in router configura tion mode: no validate-update-source Network Illustration IGRP advertises three types of routes: interior, system, and exterior, as shown in Figure 8-1. Interior routes are routes between subnets in the network attached to a router interface.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual AI2524 RIP TCP/ IP Configuration Routing Information Protocol (RIP) uses broadcast User Datagram Protocol (UDP) data packets to exchange routing information. The Cisco IOS software sends routing information updates (advertisements) every 30 seconds. If a router does not receive an update from another router for 180 seconds or more, it marks the routes served by the nonupdating router as being unusable.
Chapter 8: AI2524 Protocol Configuration Steps information. To define a neighboring router with which to exchange point-to-point routing information, type this command in router configuration mode: neighbor ip-address To control the set of interfaces with which to exchange routing updates, you can disable the sending of routing updates on specified in terfaces by configuring the passive interface command.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Enable RIP Authentication RIP Version 1 does not support authentication. If you are sending and receiving RIP Versio n2 packets, you can enable RIP authentication on an interface. The key chain determines the set of keys that can be used on the interface. If a key chain is not configured, no authentication is performed on that interface, not even the default authentication.
Chapter 8: AI2524 Protocol Configuration Steps Run IGRP and RIP Concurrently It is possible to run IGRP and RIP concurrently. The IGRP information will override the RIP information by default because of IGRP's administrative distance. Running IGRP and RIP concurrently does not work well when the network topology changes.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual z To define route maps, type this command in global configuration mode: route-map map-tag [permit | deny] [sequence-number ] z By default, the redistribution of default information between IP Enhanced IGRP processes is enabled.
Chapter 9: AI2524 OSI/CLNP Configuration Steps Chapter 9: AI2524 OSI/CLNP Configuration Steps Introduction This chapter describes how to configure ISO CLNS. The ISO CLNS protocol is a standard for the network layer of the OSI model. ISO CLNS Configuration Task List To configure ISO CLNS, you must configure the routing processes, associate addresses with the routing processes, and customize the routing processes for your particular network.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Understand Addresses Addresses in the ISO network architecture are referred to as NSAP addresses and network entity titles (NETs). Each node in an OSI network has one or more NETs. In addition, each node has many NSAP addresses. Each NSAP address differs from one of the NETs for that node in only the last byte. This byte is called the N-selector. Its function is similar to the port number in other protocol suites.
Chapter 9: AI2524 OSI/CLNP Configuration Steps The area address uniquely identifies the routing area and the system ID identifies each node. Figure 9-2:Sample Domain and Area Addresses The key difference between the ISO IGRP and IS-IS NSAP addressing schemes is in the definition of area addresses. Both use the system ID for Level 1 routing (routing within an area). However, they differ in the way addresses are specified for area routing.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual z The system ID is the 6 bytes before the N-selector. z The N-selector (S) is the last byte of the NSAP address. Cisco's ISO IGRP routing implementation interprets the bytes from the AFI up to (but not including) the area field in the DSP as domai nidentifier. The area field specifies the area, and the system ID specifies the system. Figure 9-3 illustrates the ISO IGRP NSAP addressing structure. The maximum address size is 20 bytes.
Chapter 9: AI2524 OSI/CLNP Configuration Steps The IS-IS routing protocol interprets the bytes from the AFI up to (but not including) the system ID field in the DSP as an area identifier. Th system ID specifies the system. Figure 9-4 illustrates the IS-IS NSAP addressing structure. The maximum address size is 20 bytes.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Addressing Examples Examples of OSI network and GOSIP NSAP addresses using the ISO IGRP implementation are described in the next sections. The OSI network NSAP address format is illustrated as: | Domain|Area| System ID| S| 47.0004.004D.0003.0000.0C00.62E6.00 This is an example of the GOSIP NSAP address structure. This structure is mandatory for addresses allocated from the International Code Designator (ICD) 0005 addressing domain. Refer to the GOSIP document, U.S.
Chapter 9: AI2524 OSI/CLNP Configuration Steps This table shows a sample static routing table in which the nexthop NETs are listed for completeness, but are not necessary to understand the routing algorithm. Entry NSAP Address Prefix Next-Hop NET 1 47.0005.000c.0001 47.0005.000c.0001.0000.1234.00 2 47.0004 47.0005.000c.0002.0000.0231.00 3 47.0005.0003 47.0005.000c.0001.0000.1234.00 4 47.0005.000c 47.0005.000c.0004.0000.0011.00 5 47.0005 47.0005.000c.0002.0000.0231.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Understand Routing Processes The basic function of a router is to forward packets: receive a packet in one interface and send it out another (or the same) interface to the proper destination. All routers do this by looking up the destination address in a table. The tables can be built either dynamically or statically. If you are configuring all the entries in the table yourself, you are using static routing.
Chapter 9: AI2524 OSI/CLNP Configuration Steps routing ISO IGRP; it can be configured to be Level 1 only, Level2 only, or both Level 1 and Leve l2 when routing IS-IS. ESs communicate with ISs using the ES-IS protocol. Lev el1 and Level 2 ISs communicate with each other using either ISO IS-IS or Cisco's ISO IGRP protocol. Static Routing Static routing is used when it is not possible or desirable to use dynamic routing.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Configure ISO IGRP Dynamic Routing The ISO IGRP is a dynamic distance-vector routing protocol designed by Cisco for routing an autonomous system that contains large, arbitrarily complex networks with diverse bandwidth and delay characteristics. To configure ISO IGRP, complete the tasks outlined in these sections.
Chapter 9: AI2524 OSI/CLNP Configuration Steps You can assign a meaningful name for the routing process by using the tag option. You can also specify a name for a NET in addition to an address. For information on how to assign a name, see Specify Shortcut NSAP Addresses. You can configure an interface to advertise L evel2 information only. This option reduces the amount of router-to-router traffic by telling th Cisco IOS software to send out only L evel2 routing updates on certain interfaces.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual 2. Configure the net for the process in area 2, doma in47.0004.004d: net 47.0004.004d.0002.0000.0C00.0506.00 3. Specify iso-igrp routing using the previously specified tag castor : interface ethernet 0 clns router iso-igrp castor 4. Specify iso-igrp routing using the previously specified tag castor : interface ethernet 1 clns router iso-igrp castor 5.
Chapter 9: AI2524 OSI/CLNP Configuration Steps 1. Define a tag orion for the routing process: router iso-igrp orion 2. Configure the net for the process in area 1, doma in47.0004.004d: net 47.0004.004d.0001.212223242526.00 3. Specify iso-igrp routing using the previously specified tag orion: interface ethernet 0 clns router iso-igrp orion 4.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual 4. Configure the NET for the process in area 4, domai n47.0004.004d: net 47.0004.004d.0004.0000.0C00.0506.00 5. Specify iso-igrp routing on interface ethernet 0 using the tag capricorn: interface ethernet 0 clns router iso-igrp capricorn 6. Specify iso-igrp routing on interface ethernet 1 using the tags capricorn and cancer: interface ethernet 1 clns router iso-igrp capricorn clns router iso-igrp cancer 7.
Chapter 9: AI2524 OSI/CLNP Configuration Steps Example: Dynamic Interdomain R outing Figure 9-7 and the example configurations illustrate how to configur three domains that are to be transparently connected. Figure 9-7:CLNS Dynamic Interdomain R outing Router Chicago This configuration shows how to configure Router Chicago for dynamic interdomai nrouting: 1. Define a tag A for the routing process: router iso-igrp A 2. Configure the NET for the process in area 2, domai n47.0007.0200: net 47.0007.0200.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual 4. Define a tag B for the routing process: router iso-igrp B 5. Configure the NET for the process in area 3, domai n47.0006.0200: net 47.0006.0200.0003.0102.0104.0506.00 6. Redistribute iso-igrp routing information througho u t domainB: redistribute iso-igrp A 7. Specify iso-igrp routing with the tag A: interface ethernet 0 clns router iso-igrp A 8.
Chapter 9: AI2524 OSI/CLNP Configuration Steps Router Detroit This configuration shows how to configure Router Detroit for dynamic interdomainrouting. Comment lines have been eliminated from this example to avoid redundancy. router iso-igrp B net 47.0006.0200.0004.0102.0104.0506.00 redistribute iso-igrp C router iso-igrp C net 47.0008.0200.0005.0102.01040.506.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Warning: Adjusting the ISO IGRP metric can dramatically affect network performance, so ensure that all metric adjustments are made carefully. Because of the complexity of this task, it is not recommended unless it is done with guidance from an experienced system designer. You can use different metrics for the ISO IGRP routing protocol on CLNS.
Chapter 9: AI2524 OSI/CLNP Configuration Steps z Disable split horizon for ISO IGRP updates. no clns split-horizon The default for all LAN interfaces is for split horizon to be enabled; the default for WAN interfaces on X.25, Frame Relay, or SMDS networks is for split horizon to be disabled. Configure IS-IS Dynamic Routing IS-IS is a dynamic routing specification described in ISO 10589. Cisco's implementation of IS-IS allows you to configure IS-IS as an ISO CLNS routing protocol.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual 2. Configure the NET for the routing process. net network-entity-title You can assign a meaningful name for the routing process by using the tag option. You can also specify a name for a NET in addition to an address. For information on how to assign a name, see Specify Shortcut NSAP Addresses.
Chapter 9: AI2524 OSI/CLNP Configuration Steps 4. Enable IS-IS routing on ethernet 1: interface ethernet 1 clns router isis 5. Enable IS-IS routing on serial 0: interface serial 0 clns router isis Level2 Routing Only This example illustrates a similar configuration, featuring a single area address being used for specification of Level 1 and Level2 routing. However, in this case, interface serial interface 0 is configured for Level 2 routing only.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual 2. Router is in areas 47.0004.004d.0001 and 47.0004.004d.0011: net 47.0004.004d.0001.0000.0c11.1111.00 net 47.0004.004d.0011.0000.0c11.1111.00 3. Enable the router to operate as a station router and an interare router: is-type level-1-2 ! interface ethernet 0 clns router isis area1 4. Specify a cost of 5 for the level-1 routes: isis metric 5 level-1 5.
Chapter 9: AI2524 OSI/CLNP Configuration Steps tag of remote-domain. Most comment lines have been eliminated from this example to avoid redundancy. router isis net 39.0001.0001.0000.0c00.1111.00 1. Redistribute iso-igrp routing information throughout remote-domain: redistribute iso-igrp remote-domai n ! router iso-igrp remote-domain net 39.0002.0001.0000.0c00.1111.00 2.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual You must statically assign the multiple area addresses on the router. You can assign up to three area addresses on the AI2524. The number of areas allowed in a doma inis unlimited. All the addresses must have the same system ID. For example, you can assign one address (area1 plus system ID), and two additional addresses in different areas (area2 plus system ID and area3 plus system ID) where the system ID is the same.
Chapter 9: AI2524 OSI/CLNP Configuration Steps The use of this net router configuration command configures the system ID, area address, and d omainaddress. Only a single NET per routing process is allowed. router iso-igrp local net 49.0001.0000.0c00.1111.00 IS-IS This example illustrates specifying a single NET: router isis Pieinthesky net 47.0004.004d.0001.0000.0c11.1111.00 This example illustrates using a name for a NET: clns host NAME 39.0001.0000.0c00.1111.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual ISO IGRP In this example, the router is in domai n49.0001 and has a system ID of aaaa.aaaa.aaaa. The router is in two areas: 31 and 40 (decimal). Figure 9-8 illustrates this configuration. Figure 9-8:ISO IGRP Configuration router iso-igrp test-proc1 001F in this example net is the hex value for area 31: net 49.0001.001F.aaaa.aaaa.aaaa.00 router iso-igrp test-proc2 0028 in this example net is the hex value for area 40: net 49.0001.0028.aaaa.aaaa.aaaa.
