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Safety Summary When you notice any of the unusual conditions listed below, immediately terminate operation and disconnect the power cable. Contact your local Agilent Technologies sales representative or authorized service company for repair of the instrument. If you continue to operate without repairing the instrument, there is a potential fire or shock hazard for the operator. n Instrument operates abnormally. n Instrument emits abnormal noise, smell, smoke or a spark-like light during the operation.
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Caution Do not exceed the operating input power, voltage, and current level and signal type appropriate for the instrument being used, refer to your instrument's Operation Manual. Electrostatic discharge(ESD) can damage the highly sensitive microcircuits in your instrument. ESD damage is most likely to occur as the test fixtures are being connected or disconnected. Protect them from ESD damage by wearing a grounding strap that provides a high resistance path to ground.
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Agilent 4395A Network/Spectrum/Impedance Analyzer Operation Manual SERIAL NUMBERS This manual applies directly to instruments which have the serial number pre x JP1KE and MY411. For additional important information about serial numbers, read \Serial Number" in Appendix D of this Manual. Agilent Part No.
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Notice The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. This document contains proprietary information that is protected by copyright. All rights are reserved. No part of this document may be photocopied, reproduced, or translated to another language without the prior written consent of the Agilent Technologies. Agilent Technologies Japan, Ltd.
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Manual Printing History The manual printing date and part number indicate its current edition. The printing date changes when a new edition is printed. (Minor corrections and updates that are incorporated at reprint do not cause the date to change.) The manual part number changes when extensive technical changes are incorporated.
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Certi cation Agilent Technologies certi es that this product met its published speci cations at the time of shipment from the factory. Agilent Technologies further certi es that its calibration measurements are traceable to the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology, to the extent allowed by the Institution's calibration facility, or to the calibration facilities of other International Standards Organization members.
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Exclusive Remedies The remedies provided herein are buyer's sole and exclusive remedies. Agilent Technologies shall not be liable for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages, whether based on contract, tort, or any other legal theory. Assistance Product maintenance agreements and other customer assistance agreements are available for Agilent Technologies products. For any assistance, contact your nearest Agilent Technologies Sales and Service O ce.
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Safety Summary The following general safety precautions must be observed during all phases of operation, service, and repair of this instrument. Failure to comply with these precautions or with speci c WARNINGS elsewhere in this manual may impair the protection provided by the equipment. In addition it violates safety standards of design, manufacture, and intended use of the instrument. The Agilent Technologies assumes no liability for the customer's failure to comply with these requirements.
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Dangerous Procedure Warnings Warnings , such as the example below, precede potentially dangerous procedures throughout this manual. Instructions contained in the warnings must be followed. Warning Dangerous voltages, capable of causing death, are present in this instrument. Use extreme caution when handling, testing, and adjusting this instrument.
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Safety Symbols General de nitions of safety symbols used on equipment or in manuals are listed below. Instruction manual symbol: the product is marked with this symbol when it is necessary for the user to refer to the instruction manual. Alternating current. Direct current. On (Supply). O (Supply). In position of push-button switch. Out position of push-button switch. Frame (or chassis) terminal. A connection to the frame (chassis) of the equipment which normally include all exposed metal structures.
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Typeface Conventions Bold Italics Computer 4HARDKEYS5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SOFTKEYS Boldface type is used when a term is de ned. For example: icons are symbols. Italic type is used for emphasis and for titles of manuals and other publications. Italic type is also used for keyboard entries when a name or a variable must be typed in place of the words in italics. For example: copy lename means to type the word copy, to type a space, and then to type the name of a le such as file1.
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Documentation Map The following manuals are available for the analyzer. Operation Manual (Agilent Part Number 04395-900x0) The Operation Manual describes all function accessed from the front panel keys and softkeys. It also provides information on options and accessories available, speci cations, system performance, and some topics about the analyzer's features.