Chapter 9: AI2524 OSI/CLNP Configuration Steps IS-IS To run IS-IS instead of ISO IGRP, use this configuration. The illustration in Figure 9- still applies. Ethernet interface 2 is configured for IS-IS routing and is assigned the tag of test-proc2. router iso-igrp test-proc1 net 49.0002.0002.bbbb.bbbb.bbbb.00 router isis test-proc2 net 49.0001.0002.aaaa.aaaa.aaaa.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Specify Router-Lev elSupport It is seldom necessary to configure the IS type because the IS-IS protocol will automatically establish this. However, you can configure th AI2524 to act as a Le vel1 (intra-area) router, as both a Level1 router and a Leve l2 (interarea) router, or as an interarea router only.
Chapter 9: AI2524 OSI/CLNP Configuration Steps Log Adjacency State Changes You can configure IS-IS to generate a log message when an IS-IS ad jacency changes state (up or down). This may be useful when monitoring large networks. Messages are logged using the system error message facility. Messages are in this form: %CLNS-5-ADJCHANGE: ISIS: Adjacency to 0000.0000.0034 (Serial0) Up, new adjacency %CLNS-5-ADJCHANGE: ISIS: Adjacency to 0000.0000.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Configure IS-IS Interface Parameters Cisco's IS-IS implementation allows you to customize certain interface-specific IS-IS parameters: z Adjust IS-IS Link-State Metrics z Set the Advertised Hello Interval and Hello Multiplier z Set the Advertised CSNP Interval z Set the Retransmission Interval z Specify Designated Router Election z Specify the Interface Circuit Type z Configure IS-IS Authentication Passwords You are not required to alter any of these parameter
Chapter 9: AI2524 OSI/CLNP Configuration Steps quickly a failed link or neighbor is detected so that routes can be recalculated. In interface configuration mode, set the advertised hello interval and multiplier: 1. Specify the length of time, in seconds, between hello packets th software sends on the specified interface. isis hello-interval seconds {level-1 | level-2} 2.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Set the Retransmission Interval In interface configuration mode, configure the number of seconds be tween retransmission of LSPs for point-to-point links. isis retransmit-interval seconds The value you specify should be an integer greater than the expected round-trip delay between any two routers on the network. The setting of this parameter should be conservative, or needless retransmission will result.
Chapter 9: AI2524 OSI/CLNP Configuration Steps Configure IS-IS Password Authentication You can assign different authentication passwords for different routing levels. By default, authentication is disabled. Specifying Lev el1 or Level 2 enables the password only for Le vel1 or L evel2 routing, respectively. If you do not specify a level, the default is Le vel1.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Warning: If you have not configured the router to route CLNS packets dynamically using ISO IGRP or IS-IS, you must as sign an address to the router. You also must enable ISO CLNS for each interface you want to pass ISO CLNS packet traffic to end systems, but for which you do not want to perform any dynamic routing on the interface.
Chapter 9: AI2524 OSI/CLNP Configuration Steps 3. Pass ISO CLNS traffic on ethernet 0 to end systems without routing: interface ethernet 0 clns enable 4. Pass ISO CLNS traffic on serial 0 to end systems without routing: interface serial 0 clns enable 5. Create a static route for the interface: clns route 47.0004.004d.0099 serial 0 clns route 47.0005 serial 0 Example 2 This is a more complete example of CLNS static routing on a system with two Ethernet interfaces.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual clns host sid 39.0001.1111.1111.1111.00 clns host bar 39.0002.2222.2222.2222.00 1. Assign a static address for the router: clns net sid 2. Enable CLNS packets to be routed: clns routing 3. Pass ISO CLNS packet traffic to end systems without routing them: interface ethernet 0 clns enable 4. Pass ISO CLNS packet traffic to end systems without routing them: interface ethernet 1 clns enable 5. Specify end system for static routing: clns es-neighbor bar 0000.0C00.62e7 6.
Chapter 9: AI2524 OSI/CLNP Configuration Steps Figure 9-10:CLNS X.25 Intradomain Routing This example shows one way to configure the router in Chicago: 1. Define the name chicago to be used in place of this NSAP: clns host chicago 47.0004.0050.0001.0000.0c00.243b.00 2. Define the name detroit to be used in place of this NSAP: clns host detroit 47.0004.0050.0002.0000.0c00.1e12.00 3. Enable ISO IGRP routing of CLNS packets: router iso-igrp sales 4.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual 6. Set the interface up as a DTE with X.25 encapsulation: interface serial 0 encapsulation x25 x25 address 1111 x25 nvc 4 7. Specify iso-igrp routing using the specified tag sales: clns router iso-igrp sales 8. Define a static mapping between Detroit's nsap and its X.121 address: x25 map clns 2222 broadcast This configuration brings up an X.25 virtual circuit between the router in Chicago and the router in Detroit. Routing updates will be sent across this link.
Chapter 9: AI2524 OSI/CLNP Configuration Steps Figure 9-11:CLNS Interdomain S tatic Routing Router A This configuration shows how to configure Router A for stati interdomainrouting: 1. Define tag orion for net 47.0006.0200.0100.0102.0304.0506.00: router iso-igrp orion 2. Configure this network entity title for the routing process: net 47.0006.0200.0100.0102.0304.0506.00 3. Define the tag bar to be used in place of Router B's NSAP: clns host bar 47.0007.0200.0200.1112.1314.1516.00 4.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual 5. Pass ISO CLNS traffic to end systems without routing: interface serial 1 clns enable 6. Configure a static route to Router B: clns route 39.0001 bar Router B This configuration shows how to configure Router B for static interdomainrouting: router iso-igrp pleiades 1. Configure the network entity title for the routing process: net 47.0007.0200.0200.1112.1314.1516.00 2. Define the name sid to be used in place of Router A's NSAP: clns host sid 47.0006.0200.0100.0001.
Chapter 9: AI2524 OSI/CLNP Configuration Steps 5. Pass packets bound for sid in dom ain47.0006.0200 through serial 0: clns route 47.0006.0200 sid CLNS routing updates will not be sent on the serial link; however, CLNS packets will be sent and received over the serial link.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual ES-IS protocol. The router dynamically discovers all ESs running the ES-IS protocol. ESs that are not running the ES-IS protocol must be configured statically. It is sometimes desirable for a router to have a neighbor configured statically rather than learned through ES-IS, ISO IGRP, or IS-IS. Warning: It is necessary to use static mapping only for ESs that do not support ES-IS. The Cisco IOS software continues to dynamically discover ESs that do support ES-IS.
Chapter 9: AI2524 OSI/CLNP Configuration Steps Configure Miscellaneous Features Perform these optional tasks to configure miscellaneous features of an ISO CLNS network: z Specify Shortcut NSAP Addresses z Use the IP Domain Name System to Discover ISO CLNS Ad dresses z Create Packet-Forwarding Filters and Establish Adjacencies z Redistribute Routing Information z Specify Preferred Routes z Configure ES-IS Hello Packet Parameters Specify Shortcut NSAP Addresses You can define a name-to-NSAP addr
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Use the IP DomainNa me System to Discover ISO CLNS Addresses If your router has both ISO CLNS and IP enabled, you can use the Domain Naming System (DNS) to query ISO CLNS addresses by using the NSAP address type, as documented in RFC 1348. This feature is useful for the ISO CLNS ping EXEC command and when making Telnet connections. This feature is enabled by default.
Chapter 9: AI2524 OSI/CLNP Configuration Steps 2. In interface configuration mode, apply filter expressions to an interface: z Apply a filter expression to frames forwarded in or out of an interface. clns access-group name [in | out] z Apply a filter expression to ISIS adjacencies. isis adjacency-filter name [match-all] z Apply a filter expression to ISO IGRP adjacencies. iso-igrp adjacency-filter name z Apply a filter expression to ES or IS adjacencies.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual z Specify the routing protocol and tag (if applicable) into which you want to distribute routing information. router iso-igrp [ tag] z Specify one or more ISO IGRP routing protocol and tag (if applicable) you want to redistribute. redistribute iso-igrp [ tag] [route-map maptag] z Specify the IS-IS routing protocol and tag (if applicable) you want to redistribute. redistribute isis [ tag] [route-map map-tag] z Specify the static routes you want to redistribute.
Chapter 9: AI2524 OSI/CLNP Configuration Steps route-map command. The set commands specify the redistribution set actions—the particular redistribution actions to perform if th criteria enforced by th match commands are met. When all matc criteria are met, all set actions are performed The match route-map configuration command has multiple formats.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual z Set the metric value to give the redistributed routes. set metric metric-value z Set the metric type to give the redistributed routes. set metric-type {internal | external} z Set the tag value to associate with the redistributed routes. set tag tag-value Examples: Route Map This example redistributes two types of routes into the integrated IS-IS routing table (supporting both IP and CLNS).
Chapter 9: AI2524 OSI/CLNP Configuration Steps router isis redistribute rip route-map ourmap redistribute iso-igrp remote route-map ourmap ! route-map ourmap permit match ip address 1 match clns address ourprefix set metric 5 set level level-2 ! access-list 1 permit 160.89.0.0 0.0.255.255 clns filter-set ourprefix permit 49.0001.0002...
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual z ES hello packets and IS hello packets are sent without options. Options in received packets are ignored. ISs and ESs periodically send out hello packets to advertise their availability. The frequency of these hello packets can be configured. The recipient of a hello packet creates an adjacency entry for the system that sent it. If the next hello packet is not received within the interval specified, the adjacency times out and the adjacent node is considered unreachable.
Chapter 9: AI2524 OSI/CLNP Configuration Steps Configure CLNS over WANs This section provides general information about running ISO CLNS over WANs. You can use CLNS routing on serial interfaces with HDLC, PPP, LAPB, X.25, Frame Relay, DDR, or SMDS encapsulation. To use HDLC encapsulation, you must have a router at both ends of the link. If you use X.25 encapsulation, and if IS-IS or ISO IGRP is not used on an interface, you must manually enter the NSAP-to-X.121 address mapping.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Figure 9-12:Routers Acting as DTEs and DCEs Router A router iso-igrp test-proc net 49.0001.aaaa.aaaa.aaaa.00 ! interface serial 1 clns router iso-igrp test-proc 1. Assume the host is a DTE and encapsulates x.25: encapsulation x25 2. Define the X.121 address of 31101 for serial 1: X25 address 31101 3. Set up an entry for the other side of the X.
Chapter 9: AI2524 OSI/CLNP Configuration Steps Router B router iso-igrp test-proc net 49.0001.bbbb.bbbb.bbbb.00 ! interface serial 2 clns router iso-igrp test-proc 1. Configure this side as a DCE: encapsulation x25-dce 2. Define the X.121 address of 31102 for serial 2: X25 address 31102 3.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Specify the MTU Size All interfaces have a default maximum packet size. However to reduc fragmentation, you can set the MTU size of the packets sent on the interface. The minimum value is 512; the default and maximum packet size depends on the interface type. Changing the MTU value with the mtu interface configuration command can affect the CLNS MTU value. If the CLNS MTU is at its maximum given the interface MTU, the CLNS MTU will change with the interface MTU.
Chapter 9: AI2524 OSI/CLNP Configuration Steps Set the Congestion Threshold If a router configured for CLNS experiences congestion, it sets the congestion-experienced bit. You can set the congestion threshold on a per-interface basis. By setting this threshold, you cause the system to set the congestion-experienced bit if the output queue has more than the specified number of packets in it.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Configure Parameters for Locally Sourced Packets In global configuration mode, configure parameters for packets originated by a specified router: z Specify in seconds the initial lifetime for locally generated packets. clns packet-lifetime seconds z Specify whether to request ERPDUs on packets originated by the router. clns want-erpdu You should set the packet lifetime low in an internetwork that has frequent loops.
Chapter 9: AI2524 OSI/CLNP Configuration Steps Monitor and Maintain the ISO CLNS Network Use these EXEC commands to monitor and maintain the ISO CLNS caches, tables, and databases: z Clear and reinitialize the CLNS routing cache. clear clns cache z Remove ES neighbor information from the adjacency database. clear clns es-neighbors z Remove IS neighbor information from the adjacency database. clear clns is-neighbors z Remove CLNS neighbor information from the adjacency database.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual z Display both ES and IS neighbors. show clns neighbors [ type number ] [detail] z List the protocol-specific information for each IS-IS or ISO IGRP routing process in this router. show clns protocol [ domain | area-tag] z Display all the destinations to which this router knows how to route packets. show clns route [ nsap] z Display information about the CLNS packets this router has seen. show clns traffic z Display the IS-IS link state database.
Chapter 9: AI2524 OSI/CLNP Configuration Steps Configure TARP on ISO CLNS Some applications (typically used by telephone companies) running on Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) devices identify these devices by a target identifier (TID). Therefore, it is necessary for the router to cache TID-to-network address mappings. Because these ap plications usually run over OSI, the network addresses involved in the mapping are OSI NSAPs.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual TARP Configuration Task List To configure TARP on the router, complete these tasks (only the first task is required, all other tasks are optional): z Enable TARP and Configure a TARP TID z Disable TARP Caching z Disable TARP PDU Origination and Propagation z Configure Multiple NSAP Addresses z Configure Static TARP Adjacency and Blacklist Adjacency z Determine TIDs and NSAPs z Configure TARP Timers z Configure Miscellaneous TARP PDU Information z Monitor an
Chapter 9: AI2524 OSI/CLNP Configuration Steps Disable TARP Caching By default, TID-to-NSAP address mappings are stored in the TID cache. Disabling this capability clears the TID cache. Re-enabling this capability restores any previously cleared local entry and all static entries.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual that may not have TARP running, TARP provides a static TARP adjacency capability. Static adjacencies are maintained in a special queue. In global configuration mode, create a static TARP adjacency: tarp route-static nsap To stop TARP from propagating PDUs to an IS-IS/ES-IS adjacency that may not have TARP running, TARP provides a blacklist adjacency capability. The router will not propagate TARP PDUs to blacklisted routers.
Chapter 9: AI2524 OSI/CLNP Configuration Steps Configure TARP Timers TARP timers provide default values and typically do not need to be changed. The amount of time that the router waits to receive a response from a Type 1 PDU, a Type 2 PDU, and a Type 5 PDU can be configured. In addition, you can also configure the PDU's lifetime based on the number of hops.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Configure Miscellaneous TARP PDU Information TARP default PDU values typically do not need to be changed. You can configure the sequence number of the TARP PDU, set the update remote cache bit used to control whether the remote router up dates its cache, specify the N-selector used in the PDU to indicate TARP PDU, and specify the network protocol type used in outgoing PDUs. In global configuration mode, configure miscellaneous PDU information: 1.
Chapter 9: AI2524 OSI/CLNP Configuration Steps z List all adjacencies that are blacklisted (that is, adjacencies that will not receive propagated TARP PDUs). show tarp blacklisted-adjacencies z Display information about a specific TARP router stored in the local TID cache. show tarp host tid z List all interfaces on the router that have TARP enabled. show tarp interface [ type number ] z Display the contents of the loop detection buffer table.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Complex TARP Configuration Example Figure 9-13 and this example show how to enable TARP on Router A and on interface Ethernet 0 and assign the TID myname. A static rout is created from Router A (49.0001.1111.1111.00) to Router D (49.0004.1234.1234.1234.00) so that Router D can receive TARP PDUs because Router C in not TARP capable. A blacklist adjacency is also created on Router A for Router B (49.0001.7777.7777.7777.
Chapter 10: Serial Interface Configuration Steps Chapter 10: Serial Interface Configuration Steps Introduction This chapter describes how to configure synchronous serial interfaces. Configure the Synchronous Serial Interfaces The synchronous serial interfaces are configured to allow connection to WANs. Once the Ethernet or Token Ting port on your router has been configured, complete these steps to configure the synchronous serial interfaces: 1.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual 3. Configure the second synchronous serial interface, for example: Configuring interface Serial 1: Is this interface in use? [yes]: Configure IP on this interface? [yes]: Configure IP unnumbered on this interface? [no]: IP address for this interface: 172.16.74.2 Number of bits in subnet field [8]: Class B network is 172.16.0.0, 8 subnet bits; mask is 255.255.255.
Chapter 11: AI2524 Sync PPP Configuration Steps Chapter 11: AI2524 Sync PPP Configuration Steps Introduction This chapter describes how to enable PPP encapsulation and perform a variety of PPP configuration tasks. Configuration Overview The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), described in RFCs 1661 and 1332, encapsulates network layer protocol information over point-to-point links.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual PPP Configuration Task List To configure PPP on a serial interface, you must enable PPP encapsulation.
Chapter 11: AI2524 Sync PPP Configuration Steps Enable PPP Encapsulation You can enable PPP on serial lines to encapsulate IP and other network protocol datagrams in interface configuration mode: encapsulation ppp PPP echo requests are used as keepalives to minimize disruptions to the end users of your network. The no keepalive command can be used to disable echo requests.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual the response and looking up the required host name or username. The secret passwords must be identical on the remote device and the local router. By transmitting this response, the secret is never transmitted in clear text, preventing other devices from stealing it and gaining illegal access to the system. Without the proper response, the remote device cannot connect to the local router. CHAP transactions occur only at the time a link is established.
Chapter 11: AI2524 Sync PPP Configuration Steps 4. In interface configuration mode, configure Terminal Access Controller Access Control System (TACACS) on a specific interface as an alternative to global host authentication: ppp use-tacacs [single-line] or aaa authentication ppp Use the ppp use-tacacs command with TACACS and Extended TACACS. Use the aaa authentication ppp command with Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA)/TACACS+.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual 3. Configure Router zzz.
Chapter 11: AI2524 Sync PPP Configuration Steps Configure Automatic Detection of Encapsulation Type You can enable a serial or ISDN interface to accept calls and dynamically change the encapsulation on the interface when the remote device does not signal the call type.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual 2. Enable compression. ppp compress [predictor | stac] Configure IP Address Pooling Point-to-point interfaces must be able to provide a remote node with its IP address through the IP Control Protocol (IPCP) address negotiation process.
Chapter 11: AI2524 Sync PPP Configuration Steps z Default IP address. The peer default ip address command and the member peer default ip address command can be used to define default peer IP addresses. z TACACS+ assigned IP address. During the authorization phase of IPCP address negotiation, TACACS+ can return an IP address that can be used by the user being authenticated on a dial-up interface. This address overrides any default IP address and prevents pooling from taking place.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual 4. Address from an EXEC-level PPP or SLIP command or from a chat script 5. Configured address from the peer default ip address command or address from the protocol translate command 6.
Chapter 11: AI2524 Sync PPP Configuration Steps Define DHCP as the Global Default Mechanism The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) specifies these components: z A DHCP server. A host-based DHCP server configured to accept and process requests for temporary IP addresses. z A DHCP proxy-client. An access server configured to arbitrate DHCP calls between the DHCP server and the DHCP client.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Configure Per-Interface IP Address Assignment When you have defined a global default mechanism for assigning IP addresses to dial-in peers, you can then configure the few interfaces for which it is important to have a nondefault configuration. You can do any of these: 1. In global configuration mode, define a nondefault address pool for use on an interface: z Create one or more local IP address pools.
Chapter 11: AI2524 Sync PPP Configuration Steps z Create one or more local IP address pools. ip local pool {default | poolname { beginip-address-range [end-ip-address-range ]}} z (Optional) Enter interface configuration mode. interface async number z (Optional) If you want an interface to use an address pool other than default, specify which pool each interface uses.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Configure a Router as a Callback Client Beginning in global configuration mode, configure a router interface as a callback client: 1. Specify the interface. interface serial number 2. Enable DDR. Set parity on synchronous serial interfaces and asynchronous interfaces. dialer in-band [no-parity | odd-parity] 3. Enable PPP encapsulation. encapsulation ppp 4. Enable CHAP or PAP authentication. ppp authentication {chap | pap} 5.
Chapter 11: AI2524 Sync PPP Configuration Steps Configure a Router as a Callback Server Beginning in global configuration mode, configure a router as a call back server: 1. Specify the interface and enter interface configuration mode. interface serial number 2. Enable DDR. Set parity on synchronous serial interfaces and asynchronous interfaces. dialer in-band [no-parity | odd-parity] 3. Enable PPP encapsulation. encapsulation ppp 4. Enable CHAP or PAP authentication. ppp authentication {chap | pap} 5.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual 12. Configure a dialer map class as a callback server. dialer callback-server [ username] The enable timer default is 15 seconds. The time between the initial call and the return call can be improved by reducing this number, but care should be taken to ensure that the initial call is completely disconnected before the timer expires. Note: On the PPP callback server, the dialer enable-timeout functions as the timer for returning calls to the callback client.
Chapter 11: AI2524 Sync PPP Configuration Steps Disable or Reenable Peer Neighbor Routes The Cisco IOS software automatically creates neighbor routes by default; that is, it automatically sets up a route to the peer address on point-to-point interface when the PPP IPCP negotiation is completed. In interface configuration mode, disable this default behavior o reenable it once it has been disabled: z Disable creation of neighbor routes. no peer neighbor-route z Reenable creation of neighbor routes.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Figure11-1: Router Serial Interface Configured as a HalfBridge Note: The Cisco IOS software supports no more than one PPP half-bridge per Ethernet subnetwork. Beginning in global configuration mode, configure a serial interface to function as a half-bridge: 1. Specify the interface and enter interface configuration mode. interface serial number 2. Enable PPP half-bridging for one or more routed protocols: ppp bridge ip ppp bridge ipx [novell-ether | arpa | sap | snap] 3.
Chapter 11: AI2524 Sync PPP Configuration Steps Configure Multilink PPP Multilink PPP (MLP) provides load balancing over multiple WAN links, while providing multivendor interoperability, packet fragmentation and proper sequencing, and load calculation on both inbound and outbound traffic. Multilink PPP allows packets to be fragmented and the fragments to be sent at the same time over multiple point-to-point links to the sam remote address.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual using V.34 modems. However, packets might be dropped occasionally if the MTU is small or if large bursts of short frames occur. Beginning in global configuration mode, configure a dialer interface to support PPP encapsulation and Multilink PPP: 1. Define a dialer rotary group. interface dialer number 2. Specify no IP address for the interface. no ip address 3. Enable PPP encapsulation. encapsulation ppp 4. Enable DDR on the interface. dialer in-band 5.
Chapter 11: AI2524 Sync PPP Configuration Steps 4. (Optional) Specify a dialer idle timeout. dialer idle-timeout seconds 5. Specify the dialer load threshold for bringing up additional WAN links. dialer load-threshold load 6. Configure the ISDN interface to call the remote site. dialer map protocol next-hop-address [name hostname] [spc] [speed 56 | 64] [broadcast] [dial-string [:isdn-subaddress ]] 7. Add the interface to a dialer rotary group. dialer-group group-number 8.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Example: Multilink PPP on One ISDN Interface This example enables Multilink PPP on the BRI 0 interface. Because an ISDN interface is a rotary group by default, when one BRI is configured, no dialer rotary group configuration is required. interface bri 0 description connected to ntt 81012345678902 ip address 7.1.1.7 255.255.255.0 encapsulation ppp dialer idle-timeout 30 dialer load-threshold 40 either dialer map ip 7.1.1.