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Contents 1. Introduction About the 4395A Network/Spectrum/Impedance Analyzer . . . . . . . . . . . About This Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Document Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Installation Guide Incoming Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Replacing Fuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fuse Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Selecting the Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Setting the Frequency Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Performing the Automatic Scaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . Step 3: Making a Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Step 4: Reading a Measurement Result . . . . . . . . . . . Reading a Measured Value by Using Marker . . . . . . . . Step 5: Printing Out the Measurement Result . . . . . . . . Con guring and Connecting a Printer . . . . . . . . . . . Making a Hardcopy of the LCD Display . .
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Performing the Automatic Scaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . Step 6: Switching from Channel 1 to Channel 2 . . . . . . . Setting the Averaging Factor for Channel 2 . . . . . . . . Step 7: Selecting the measurement parameters for Channel 2 Step 8: Dual Channel Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-50 3-52 3-53 3-54 3-56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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1. External Reference Input Connector . 2. Internal Reference Output Connector 3. External Program RUN/CONT Input . 4. I/O Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Power Cable Receptacle . . . . . . . 6. GPIB Interface . . . . . . . . . . . 7. External Monitor Terminal . . . . . . 8. Parallel Interface . . . . . . . . . . 9. 24-bit I/O Port . . . . . . . . . . . 10. mini-DIN Keyboard Connector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Selecting the Measurement Format in NA Mode . . . . . . . . . Displaying the Trace as a Smith Chart (NA, ZA Mode) . . . . . . How To Change Marker Readout Format (NA, ZA Mode) . . . . . Using the Impedance Conversion Function (NA Mode) . . . . . . To Display Phase beyond 6180 Degrees (NA, ZA Mode) . . . . . Using the Complex Plane Format (ZA Mode) . . . . . . . . . . . Displaying R-X in the Complex Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using the Marker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Step 4: Entering OFFSET Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . Step 5: Entering a Standard Class Label . . . . . . . . . . . . Step 6: Completing the De nition of a Calibration Kit . . . . . De ning a Class Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Step 1: Preparing for the Class Assignment . . . . . . . . . . Step 2: Specifying the Standard Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . Step 3: Creating the Standard Class Label . . . . . . . . . . . Labeling and Saving Calibration Kit . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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To Clear the Overlay Traces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . To Print . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . To Print Out a Display Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . To See or Print a Measured Value List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . To Print an Analyzer Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . To Save and Recall the Settings and Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . To Save an Analyzer Setting or Measurement Data . . . . . . . . . Specifying the Data Format . . . . . . .
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Menus Associated with Equivalent Circuit Analysis . . . . . . . Equivalent Circuit Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Select Equivalent Circuit Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . De ne Equivalent Circuit Parameter Menu . . . . . . . . . . Using the Equivalent Circuit Analysis Function . . . . . . . . . Calculating Approximate Values of Equivalent Circuit Constants Simulating a Trace from the Equivalent Circuit Parameters . . . Determining Q Value Using the Width Search Function . . . . . . .
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Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Return Loss and Re ection Coe cient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standing Wave Ratio (SWR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S-Parameters Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data Readout Using the Marker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impedance Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Admittance Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Using the Marker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Evaluation of a Varactor Diode - DC Bias Sweep Using List Sweep Function (ZA Mode) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Measurement Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analyzer Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . De ning the Sweep List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Printer parallel port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Option 001 DC Voltage/Current Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Probe Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Speci cations When HP Instrument BASIC Is Operated . . . . . . . . General Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Input and Output Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Internal Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operation Conditions . . . . . . . . .
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Measurement accessories available . . . . . . . . . . . Test Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87511A/B S Parameter Test Set . . . . . . . . . . . 87512A/B Transmission/Re ection Test Set . . . . . Active Probes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41800A Active Probe (5 Hz to 500 MHz) . . . . . . . 41802A 1 M Input Adapter (5 Hz to 100 MHz) . . . 1141A Di erential Probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Power Splitters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11850C,D Three-way Power Splitters .