Chapter 11: AI2524 Sync PPP Configuration Steps 6. Map the next-hop protocol address and name to the dial string needed to reach it. dialer map protocol next-hop-address [name hostname] [spc] [speed 56 | 64] [broadcast] [dial-string [:isdn-subaddress ]] 7. Specify the dialer load threshold, using the same threshold as the individual BRI interfaces. dialer load-threshold load 8. Control access to this interface by adding it to a dialer access group. dialer-group group-number 9.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual 6. Specify the dialer load threshold for bringing up additional WAN links. dialer load-threshold load Repeat Steps 1 through 6 for each BRI you want to belong to the same dialer rotary group. When Multilink PPP is configured and you want a multilink bundle to be connected indefinitely, use the dialer idle-timeout command to set a very high idle timer.
Chapter 11: AI2524 Sync PPP Configuration Steps Example: Multilink PPP on Multiple ISDN Interfaces This example configures multiple ISDN BRIs to belong to the same dialer rotary group for Multilink PPP. Th dialer rotary-group command is used to assign each of the ISDN BRIs to that dialer rotary group.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Configure Virtual Private Dial-up Networks Virtual private dial-up networks (VDPN) allow separate and autonomous protocol domains to share common access infrastructure including modems, access servers, and ISDN routers. VPDN uses the Level 2 Forwarding protocol (L2F) which permits the tunneling of link level frames.
Chapter 11: AI2524 Sync PPP Configuration Steps Note: The MMP feature uses VPDN to connect multiple PPP sessions for which individual dial-in calls have arrived on different stack group members. VPDN provides speed and reliability for the setup and shutdown of Multilink PPP. Complete these steps to create a a VPDN connection between a remote user and the home LAN: 1. The remote user initiates a PPP connection to the ISP using the analog telephone system or ISDN. 2.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Figure 11-2: Configure a Virtual Template and Create a Virtual Template Interface on the Home Gateway Beginning in global configuration mode, configure a virtual templat for interfaces on a home gateway access server: 1. Specify a default local IP address pool. ip local pool default ip-address 2. Create a virtual template interface, and enter interface configuration mode. interface virtual-template number 3.
Chapter 11: AI2524 Sync PPP Configuration Steps Configure Incoming VPDN Connections on the Home Gateway In global configuration mode, configure virtual private dialup networking on a home gateway router or access server: 1. Enable virtual private networking. vpdn enable 2. Specify the remote host, the local name to use for authenticating, and the virtual template to use.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Gateway1—Domain1 vpdn enable vpdn incoming nas1 gateway1 virtual-template 1 interface virtual-template 1 ip unnumbered Ethernet0 ppp authentication chap Gateway2—Domain2 vpdn enable vpdn incoming nas2 gateway2 virtual-template 1 int virtual-template 1 ip unnumbered Ethernet0 ppp authentication chap Example: NAS Servicing Multiple Domains to the Same Gateway This example provides configurations for one NAS and one Gateway that might have two parallel tunnels between them.
Chapter 11: AI2524 Sync PPP Configuration Steps Gateway 1 vpdn incoming nas1 gateway virtual-template 1 vpdn incoming nas2 gateway virtual-template 2 interface virtual-template 1 ip unnumbered Ethernet0 peer default ip address pool domain1-pool ppp authentication chap interface virtual-template 2 ip unnumbered Ethernet0 peer default ip address pool domain2-pool ppp authentication chap Example: Using TACACS+ for Forwarding from the NAS This example provides configurations for an NAS and a public domain TAC
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Enable PPP on VTY Lines for Asynchronous Access over ISDN You can configure a router to support asynchronous access over ISDN by globally enabling PPP on VTY lines. PPP is typically enabled on synchronous or asynchronous serial interfaces; however, the Cisco IOS software permits you to configure PPP on VTY lines. This configures the VTY line to support asynchronous access over ISDN from an ISDN terminal to a VTY session on the router.
Chapter 12: AI2524 X.25 Configuration Steps Chapter 12: AI2524 X.25 Configuration Steps Introduction This chapter describes how to configure connections through X.25 networks and Link Access Procedure Balanced (LAPB) connections. This section also describes how to create X.29 access lists and profile scripts. For users who only want to configure a simple, reliable serial encapsulation method, se Configure LAPB. X.25 Configuration X.25 Configuration Task List To configure X.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Note: Configure Interface If you connect a router to an X.25 network, use the parameters set by your network administrator for th connection; these parameters will typically be thos described in the Configure Interface and Modify LAPB Protocol Parameters sections. Also, note that the X.25 Level 2 parameters described in the Modify LAPB Protocol Parameters section affect X.25 Level 3 operations. To configure an X.25 interface, perform these tasks: z Set the X.
Chapter 12: AI2524 X.25 Configuration Steps Set the Virtual Circuit Ranges The X.25 protocol maintains multiple connections over one physical link between a DTE and a DCE. These connections are called virtual circuits or Logical Channels (LCs). X.25 can maintain up to 4095 virtual circuits numbered 1 through 4095. You identify an individual virtual circuit by giving its Logical Channel Identifier (LCI) or Virtual Circuit Number (VCN).
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual used to prevent one side from monopolizing the virtual circuits, and is useful for X.25 interfaces with a small total number of SVCs available. Six X.25 parameters define the upper and lower limit of each of th three SVC ranges. A PVC must be assigned a number less than the numbers assigned to the SVC ranges. An SVC range is not allowed to overlap another range. Note: Because the X.
Chapter 12: AI2524 X.25 Configuration Steps x25 lic 5 x25 hic 20 x25 ltc 25 Set the Packet Numbering Modulo The AI2524 implementation of X.25 supports both modulo 8 and modulo 128 packet sequence numbering; module 8 is the default. In interface configuration mode, set the packet numbering modulo: x25 modulo {8 | 128} Note: Because the X.25 protocol requires the DTE and DCE to have identical modulos, changes you make to the modulo when the interface is up are held until the X.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Set the Default Flow Control Values Because X.25 is a strongly flow-controlled protocol, setting correct default flow control parameters for window size and packet size is essential. Mismatched default flow control values will cause X.25 local procedure errors, evidenced by Clear and Reset events. To configure flow control parameters, complete these tasks. Thes tasks are optional if your X.
Chapter 12: AI2524 X.25 Configuration Steps maximum packet sizes. PVCs also use these default values unless different values are configured. In interface configuration mode, set the default input and output maximum packet sizes: 1. Set the default input maximum packet size. x25 ips bytes 2. Set the default output maximum packet size. x25 ops bytes To send a packet larger than the agreed on X.25 packet size over an X.25 virtual circuit, the Cisco IOS software must break the packet into two or more X.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual interface serial 2 ip address 172.25.9.1 255.255.255.0 ! encapsulation X25 ! The bandwidth command is not part of the X.25 configuration; it is especially important to understand that it does not have any connection with the X.25 entity of the same name. bandwidth commands are used by IP routing processes (currently only IGRP) to determine which lines are the best choices for traffic. Since the default is 1544 Kbaud, and X.
Chapter 12: AI2524 X.25 Configuration Steps These commands configure the X.25 map. If you want to exchange routing updates with any of the routers, they would need broadcast flags. If the X.25 network is the only path to the routers, static routes are generally used to save on packet charges. If there is a redundant path, it might be desirable to run a dynamic routing protocol. x25 map IP 172.25.9.3 31370019134 ACCEPT-REVERSE x25 map IP 172.25.9.2 31370053087 ACCEPT-REVERSE allows collect calls.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual z Set DCE T10 Restart Indication. x25 t10 seconds z Set DTE T21 Call Request. x25 t21 seconds z Set DCE T11 Incoming Call. x25 t11 seconds z Set DTE T22 Reset Request. x25 t22 seconds z Set DCE T12 Reset Indication. x25 t12 seconds z Set DTE T23 Clear Request. x25 t23 seconds z Set DCE T13 Clear Indication. x25 t13 seconds Configure X.25 Addresses When establishing SVCs, X.25 uses addresses in the form defined by the ITU-T Recommendation for X.121. An X.
Chapter 12: AI2524 X.25 Configuration Steps destination of a received call if the destination address matches the interface's address. The AI2524 X.25 software can also route X.25 calls, which involves placing and accepting calls, but the router is neither the source nor the destination for these calls. Routing X.25 does not modify the source or destination addresses, thus preserving the addresses specified by the source host. Routed (switched) X.25 simply connects two logical X.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Suppress or Replace the Calling Address Some attachments require that no calling (source) address be presented in outgoing calls. The requirement is called suppressing the calling address. When attached to a PDN, X.25 may need to ensure that outgoing calls only use the assigned X.121 address for the calling (source) address. Routed X.25 normally uses the original source address. Although individual X.
Chapter 12: AI2524 X.25 Configuration Steps Disable Packet-Level Protocol (PLP) Restarts By default, a PLP restart is performed when the link level resets (for example, when LAPB reconnects). Although PLP restarts can be disabled for those few networks that do not allow restarts, do not disable these restarts because doing so can cause anomalous packet layer behavior. In interface configuration mode, disable PLP restarts: no x25 linkrestart Configure an X.25 Datagram Transport X.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Perform these tasks, as necessary, to complete the X.25 configuration for your network needs: z Configure Subinterfaces z Map Protocol Addresses to X.121 Addresses z Establish an Encapsulation PVC z Set X.25 TCP/IP Header Compression z Configure X.25 Bridging These sections describe how to perform these configuration tasks.
Chapter 12: AI2524 X.25 Configuration Steps tination host defined for the protocol. Because only one destination is defined for the interface, the routing process need not consult the destination address in the datagrams. A multipoint subinterface is used to connect hosts for a given protocol. There is no restriction on the number of encapsulation commands that can be configured on a multipoint subinterface.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Note: When configuring IP routing over X.25, you might need to make adjustments to accommodate split horizon effects. Refer to the Configuring IP Routing Protocols chapter in the Network Protocols Configuration Guide, Part 1 for details about how the Cisco IOS software handles possible split horizon conflicts. By default, split horizon is enabled for X.25 networks.
Chapter 12: AI2524 X.25 Configuration Steps Understand Protocol Identification The various methods and protocols used in X.25 SVC encapsulation are identified in a specific field of the call packet; this field is defined by X.25 to carry CUD. Since PVCs do not use the X.25 call setup procedures, only PVCs do not use CUD to identify their encapsulation. The primary difference between the available AI2524 and IETF encapsulation methods is the specific value used to identify a protocol.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual 1. Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP) encoding is defined from the Assigned Numbers RFC. The AI2524 implementation recognizes only the IETF organizational unique identifier (OUI) 0x0000 00 followed by a 2-byte Ethernet protocol type. 2. The use of 0x81 for CLNS is compatible with ISO/IEC 84733:1994. 3. Compressed TCP traffic has two types of datagrams, so IETF encapsulation requires a multiprotocol virtual circuit. 4.
Chapter 12: AI2524 X.25 Configuration Steps support several protocols; alternatively, you can define one map for each supported protocol. In interface configuration mode, establish a map: x25 map protocol address [protocol2 address2[...[protocol9 address9 ]]] x121address [option] For example, if you are encapsulating IP over a given X.25 interface, you must define an IP address for the interface and, for each of the desired destination hosts, map the host's IP address to its X.121 address.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Note: Multiprotocol maps, especially those configured to carr broadcast traffic, can result in significantly larger traffi loads, requiring a larger hold queue, larger window sizes, or multiple virtual circuits. You can simplify the configuration for the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol by adding the optional broadcast keyword. Configure PAD Access By default, PAD connection attempts are processed for session cre ation or protocol translation from all hosts.
Chapter 12: AI2524 X.25 Configuration Steps Example: PVC Used to Exchange IP Traffic This example, illustrated in Figure 12-2, demonstrates how to use the PVC to exchange IP traffic between Router X and Router Y. Figure 12-2:Establishing an IP Encapsulation PVC through an X.25 Network Configuration for Router X interface serial 2 ip address 172.20.1.3 255.255.255.0 x25 map ip 172.20.1.4 0 x25 pvc 4 ip 172.20.1.4 Configuration for Router Y interface serial 3 ip address 172.20.1.4 255.255.255.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Set X.25 TCP/IP Header Compression The AI2524 supports RFC 1144 TCP/IP header compression (THC) on serial lines using HDLC and X.25 encapsulation. THC encapsulation is different from other encapsulation traffic. The implementation of compressed TCP over X.25 uses one virtual circuit to pass the compressed packets.
Chapter 12: AI2524 X.25 Configuration Steps Configure Additional X.25 Datagram Transport Features The Cisco IOS software allows you to configure additional X.25 datagram transport features, including various user facilities defined for X.25 call setup. This section describes the X.25 datagram transport features you can configure by using the options in the x25 map or x25 pvc encapsulation command (or by setting an interface default).
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual z X.25 payload compression must be applied carefully. Each compressed virtual circuit requires significant memory resources (for a dictionary of learned data patterns) and computation resources (every data packet received is decompressed and every data packet sent is compressed). Excessive use of compression can cause unacceptable overall performance. z X.25 compression must be explicitly configured for map command.
Chapter 12: AI2524 X.25 Configuration Steps Increase the Number of Virtual Circuits Allowed For X.25 datagram transport, you can establish up to eight SVCs to one host for each map. To increase the number of virtual circuits allowed, perform one or both of these tasks in interface configuration mode: z Specify the default maximum number of SVCs that can be open simultaneously to one host for each map. x25 nvc count z Specify the maximum number of SVCs allowed for a map.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Configure X.25 User Facilities The X.25 software provides commands to support X.25 user facilities (options specified by the creators of the X.25 Recommendation) that allow you to implement features such as accounting, user identification, and flow control negotiation. You can choose to configure facilities on a per-map basis or on a per-interface basis.
Chapter 12: AI2524 X.25 Configuration Steps z Allow reverse charging acceptance. x25 accept-reverse or x25 map protocol address [protocol2 address2 [...[protocol9 address9 ]]] x121address accept-reverse z Select throughput class negotiation. x25 facility throughput in out or x25 map protocol address [protocol2 address2 [...[protocol9 address9 ]]] x121address throughput in out z Select transit delay. x25 facility transit-delay value or x25 map protocol address [protocol2 address2 [...
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual face defaults for the flow control parameters, these options must b used to specify the values. Not all networks will allow a PVC to be defined with arbitrary flow control values. Additionally, the Data bit (D-bit) is supported, if negotiated. PVCs allow the D-bit procedure because there is no call setup to negotiate its use. Both restricted and unrestricted fast select are also supported and are transparently handled by the software.
Chapter 12: AI2524 X.25 Configuration Steps Configure X.25 Routing The X.25 software implementation allows virtual circuits to be routed from one X.25 interface to another and from one router to another. The routing behavior can be controlled with switching and X.25-over-TCP (XOT) configuration commands, based on a locally built table. X.25 encapsulation can share an X.25 serial interface with the X.25 switching support. Switching or forwarding of X.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual The X.
Chapter 12: AI2524 X.25 Configuration Steps the rewrite pattern indicates the portion of the original address matched by the digits following the 1111 DNIC. x25 route ^1111(.*) substitute-dest 2222\1 interface serial 3 Figure 12-3 shows a more contrived command intended to illustrate the power of the rewriting scheme. Figure 12-3:X.25 Route Address Pattern Matching The command in Figure 12-3 causes all X.25 calls with 14-digit called addresses to be routed through interface serial 0.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Example: X.25 Routing This example shows how to enable X.25 switching, as well as how to enter routes into the X.25 routing table: Enable X.25 forwarding: x25 routing Enter routes into the table. Without a positional parameter, entries ar appended to the end of the table. x25 x25 x25 x25 x25 route route route route route ^100$ interface serial 0 100 cud ^pad$ interface serial 2 100 interface serial 1 ^3306 interface serial 3 .* ip 10.2.0.
Chapter 12: AI2524 X.25 Configuration Steps dress. As a result, all outgoing calls from the VAX are sent to cisco on-tymnet for further processing. On the router named cisco-on-tymnet, you enter these commands: x25 route vax-x121-address ip cisco-on-vax x25 route .* interface serial 0 These commands force all calls with the VAX X.121 address to be sent to the router with the VAX connected to it. All other calls with X.121 addresses are forwarded out to Tymnet.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Configure a Locally Switched PVC You can configure an X.25 PVC in the X.25 switching software. As a result, DTEs that require permanent circuits can be connected to router acting as an X.25 switch and have a properly functioning connection. X.25 resets will be sent to indicate when the circuit comes up or goes down. Both interfaces must define complementary locally switched PVCs.
Chapter 12: AI2524 X.25 Configuration Steps Example: Simple Remote PVC Tunneling In this example, a connection is established between two PVCs across a LAN. Because the connection is remote (across the LAN), the tun neling command is used. This example establishes a PVC between Router X, Serial 0, PVC 1 and Router Y, Serial 1, PVC 2. Keepalives are enabled to maintain connection notification. Figure 12-4 provides a visual representation of the configuration. Figure 12-4:X.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Flow control is maintained end-to-end. This was previously called remote switching or tunneling. Running X.25 over TCP/IP provides a number of benefits. Other routers can switch IP datagrams containing the X.25 packets using the router's high-speed switching abilities. X.25 data can be sent over networks running only TCP/IP protocols. The TCP/IP protocol suite runs over many different networking technologies, including Ethernet, Token Ring, T1 serial, and FDDI. Thus X.
Chapter 12: AI2524 X.25 Configuration Steps point C and points A and B are tunneled. Keepalives are enabled to maintain connection notification. Figure 12-5:Local Switching and Remote Tunneling PVCs Configuration for Router X service tcp-keepalives-in service tcp-keepalives-out interface ethernet 0 ip address 172.20.1.1 255.255.255.0 ! interface serial 0 x25 ltc 5 x25 pvc 1 interface serial 1 pvc 1 x25 pvc 2 tunnel 172.20.1.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Configuration for Router Y service tcp-keepalives-in service tcp-keepalives-out interface ethernet 0 ip address 172.20.1.2 255.255.255.0 ! interface serial 0 x25 ltc 5 x25 pvc 1 tunnel 172.20.1.1 interface serial 0 pvc 2 x25 pvc 2 tunnel 172.20.1.1 interface serial 1 pvc 2 Configure Additional X.25 Routing Features To configure other, less common X.
Chapter 12: AI2524 X.25 Configuration Steps tion was not true, resulting in mysterious problems. The current implementation's practice of signaling the values in the Call Confirm packet avoids these problems. Occasionally the older XOT implementation will be connected to a piece of X.25 equipment that cannot handle modification of the flow control parameters in the Call Confirm packet.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual connection establishment fails, the next destination will be tried. Up to six XOT destination addresses can be entered. To configure an XOT route with alternate addresses, thus adding it to the X.25 routing table, type (in global configuration mode): x25 route [ #position] x121-address [cud pattern] ip ip-address [ip-address2 ... [ipaddress6]] The sequence of alternate destination XOT host addresses is simply added to the normal XOT route configuration command.
Chapter 12: AI2524 X.25 Configuration Steps Specify a CMNS Static Map of Addresses After enabling CMNS on a nonserial interface (or specifying X.25 encapsulation on a serial interface), you must map NSAP addresses to either MAC-layer addresses or X.121 addresses, depending on th application. For CMNS support over dedicated serial links (such as leased lines), an X.121 address is not needed, but can be included. You must specify the X.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual interface serial 1 encapsulation x25 x25 map cmns 38.8261.1000.0150.1000.20 Example: CMNS Switched over a PDN This example depicts switching CMNS over a packet-switched PDN. Figure 12-6 illustrates the general network topology for a CMNS switching application where calls are being made between resources on opposite sides of a remote link to Host A (on an Ethernet) and Host B (on a Token Ring), with a PDN providing the connection.
Chapter 12: AI2524 X.25 Configuration Steps interface token 0 cmns enable x25 map cmns 38.8261.17 0800.4e02.1f9f This configuration specifies that traffic from any other interface on Cisco Router C2 that is intended for any NSAP address with NSAPprefix 38.8261.18 will be switched to X.121 address 2095551000 through Serial 0. interface serial 0 encapsulation x25 x25 address 4085551234 x25 map cmns 38.8261.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual sides of a remote link to Host C (on an Ethernet) and Host B (on a Token Ring), with a dedicated leased line providing the connection. This configuration listing allows resources on either side of the leased line to call Host C or Host B. This configuration allows traffic intended for the remote NSAP address specified in the x25 map cmns commands (for the serial ports) to be switched through the serial interface for which CMNS is configured.
Chapter 12: AI2524 X.25 Configuration Steps This configuration specifies that traffic from any other interface on Cisco Router C4 that is intended for any NSAP address with NSAPprefix 38.8261.20 will be switched through Serial 0. interface serial 0 encapsulation x25 x25 address 00002 x25 map cmns 38.8261.20 Configuration for Router C3 This configuration specifies that any traffic from any other interface intended for any NSAP address with NSAP 38.8261.20 will be switched to MAC address 0800.4e02.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Create an Access List To specify the access conditions, restrict incoming and outgoing connections between a particular Virtual Terminal (VTY) line (into a Cisco access server) and the addresses in an access list by typing (in global configuration mode): x29 access-list access-list-number {deny | permit} x121-address An access list can contain any number of lines. The lists are processed in the order in which you type the entries.
Chapter 12: AI2524 X.25 Configuration Steps Apply an Access List to a Line In line configuration mode, apply an access list to a virtual line by restricting incoming and outgoing connections between a particular virtual terminal line (into a Cisco access server) and the addresses in an access list: access-class access-list-number in The access list number is used for incoming TCP access and for incoming PAD access. For TCP access, the protocol translator uses the defined IP access lists.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Configure LAPB You can use only LAPB as a serial encapsulation method if you hav a private serial line. You must use one of the X.25 packet-level encapsulations when attaching to an X.25 network. The LAPB standards distinguish between two types of hosts: Data Terminal Equipment (DTE), and Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (DCE). At Level 2, or the data link layer in the OSI model, LAPB allows for orderly and reliable exchange of data between a DTE and a DCE.
Chapter 12: AI2524 X.25 Configuration Steps 2. In interface configuration mode, select an encapsulation and protocol if using a single protocol or select the multiple protocol operation by performing one or more of these tasks: zEnable encapsulation of a single protocol on the line using DCE operation. encapsulation lapb dce [ protocol] zEnable encapsulation of a single protocol on the line using DTE operation.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual ters can be modified to change LAPB protocol performance on particular link. Because X.25 operates the PLP on top of the LAPB protocol, these tasks apply to both X.25 links and LAPB links. The parameters and their default values are summarized in this table. Task (LAPB Parameter) Page 12-50 Command Values or Ranges Default Set the modulo. lapb modulo modulus 8 or 128 8 Set the window size (K).
Chapter 12: AI2524 X.25 Configuration Steps z LAPB Modulo and LAPB K. The LAPB modulo determines the operating mode. Modulo 8 (basic mode) is widely available, because it is required for all standard LAPB implementations and is sufficient for most links.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual z LAPB T4. The LAPB standards define a timer to detect unsignaled link failures (T4). The T4 timer is reset every time a frame is received from the partner on the link. If the T4 timer expires, Receiver Ready frame with the Poll bit set is sent to the partner, which is required to respond. If the partner does not respond, the standard polling mechanism is used to determine whether the link is down. The period of T4 must be greater than the period of T1.