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Raw Data Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Memory Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Format/Unit conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data Hold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data Math . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data Trace Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Memory Trace Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scaling . . . .
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How Limit Lines are Entered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Turning ON/OFF Limit Line/Limit Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Segments Entering Order Needs Notice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saving the Limit Line Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O setting the Sweep Parameter or Amplitude of the Limit Lines . . . . Supported Display Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use a Su cient Number of Points or Errors May Occur . . . . . . . . .
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Load Match Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Isolation Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Error Terms the 4395A Can Reduce . . . . . . . . . . Saving and Recalling Instrument States and Data . . . . . . Storage Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Disk Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Disk Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Memory Disk Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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C. Input Range and Default Settings Active Channel Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Chan 15 and 4Chan 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Measurement Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Meas5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Format5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Display5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Scale Ref5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Bw/Avg5 . . . . . . . . . . .
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Figures 2-1. 2-2. 2-3. 2-4. 2-5. 2-6. 2-7. 2-8. 2-9. 2-10. 2-11. 3-1. 3-2. 3-3. 3-4. 3-5. 3-6. 3-7. 4-1. 4-2. 4-3. 5-1. 5-2. 5-3. 5-4. 5-5. 5-6. 5-7. 5-8. 5-9. 6-1. 6-2. 6-3. 6-4. 6-5. 6-6. 6-7. 6-8. 6-9. 6-10. 6-11. Power Cable Supplied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rack Mount Kits Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Connecting a Transmission/Re ection Test Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Connecting an S-parameter Test Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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6-12. 6-13. 6-14. 6-15. 6-16. 6-17. 7-1. 7-2. 7-3. 8-1. 8-2. 8-3. 8-4. 8-5. 8-6. 8-7. 8-8. 8-9. 8-10. 8-11. 8-12. 8-13. 8-14. 8-15. 8-16. 8-17. 8-18. 8-19. 8-20. 8-21. 8-22. 8-23. 8-24. 8-25. 8-26. 8-27. 8-28. 8-29. 8-30. 8-31. 9-1. 9-2. 9-3. 9-4. 9-5. 9-6. 9-7. 9-8. 9-9. 9-10. 9-11. 9-12. 9-13. 10-1. 10-2. Autoscale Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marker to Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Changing Scale/Div. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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10-3. 10-4. 10-5. 10-6. 10-7. 10-8. 10-9. 10-10. 10-11. 10-12. 10-13. 10-14. 10-15. 10-16. 10-17. 10-18. 10-19. 10-20. 10-21. 10-22. 10-23. 10-24. 10-25. 10-26. 10-27. 10-28. 10-29. 10-30. 10-31. 10-32. 11-1. 11-2. 11-3. 11-4. 11-5. 11-6. 11-7. 11-8. 11-9. 11-10. 11-11. 11-12. 11-13. 11-14. 11-15. 11-16. 11-17. 11-18. 11-19. 11-20. 11-21. 11-22. 11-23. Using the Marker to Determine 6 dB Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using Peak Search to Determine Ripple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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11-24. Typical Magnitude Dynamic Accuracy Error (@Reference Power Level=Full Scale) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-25. Typical Phase Dynamic Accuracy Error (@Reference Power Level=Full Scale) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-26. Typical Magnitude Dynamic Accuracy Error (@Reference Power Level=020 dB from Full Scale) . . . . . . 11-27. Typical Phase Dynamic Accuracy Error (@Reference Power Level=020 dB from Full Scale) . . . . . . 11-28.
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A-40. A-41. A-42. A-43. A-44. A-45. A-46. A-47. D-1. Full Two-Port Error Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . File Header Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RAW Data Group Structure for the Network Analyzer . . . . . . . . . . RAW Data Group Structure for the Spectrum Analyzer . . . . . . . . . . CAL Data Group Structure for the Network Analyzer . . . . . . . . . . CAL Data Group Structure for the Spectrum Analyzer . . . . . . . . . .