Chapter 12: AI2524 X.25 Configuration Steps Note: The lapb hold-queue command is no longer supported, but the same functionality is provided by the hold-queue size out standard queue control command. Configure Transparent Bridging over Multiprotocol LAPB To configure transparent bridging over multiprotocol LAPB, perform these tasks beginning in global configuration mode: 1. Specify the serial interface, and enter interface configuration mode. interface serial number 2.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual z Display CMNS connections over LLC2. show llc2 z Display the protocol-to-X.121 address map. show x25 map z Display routes assigned by the x25 route command. show x25 route z Display details of active virtual circuits.
Chapter 12: AI2524 X.25 Configuration Steps lows for successful ping commands. A similar configuration is re quired for the same subnet IP addresses to work across X.25. Figure 12-8:Parallel Serial Lines to an X.25 Network Note: All four serial ports configured for the two routers in the following configuration example must be assigned to the same IP subnet address space. In this case, the subnet is 172.20.170.0. Configuration for Router A interface serial 1 ip 172.20.170.1 255.255.255.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Configuration for Router B interface serial 0 ip 172.20.170.3 255.255.255.0 x25 address 31370054065 x25 map ip 172.20.170.1 31370054068 x25 map ip 172.20.170.2 31370054068 ! interface serial 3 ip 172.20.170.4 255.255.255.0 x25 address 31370054067 x25 map ip 172.20.170.2 31370054069 x25 map ip 172.20.170.1 31370054069 (allow either destination address) x25 31370054065 alias serial3 x25 31370054067 alias serial0 Example: Booting from a Network Server over X.25 Over X.
Chapter 12: AI2524 X.25 Configuration Steps This entry allows the remote router to return a boot image from the host to the router booting over X.25.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Page 12-58 August 1997 2524UM
Chapter 13: AI2524 Frame Relay Configuration Steps Chapter 13: AI2524 Frame Relay Configuration Steps Introduction This chapter describes how to perform a variety of frame relay configuration tasks and enable frame relay encapsulation.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual The Frame Relay interface actually consists of one physical connection between the network server and the switch that provides the service. This single physical connection provides direct connectivity to each device on a network, such as a StrataCom FastPacket wide-area network (WAN). Frame Relay Configuration Task List Enable Frame Relay Encapsulation on an Interface There are required, basic steps you must follow to enable Frame Relay for your network.
Chapter 13: AI2524 Frame Relay Configuration Steps Examples: IETF Encapsulation The first example sets IETF encapsulation at the interface level. The second example sets IETF encapsulation on a per-DLCI basis. In the first example, the keyword ietf sets the default encapsulation method for all maps to IETF. encapsulation frame-relay IETF frame-relay map ip 131.108.123.2 48 broadcast frame-relay map ip 131.108.123.3 49 broadcast In this example, IETF encapsulation is configured on a per-DLCI basis.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual To establish static mapping according to your network needs, perform one of these tasks in interface configuration mode: z Define the mapping between a next hop protocol address and the DLCI used to connect to the address. frame-relay map protocol protocol-address dlci [broadcast] [ietf] [cisco] z Define a DLCI used to send International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Connectionless Network Service (CLNS) frames.
Chapter 13: AI2524 Frame Relay Configuration Steps Configuration for Router 2 interface serial 0 ip address 131.108.64.1 255.255.255.0 encapsulation frame-relay keepalive 10 frame-relay map ip 131.108.64.2 43 IPX Routing Example This example illustrates how to send packets destined for IPX address 200.0000.0c00.7b21 out on DLCI 102: ipx routing 000.0c00.7b3b ! interface ethernet 0 ipx network 2abc ! interface serial 0 ipx network 200 encapsulation frame-relay frame-relay map ipx 200.0000.0c00.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual The router decodes the reply and configures itself automatically. If more than one reply is received, the router configures itself according to the most recent reply, accommodating intelligent switches that can handle multiple formats simultaneously. Using an intelligent retry scheme, LMI autosense attempts to deter mine the LMI type every N391 interval if initially unsuccessful. Default is 60 seconds, which is 6 keep exchanges at 10 seconds each.
Chapter 13: AI2524 Frame Relay Configuration Steps Set the LMI Keepalive Interval A keepalive interval must be set to configure the LMI. By default, this interval is 10 seconds and, per the LMI protocol, must be less than the corresponding interval on the switch. z To set the keepalive interval, type (in interface configuration mode): keepalive number z To turn off keepalives on networks without an LMI.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Configure Frame Relay Switched Virtual Circuits Currently, access to Frame Relay networks is made through private leased lines at speeds ranging from 56 kbps to 45 Mbps. Frame Relay is a connection-oriented, packet-transfer mechanism that establishes virtual circuits between endpoints.
Chapter 13: AI2524 Frame Relay Configuration Steps 3. Enable Frame Relay encapsulation on the interface. encapsulation frame-relay 4. Assign a map group to the interface. map-group group-name 5. Enable Frame Relay SVC support on the interface. frame-relay svc Map-group details are specified with the map-list command. Example: SVCs on an Interface This example configures a physical interface, applies a map-group to the physical interface, and then defines the map-group. interface serial 0 ip address 172.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual 2. Specify the subinterface IP address, if needed. ip address ip-address mask 3. Assign a map group to the subinterface. map-group group-name Example: SVCs on a Subinterface This example configures a point-to-point interface for SVC operation. This example assumes that the main serial 0 interface has been configured for signalling, and that SVC operation has been enabled on th main interface. int s 0.
Chapter 13: AI2524 Frame Relay Configuration Steps Define another map class and its QOS settings: map-class rainbow frame-relay cir in 64000 frame-relay idle-timer 2000 Configure a Map Class Beginning in global configuration mode, configure a map class: 1. Specify the Frame Relay map class name and enter map class configuration mode. map-class frame-relay map-class-name 2. Specify a custom queue list to be used for the map class. frame-relay custom-queue-list list-number 3.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual 12. Set the outgoing excess burst size (Be). frame-relay be out bits 13. Set the idle timeout interval. frame-relay idle-timer duration You can define multiple map classes. A map class is associated with a static map, not with the interface or subinterface. Because of the flexibility this association allows, you can define different map classes fo different destinations. Configure a Map Group with E.164 or X.
Chapter 13: AI2524 Frame Relay Configuration Steps By default, the Frame Reject frame is sent at the LAPF Frame Reject procedure. Note: Manipulation of Layer 2 parameters is not recommended if you do not know well the resulting functional change. For more information, refer to the ITU-T Q.922 specification for LAPF. If you must change Layer 2 parameters for your network environment and if you know the resulting functional change, complete these tasks as needed: z Set the LAPF window size k.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual By defining separate virtual circuits for different types of traffic and specifying queuing and an outbound traffic rate for each virtual circuit, you can provide guaranteed bandwidth for each type of traffic. By specifying different traffic rates for different virtual circuits over the same line, you can perform virtual time division multiplexing.
Chapter 13: AI2524 Frame Relay Configuration Steps Define a Map Class with Queuing and Traffic Shaping Parameters When you define a map class for Frame Relay, you can define the average and peak rates (in bits per second) allowed on virtual circuits associated with the map class. You can also specify either a custom queue-list or a priority queue-group to use on virtual circuits associated with the map class (optional). Beginning in global configuration mode, define a map class: 1.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Define Custom Queue Lists for the Map Class You can define a queue list for a protocol and a default queue list. You can also specify the maximum number of bytes to be transmitted in any cycle. The number used for a specific queue list ties the list to the Frame Relay custom-queue list defined for a specified map class.
Chapter 13: AI2524 Frame Relay Configuration Steps interface Serial0 no ip address encapsulation frame-relay frame-relay lmi-type ansi frame-relay traffic-shaping frame-relay class slow_vcs ! interface Serial0.1 point-to-point ip address 10.128.30.1 255.255.255.248 ip ospf cost 200 bandwidth 10 frame-relay interface-dlci 101 ! interface Serial0.2 point-to-point ip address 10.128.30.9 255.255.255.248 ip ospf cost 400 bandwidth 10 frame-relay interface-dlci 102 class fast_vcs ! interface Serial0.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Customize Frame Relay for Your Network Perform these tasks to customize Frame Relay: z Configure Frame Relay Subinterfaces z Configure Frame Relay Switching z Disable or Reenable Frame Relay Inverse ARP z Create a Broadcast Queue for an Interface z Configure Payload Compression z Configure TCP/IP Header Compression z Configure Discard Eligibility z Configure DLCI Priority Levels Configure Frame Relay Subinterfaces To understand and define Frame Relay Subint
Chapter 13: AI2524 Frame Relay Configuration Steps Configuring Frame Relay subinterfaces ensures that a single physical interface is treated as multiple virtual interfaces. This capability allows us to overcome split horizon rules. Packets received on one virtual interface can now be forwarded out another virtual interface, even if they are configured on the same physical interface.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Figure 13-2:Using Subinterfaces to Provide Full Connectivity on a Partially Meshed Frame Relay Network Define Frame Relay Subinterfaces Configure subinterfaces on a Frame Relay network: 1. Specify a serial interface. interface serial number 2. Configure Frame Relay encapsulation on the serial interface. encapsulation frame-relay 3. Specify a subinterface. interface serial number.
Chapter 13: AI2524 Frame Relay Configuration Steps Define Subinterface Addressing For point-to-point subinterfaces, the destination is presumed to be known and is identified or implied in the frame-relay interface-dlci command. For multipoint subinterfaces, the destinations can be dynamically resolved through the use of Frame Relay Inverse ARP or can be statically mapped through the use of the framerelay map command.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual You can configure some protocols for dynamic address mapping and others for static address mapping. Accept Inverse ARP for Dynamic Address Mapping on Multipoint Subinterfaces Dynamic address mapping uses Frame Relay Inverse ARP to request the next hop protocol address for a specific connection, given a DLCI.
Chapter 13: AI2524 Frame Relay Configuration Steps interface Serial0 no ip address encapsulation frame-relay frame-relay lmi-type ansi ! interface Serial0.103 multipoint ip address 172.21.177.18 255.255.255.0 frame-relay interface-dlci 300 ! interface Serial0.104 multipoint ip address 172.21.178.18 255.255.255.0 frame-relay interface-dlci 400 Configure Static Address Mapping on Multipoint Subinterfaces A static map links a specified next hop protocol address to a specified DLCI.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual The broadcast keyword is required for routing protocols such as OSI protocols and the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol. Se the frame-relay map command description in the Wide-Area Networking Command Reference for more information about using the broadcast keyword.
Chapter 13: AI2524 Frame Relay Configuration Steps Point-to-Point Subinterfaces In interface configuration mode, configure transparent bridging for point-to-point subinterfaces: 1. Specify a serial interface. interface serial number 2. Configure Frame Relay encapsulation on the serial interface. encapsulation frame-relay 3. Specify a subinterface. interface serial number.subinterface-number point-to-point 4. Associate a DLCI with the subinterface. frame-relay interface-dlci dlci [option] 5.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Configuration for Router B frame-relay switching ! interface token-ring 0 ip address 131.108.178.1 255.255.255.0 ! interface serial 0 no ip address encapsulation frame-relay IETF bandwidth 384 clockrate 4000000 frame-relay intf-type dce ! interface serial 0.
Chapter 13: AI2524 Frame Relay Configuration Steps Example: Transparent Bridging Using Subinterfaces In this example, Frame Relay DLCIs 42, 64, and 73 are to be used as separate point-to-point links with transparent bridging running over them. The bridging spanning tree algorithm views each PVC as a separate bridge port, and a frame arriving on the PVC can be relayed back out a separate PVC. Be sure that routing is not enabled when configuring transparent bridging using subinterfaces.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual 3. Configure the subinterface. interface serial number.subinterface-number point-to-point 4. Specify a DLCI for the subinterface. frame-relay interface-dlci dlci 5. Specify a backup interface for the subinterface. backup interface serial number 6. Specify backup enable and disable delay.