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Tables 2-1. 2-2. 2-3. 2-4. 7-1. 7-2. 7-3. 8-1. 8-2. 8-3. 8-4. 10-1. 11-1. 11-2. 11-3. 11-4. 11-5. 11-6. 11-7. 11-8. 11-9. 11-10. 12-1. A-1. A-2. A-3. A-4. A-5. A-6. A-7. A-8. A-9. A-10. C-1. C-2. C-3. C-4. C-5. C-6. C-7. Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fuse Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rack Mount Kits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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D-1. Manual Changes by Serial Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-2. Manual Changes by Firmware Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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1 Introduction About the 4395A Network/Spectrum/Impedance Analyzer The 4395A Network/Spectrum/Impedance Analyzer provides excellent vector network and spectrum measurement performance from 10 Hz to 500 MHz. Providing both network and spectrum measurement capabilities, the 4395A is a cost e ective solution for the development and production testing of electronic devices. Optionally, the 4395A can serve as an impedance analyzer as well. This requires Option 010 and the 43961A Impedance Test Kit.
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\Appendix A Analyzer Features" \Appendix B Softkey Reference" \Appendix C Input Range and Default Settings" \Appendix D Manual Changes" Document Guide provides additional information on analyzer features beyond the basics covered in the previous chapters. Shows the hierarchy of softkeys that appear on the 4395A's display. Lists the valid ranges and initial settings of the various functions of the 4395A. Provides information on changes to the manual and on the product serial number.
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2 Installation Guide This chapter provides installation and setup instructions.
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Incoming Inspection Incoming Inspection Warning To avoid hazardous electrical shock, do not turn on the 4395A when there are signs of shipping damage to any portion of the outer enclosure (for example, covers, panel, or display) Inspect the shipping container for damage. If the shipping container or cushioning material is damaged, it should be kept until the contents of the shipment have been checked for completeness and the 4395A has been checked mechanically and electrically.
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Incoming Inspection Table 2-1.
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Replacing Fuse Replacing Fuse Fuse Selection Select proper fuse according to the Table 2-2. Table 2-2. Fuse Selection Fuse Rating/Type Fuse Part Number 5A 250Vac UL/CSA type Time Delay 2110-0030 For ordering the fuse,contact your nearest Agilent Technologies Sales and Service O ce. Procedure Lever a small minus screwdriver to dismount the fuse holder above the AC line receptacle on the rear panel. Caution To check or replace the fuse, pull the fuse holder and remove the fuse.
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Power Requirements Power Requirements The 4395A requires the following power source: Voltage : 90 to 132 Vac, 198 to 264 Vac Frequency : 47 to 63 Hz Power : 300 VA maximum Power Cable In accordance with international safety standards, this instrument is equipped with a three-wire power cable. When connected to an appropriate ac power outlet, this cable grounds the instrument frame. The type of power cable shipped with each instrument depends on the country of destination.
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Power Requirements Figure 2-1.
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Operation Environment Operation Environment The 4395A must be operated under within the following environment conditions, and su cient space must be kept behind the 4395A to avoid obstructing the air ow of the cooling fans. Temperature: 10 C to 40 C Humidity: less than 80% RH Note The 4395A must be protected from temperature extremes which could cause condensation within the instrument.
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Rack/Handle Installation Rack/Handle Installation The 4395A can be rack mounted and used as a component in a measurement system. Figure 2-2 shows how to rack mount the 4395A. Table 2-4. Rack Mount Kits Description Option 1CN 1CM 1CP Handle Kit Rack Mount Kit Rack Mount & Handle Kit Agilent Part Number 5062-3991 5062-3979 5062-3985 Figure 2-2.