Chapter 13: AI2524 Frame Relay Configuration Steps In Figure 13-3, Routers A, B, and C are Frame Relay DTEs connected to each other via a Frame Relay network. Our implementation of Frame Relay switching allows our devices to be used as depicted in this Frame Relay network.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Example: PVC Switching Configuration You can configure your router as a dedicated, DCE-only Frame Relay switch. Switching is based on DLCIs. The incoming DLCI is examined, and the outgoing interface and DLCI are determined. Switching takes place when the incoming DLCI in the packet is replaced by the outgoing DLCI, and the packet is sent out the outgoing interface. In this example, the router switches two PVCs between interface serial 1 and 2.
Chapter 13: AI2524 Frame Relay Configuration Steps Example: Pure Frame Relay DCE Using the PVC switching feature, it is possible to build an entire Frame Relay network using our routers. In this example, Router A and Router C act as Frame Relay switches implementing a two-node network. Th standard Network-to-Network Interface (NNI) signaling protocol is used between Router A and Router C (see Figure 13-5).
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Configuration for Router A frame-relay switching ! interface ethernet 0 no ip address shutdown ! interface ethernet 1 no ip address shutdown ! interface ethernet 2 no ip address shutdown ! interface ethernet 3 no ip address shutdown ! interface serial 0 ip address 131.108.178.48 255.255.255.
Chapter 13: AI2524 Frame Relay Configuration Steps Configuration for Router C frame-relay switching ! interface ethernet 0 no ip address shutdown ! interface ethernet1 no ip address shutdown ! interface ethernet 2 no ip address shutdown ! interface ethernet 3 no ip address shutdown ! interface serial 0 ip address 131.108.187.84 255.255.255.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Example: Hybrid DTE/DCE PVC Switching Routers can also be configured as hybrid DTE/DCE Frame Relay switches (see Figure 13-6). Figure 13-6:Hybrid DTE/DCE PVC Switching In this example, Router B acts as a hybrid DTE/DCE Frame Relay switch. It can switch frames between the two DCE ports and between a DCE port and a DTE port. Traffic from the Frame Relay network can also be terminated locally.
Chapter 13: AI2524 Frame Relay Configuration Steps Configuration for Router B frame-relay switching ! interface ethernet 0 ip address 131.108.123.231 255.255.255.0 ! interface ethernet 1 ip address 131.108.5.231 255.255.255.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Example: Switching over an IP Tunnel You can switch over an IP tunnel by creating a point-to-point tunnel across the internetwork over which PVC switching can take place (se Figure 13-7). Figure 13-7:Frame Relay Switch over IP Tunnel The following configurations illustrate how to create the IP network depicted in Figure 13-7.
Chapter 13: AI2524 Frame Relay Configuration Steps Configuration for Router A frame-relay switching ! interface Ethernet0 ip address 108.131.123.231 255.255.255.0 ! interface Ethernet1 ip address 131.108.5.231 255.255.255.0 ! interface Serial0 no ip address shutdown ! interface Serial1 ip address 131.108.222.231 255.255.255.0 encapsulation frame-relay frame-relay map ip 131.108.222.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Disable or Reenable Frame Relay Inverse ARP Frame Relay Inverse ARP is a method of building dynamic address mappings in Frame Relay networks running IP and Novell IPX. Inverse ARP allows the router or access server to discover the protocol address of a device associated with the virtual circuit. Inverse ARP creates dynamic address mappings, as contrasted with the frame-relay map command, which defines static mappings between a specific protocol address and a specific DLCI.
Chapter 13: AI2524 Frame Relay Configuration Steps interface buffers and lead to higher packet rate loss for both user dat and routing updates. To avoid such problems, you can create a special broadcast queue for an interface. The broadcast queue is managed independently of th normal interface queue, has its own buffers, and has a configurable size and service rate. A broadcast queue is given a maximum transmission rate (throughput) limit measured in both bytes per second and packets per second.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual A typical TCP/IP packet includes a 40-byte datagram header. Once a connection is established, the header information need not be repeated in every packet that is sent. Reconstructing a smaller header that identifies the connection and indicates the fields that changed and the amount of change reduces the number of bytes transmitted. The average compressed header is 10 bytes long. For this algorithm to function, packets must arrive in order.
Chapter 13: AI2524 Frame Relay Configuration Steps In interface configuration mode, configure an IP map to use Cisco encapsulation and TCP/IP header compression: frame-relay map ip ip-address dlci [broadcast] cisco tcp headercompression {active | passive} The default encapsulation is cisco. Note: An interface that is configured to support TCP/IP header compression cannot also support priority queuing or custom queuing.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Example: IP Map with Inherited TCP/IP Header Compression This example shows an interface configured for TCP/IP header compression and an IP map that inherits the compression characteristics. Note that the Frame Relay IP map is not explicitly configured for header compression. interface serial 1 encapsulation frame-relay ip address 131.108.177.178 255.255.255.0 frame-relay map ip 131.108.177.
Chapter 13: AI2524 Frame Relay Configuration Steps Disable TCP/IP Header Compression You can disable TCP/IP header compression by using either of two commands that have different effects, depending on whether Fram Relay IP maps have been explicitly configured for TCP/IP header compression or have inherited their compression characteristics from the interface. Frame Relay IP maps that have explicitly configured TCP/IP heade compression must also have TCP/IP header compression explicitly disabled.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Use the show frame-relay map command to display the resulting compression and encapsulation characteristics: Router> show frame-relay map Serial 1 (administratively down): ip 131.108.177.177 177 dlci 177(0xB1, 0x2C10), static, broadcast CISCO Serial 1 (administratively down): ip 131.108.177.
Chapter 13: AI2524 Frame Relay Configuration Steps Configure Discard Eligibility You can specify which Frame Relay packets have low priority or low time sensitivity and will be the first to be dropped when a Frame Relay switch is congested. The mechanism that allows a Frame Relay switch to identify such packets is the discard eligibility (DE) bit. This feature requires that the Frame Relay network be able to interpret the DE bit. Some networks take no action when the DE bit is set.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Before you configure the DLCI priority levels, complete these tasks: 1. Define a global priority list. 2. Enable Frame Relay encapsulation, as described earlier in this section. 3. Define static or dynamic address mapping, as described earlier in this section. 4. Make sure that you define each of the DLCIs to which you intend to apply levels. You can associate priority-level DLCIs with subinterfaces. 5. Configure the LMI, as described earlier in this section.
Chapter 13: AI2524 Frame Relay Configuration Steps Monitor the Frame Relay Connections To monitor Frame Relay connections, perform any of these tasks in EXEC mode: z Clear dynamically created Frame Relay maps, which are created by the use of Inverse ARP. clear frame-relay-inarp z Display information about Frame Relay DLCIs and the LMI. show interfaces serial number z Display LMI statistics. show frame-relay lmi [ type number ] z Display the current Frame Relay map entries.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Interoperability is provided by IETF encapsulation. frame-relay map ip 131.108.123.3 49 broadcast ietf frame-relay map ip 131.108.123.7 58 broadcast This line allows the router to connect with a device running an older version of software. frame-relay map decnet 21.7 49 broadcast Configure IETF based on map entries and protocol for more flexibility. Use this method of configuration for backward compatibility and interoperability.
Chapter 13: AI2524 Frame Relay Configuration Steps In this case, 100 is the DLCI that can get to host 131.108.126.111. The remote router must have this frame-relay map entry: frame-relay map ip 131.108.126.200 101 broadcast This entry allows the remote router to return a boot image (from the network server) to the router booting over Frame Relay. Here, 101 is a DLCI of the router being booted.
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Chapter 14: T1 Interface Configuration Steps Chapter 14: T1 Interface Configuration Steps Introduction This chapter describes how to configure the AI2524 for fractional T1. Configure Fractional T1 Configuration Overview This section describes how to configure fractional T1 and T1 (FT1/T1 service modules installed the AI2425 router.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual To guarantee the ones density requirement on an AMI line using th FT1/T1 CSU/DSU module, type this in interface configuration mode: service-module t1 data-coding inverted This command inverts bit codes by changi ng all 1 bits to 0bits and all 0 bits to 1 bits. If the timeslot speed is se t to 56kbps, this command is rejected because line density is guaranteed when transmitti ng at 56kbps. Use this command with the 64 kbps line speed.
Chapter 14: T1 Interface Configuration Steps To transmit packets without decreasing outgoing signal strength, typ this in interface configuration mode: service-module t1 lbo none The ideal signal strength should be between -15 dB and -22 dB, which is calculated by adding the phone company loss, cable length loss, and line build out. You may use this command in back-to-back configurations, but it is not needed on most actual T1 lines.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Super Frame configured, the remote alarm condition is signalled out of band in the facility data link. You can see if the FT1/T1 CSU/DSU is receiving a remote alarm (yellow alarm) by issuing the show service-module command.
Chapter 14: T1 Interface Configuration Steps Specify Timeslots To define timeslots for FT1/T1 module, type this in interface configuration mode: service-module t1 timeslots { range | all} [speed {56 | 64}] This command specifies which timeslots are used in fractional T1 operation and determines the amount of bandwidth available to the route in each timeslot. The range specifies the DS0 timeslots that constitute the FT1/T1 channel.
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Chapter 15: 56/64-kbps Switched and Digital Data Services (DDS) Interface Chapter 15: 56/64-kbps Switched and Digital Data Services (DDS) Interface Configuration Steps Introduction Set the Clock Source This chapter describes how to configure 2- and 4-wire 56/64 kbps service modules.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Set the Network Line Speed In interface configuration mode, configure the network line speed for a 4-wire 56/64-kbps CSU/DSU module: service-module 56k clock rate line-speed You can use the following line speed settings: 2.4, 4.8, 9.6, 19.2, 38.4, 56, 64 kpbs, and an auto setting. The 64-kbps line speed cannot be used with back-to-back digital data service (DDS) lines.
Chapter 15: 56/64-kbps Switched and Digital Data Services (DDS) Interface Enable Scrambled Data Coding In interface configuration mode, prevent application data from repli cating loopback codes when operating at 64-kbps on a 4-wire CSU/ DSU by scrambling bit codes before transmission: service-module 56k data-coding scrambled Enable the scrambled configuration only in 64-kbps digital data service (DDS) mode. If the network type is set to switched, the configuration is refused.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Enable Acceptance of a Remote Loopback Request In interface configuration mode, enable the acceptance of a remot loopback request on a 2- or 4-wire 56/64-kbps CSU/DSU module: Select a Service Provider In interface configuration mode, select a service provider to use with a 2- or 4-wire 56/64 kbps dial-up line: service-module 56k remote-loopback The no service-module 56k remote-loopback command prevents the local CSU/DSU from being placed into loopback by remote devices
Chapter 16: Basic Configuration Chapter 16: Basic Configuration Connecting to the Network Connecting to an Ethernet Network The AI2524 can be connected to an Ethernet network by: z Using a straight-through 10BaseT cable to connect the 10BaseT port to a 10BaseT hub. z Using a crossover 10BaseT cable to connect the 10BaseT port to a PC network interface card.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Booting the Router for the First Time Each time you power on the router, it goes through this boot sequence: 1. The router goes through power-on self-test diagnostics to verify basic operation of the CPU, memory, and interfaces. 2. The system bootstrap software (boot image) executes and searches for a valid Cisco IOS image (router operating system software).
Chapter 16: Basic Configuration Warning: Acquire the correct network addresses from your system administrator or consult your network plan to determin correct addresses before you begin to configure the router. Using Configuration Mode You can configure the router manually if you prefer not to use AutoInstall or the System Configuration Dialog. Take these steps to configure the router manually: 1.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual 6. To see the configuration in NVRAM, enter th show startupconfig command at the enable prompt: Router# show startup-config The results of the show running-config and show startup-config commands will be different if you have mad changes to the configuration but have not yet written them to NVRAM. 7.
Chapter 16: Basic Configuration 4. Turn ON power to the router. The router will load the operating system image from Flash memory. If the remote end of the WAN connection is connected and properly configured, the AutoInstall process will begin. If AutoInstall successfully completes, you can write the configuration data to the router's NVRAM.Perform this step to complete this task. 5.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual To accept the default answer, press ; otherwise enter your response. This section gives an example configuration using the System Configuration Dialog. When you are configuring your router, respond as ap propriate for your network. At any time during the System Configuration Dialog, you can request help by typing a question mark (?) at a prompt.
Chapter 16: Basic Configuration System Bootstrap, Version X.X(XXXX) [XXXXX XX], RELEASE SOFTWARE Copyright (c) 1986-1992 by Cisco Systems 2500 processor with 4096 Kbytes of main memory Notice: NVRAM invalid, possibly due to write erase F3: 5797928+162396+258800 at 0x3000060 Restricted Rights Legend Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph (c) of the Commercial Computer Software - Restricted Rights clause at FAR sec. 52.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual 4. When the System Configuration Dialog asks whether you want to view the current interface summary, press< Return> or enter yes: First, would you like to see the current interface summary? [yes]: Any interface listed with OK? value “NO" does not have a valid configuration Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol EthernetO unassigned NO not set up down BRIO unassigned NO not set up up SerialO unassigned NO not set down down Seriall unassigned NO not set down down 5.
Chapter 16: Basic Configuration 7. Enter the enable and virtual terminal passwords: Enter enable password: shovel Enter virtual terminal password: vterml 8. Press to accept Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) management, or enter no to refuse it: Configure SNMP Network Management? [yes]: no 9. In this example, the router is configured for AppleTalk, IP, and IPX.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Country ISDN Switch Type Description vn3 French VN3 ISDN switches Japan ntt Japanese NTT ISDN switches North America basic-5ess AT&T basic rate switches basic-dms100 NT DMS-100 basic rate switches basic-ni1 National ISDN-1 switches basic-nznet3 New Zealand NET3 switch New Zealand Configuring the Ethernet or Token Ring Interfaces Take these steps to configure the Ethernet or Token Ring interface to allow communication over a LAN.
Chapter 16: Basic Configuration 3. Determine if you are going to enable IPX on the interface. If so, enter yes and then enter the unique IPX network number: Configure IPX on this interface? [no]: yes IPX network number [1]: B001 Configuring the Synchronous Serial Interfaces The synchronous serial interfaces are configured to allow connection to WANs. Once the Ethernet or Token Ring port on your router has been configured, take these steps to configure the synchronous serial interfaces: 1.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual 3. Configure the second synchronous serial interface, for example, as: Configuring interface Seriall: Is this interface in use? [yes]: Configure IP on this interface? ~yes;: Configure IP unnumbered on this interface? [no]: IP address for this interface: 172.16.74.2 Number of bits in subset field [8]: Class B network is 172.16.0.0, 8 subset bits; mask is 255.255.255.
Chapter 16: Basic Configuration 2. Enter the configure terminal command. Router# config term 3. If you have not already done so, enter the isdn switch-type command to configure the ISDN switch type: router (config) # ISDN switch-type switch-type 4.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual 6. To set up a second B channel for bandwidth on demand, enter the load-threshold command to set the ISDN load threshold. The load threshold determines the percentage of network loading at which the second ISDN B channel is triggered. The value ranges from 1 to 255 (100 percent).
Chapter 16: Basic Configuration 1. Enter enable mode: Router> enable password: enablepassword 2. Enter configuration mode: Router# config term Router(config)# 3. Assign an IP address to the serial port on the module: Router(config)# interface serial port_number Router(config-if)# ip address ipaddress suLnetmask Router(config-if)# no keepalive 4. Set the network type to switched: Router(config-if)# service-module 56k network-type switched 5.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Configuring DDS The 4-wire 56/64-kbps DSU/CSU WAN module is configured for DDS (which are leased or dedicated lines) as the factory default, but it can be configured for either switched 56/64-kbps service or DDS. Th DDS configuration is described in this section. To configure the 4-wire 56/64-kbps DSU/CSU WAN module for circuit-switched service, follow the instructions in the previous section Configuring Switched 56.
Chapter 16: Basic Configuration Configuring the Fractional T1/T1 DSU/CSU WAN Module This section describes how to configure the fractional Tl/T1 DSU/ CSU WAN module is configured for Extended Superframe Format (ESF) signal format, bipolar zero substitution (B8ZS), and full bandwidth as the factory default. Depending on networking environment, you might need to change these settings.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual 6. Return to user EXEC mode: Router(config-if)# exit Router(config)# exit Router# exit Router> Specifying the Boot Method You can enter multiple boot commands in the configuration in NVRAM to provide a backup method for loading the Cisco IOS image onto the router. The router boots using the first boot command that succeeds. If you enter multiple boot commands, the router executes them in the order they are entered.
Chapter 16: Basic Configuration 2. TFTP server If Flash memory is not available, or if Flash memory does not contain a valid Cisco IOS image, you can specify that system software be loaded from a TFTP server on your network as a backup boot method for the router.
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual Checking the Configuration Settings Enter the show version command to check the software version (third line from the top in this display) and configuration register setting (at the end of this display): Router> shovrsion Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software IOS (to) XX00 Software (XXX-X-X), RELEASE SOFTWARE XX.X(XXXX) [XXX] Copyright (c) 1986-1996 by Cisco Systems, Inc.
Chapter 17: Command References Chapter 17: Command References Introduction This chapter contains a link to the AI2524/Cisco IOS v. 11.2 documentation. Command References Refer to the Cisco Command Reference chapters on the AI2524/Cisco IOS v. 11.2 documentation CD.
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Chapter 18: System Error Messages Chapter 18: System Error Messages Introduction This chapter contains a link to the AI2524/Cisco IOS v. 11.2 documentation. System Error Messages Refer to the Cisco Command Reference chapters on the AI2524/Cisco IOS v. 11.2 documentation CD.
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Chapter 19: Debug Command Reference Chapter 19: Debug Command Reference Introduction This chapter contains a link to the AI2524/Cisco IOS v. 11.2 documentation. Debug Command Reference Refer to the Cisco Command Reference chapters on the AI2524/Cisco IOS v. 11.2 documentation CD.
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Appendix A: Release Notes Appendix A: Release Notes August 1997 2524UM Page A-1
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AISwitch Release Notes AI2524, Version 1.00 Router Card August 1997 Applied Innovation, Inc.
AI2524 Router Card, Version 1.00 Release Notes August 1997 Copyright © Copyright 1983-1997 Applied Innovation Incorporated (AII). The material discussed in this manual is the proprietary property of AII and AII retains all rights to reproduction and distribution of this document. AISwitch, AISwitch Series 180 and AISwitch Series 130 are registered trademarks of Applied Innovation Inc. Any other trademarks appearing in this documentation are regis tered trademarks of their respective companies.
August 1997 AI2524 Router Card, Version 1.00 Release Notes AISwitch Release Notes AI2524, Version 1.00 Router Card August 1997 New Features These release notes document new or enhanced features and com mands, upgrade instructions, and problem resolutions for the AI2524 Router card. z ISDN/BRI Inferface Instructions for use of this product are detailed in the AI2524 Router Manual, document number 2524UM.
AI2524 Router Card, Version 1.00 Release Notes ISDN/BRI Inferface August 1997 The AI2524 ISDN/BRI module provides the digitalization of telephone network so that voice, data, text, graphics, music, video, and other source material can be provided to end users from a single enduser terminal over existing telephone wiring. ACT Activity LED Flashing LED indicates normal opera tion. Transmitting and receiving dat normally.
August 1997 Configuring ISDN AI2524 Router Card, Version 1.00 Release Notes If you have an ISDN BRI WAN module, configure the BRI port for ISDN. This section explains typical ISDN configurations for one or two B channels. In the examples, the BRI port is configured for IP routing and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) encapsulation.
AI2524 Router Card, Version 1.00 Release Notes August 1997 5. Some ISDN switch types, such as Basic NI1 or DMS-100 switch service, require you to configure a service profile identifie (SPID). Enter the SPID information substituting the appropriat entries for your installation: Router (config-if) # isdn spid1 SPID_no phone_number Router (config-if) # isdn spid2 SPID_no phone_number 6. To set up a second B channel for bandwidth on demand, enter the load-threshold command to set the ISDN load threshold.
Appendix B: Acronyms Appendix B: Acronyms Acronym Definition AAA Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting AMI Alternate Mark Inversion ANSI American National Standards Institute APPN Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking ARA AppleTalk Remote Access Protocol ARP Address Resolution Protocol ARPA Advanced Research Projects Agency ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode AURP Appletalk Update-based Routing Protocol Bc Committed Burst Size Be Excess Burst Size BECN Backward Explicit Congestion No
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual CIP Channel Interface Protocol CIR Committed Information Rate CLI Command Line Interface CLNS Connectionless Network Services CMNS Connection-Mode Network Service CMNS Connection Mode Network Services CP Control Point CPU Central Processor Unit CSLIP Compressed Serial Line Internet Protocol CSNP Complete Sequence Numer PDU CSU Channel Service Unit CUD Call User Packet D-bit Data Bit DCA Defense Communications Agency DCE Data-Circuit Terminating
Appendix B: Acronyms DTE Data Terminal Equipment EGP Exterior Gateway Protocol ESF Extended Superframe FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface FIFO First-In First-Out FRMR Frame Reject Frame HDLC High-level Link Control HDLC High-Level Data Link Control HSRP Hot Standby Router Protocol HSSI High-Speed Serial Interface ICMP Internal Control Message Protocol IETF Internet Engineering Task Force IGRP Internet Gateway Routing Protocol IP Internet Protocol IPCP IP Control Protocol IP
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual LAPB Link Access Procedure Balanced LAPB Link Access Procedure Balanced LAPF Link Access Procedure for Frame Relay LAT Local-Area Transport LC Logic Channel LCI Logic Channel Identifier LEN Low-Entry Networking Level1 Station Router Level Level2 Area Router Level LLC2 Logical Link Control type 2 LMI Local Management Interface LQM Link Quality Monitoring LQR Link Quality Reports LSP Link State PDU LU Logical Unit MAC Media Access Control M-bit
Appendix B: Acronyms NCIA Native Client Interface Architecture NET Network Entity Titles NETID Network Identifier NLSP Netware Link Services Protocol NMP Network Processor Module NNI Network-to-Network Interface NSAP Network Service Access Point NVRAM Nonvolatile Random Access Memory OSI Open System Interconnection OSPF Open Shortest Path First PAD Packet Assembler/Disassembler PAP Password Authentication Protocol PDN Public Data Network PDU Protocol Data Unit PLP Packet Level
AI2524 Router Card User’s Manual RIP Routing Information Protocol ROM Read Only Memory RPOA Recognized Private Operation Agency RSRB Remote Source-Route Bridging RTMP Routing Table Maintenance Protocol SAP Service Access Point SDLC Synchronous Data Link Control SF Superframe SGBP Stock Group Bidding SLIP Serial Line Internet Protocol SMDS Switched Multimegabit Data Service SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol SNA Systems Network Architecture SNAP Subnetwork Access Protocol SNMP S
Appendix B: Acronyms UDP User Datagram Protocol UP Usage Parameter URL Universal Resource Locator VCN Virtual Circuit Nember VPDN Virtual Private Dial-up Network VTY Virtual Terminal WAN Wide Area Network XNS Xerox Network Systems XOT X.
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