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Rack/Handle Installation Option 1CM Rack Mount Kit Option 1CM is a rack mount kit containing a pair of anges and the necessary hardware to mount them to the instrument in an equipment rack with 482.6 mm (19 inches) horizontal spacing. Mounting the Rack 1. Remove the adhesive-backed trim strips 1 from the left and right front sides of the 4395A. 2. Attach the rack mount ange 2 to the left and right front sides of the 4395A using the screws provided. 3.
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Connecting a Test Set for Network Analyzer Mode Connecting a Test Set for Network Analyzer Mode To use the network analyzer mode of the 4395A, a test set is required to measure the transmission and re ection characteristics of the device under test (DUT). You can use either the 87512A/B transmission/re ection (T/R) test set or the 87511A/B S-parameter test set. The 87512A/B T/R test set measures re ection and transmission in the forward direction only.
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Connecting a Test Set for Network Analyzer Mode Connecting an S-parameter Test Set Figure 2-4. Connecting an S-parameter Test Set 1. Place the 4395A on the S-parameter test set. 2. Connect the TEST SET-I/O INTERCONNECT interface on the rear panel of the 4395A and the NETWORK ANALYZER-I/O INTERCONNECT interface of the test set using the cable furnished with the test set. 3. Connect the RF OUT, R, A, and B inputs of the 4395A to the S-parameter test set to each other.
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Connecting an Active Probe Connecting an Active Probe The active probe allows you to analyze an in-circuit signal or device that has no port for connecting to the test set. The active probe can be used for both spectrum and network measurements. The 4395A can use the following active probes: 41800A Active Probe (5 Hz to 500 MHz) 41802A 1 M Input Adapter (5 Hz to 100 MHz) For more information about these active probes, see Chapter 12. For Spectrum Analyzer Mode Figure 2-5.
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Connecting an Active Probe Figure 2-6. Network Analyzer Mode (One Active Probe) 1. 2. 3. 4. Connect the power splitter to the RF OUT port. Connect one output from the power splitter to the R input. Connect the other output of the power splitter to the DUT. Connect the active probe to the B input and plug the probe plug into the PROBE POWER connector. 5. If necessary, terminate the DUT with a load.
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Connecting an Active Probe Using Two Active Probes Figure 2-7. Network Analyzer Mode (Two Active Probes) 1. 2. 3. 4. Connect one active probe to the R input. Connect the other active probe to the B input. Connect the RF OUT port to the DUT. If necessary, terminate the DUT with a load.
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Connecting an Active Probe Using a Transmission/Re ection Test Set Figure 2-8. Using a Transmission/Re ection Test Set 1. Connect the 87512A/B T/R test set. 2. Connect the active probe to the B input. 3. If necessary, terminate the DUT with a load.
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Connecting an Active Probe Connecting an Impedance Test Kit and a Test Fixture for Impedance Analyzer Mode Connecting an Impedance Test Kit To start the impedance measurement, you need to connect the 43961A Impedance Test Kit to the 4395A. See Figure 2-9. 1. Verify the 4395A is turned o . 2. Connect the N-cable to the RF OUT port of the 4395A. 3. Connect two connectors of the 43961A to the R and A ports of the 43961A. 4. Connect the other connector of the N-cable to the RF IN port of the 43961A. 5.
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Connecting an Active Probe Figure 2-10.
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Connecting a Keyboard Connecting a Keyboard An mini-DIN keyboard can be connected to the mini-DIN connector on the rear panel of the 4395A. The mini-DIN keyboard provides an easier way to enter characters for the le names, display titles, and Instrument BASIC programs. It can also access the 4395A softkey functions by using keyboard function keys. For more information on the mini-DIN keyboard, see Programming Manual. Figure 2-11.
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Setting Up a 75 Measurement For Spectrum Analyzer Mode Setting Up a 75 Measurement For Spectrum Analyzer Mode Note This operation requires the option 1D7 50 to 75 Input Impedance Conversion. For detail information about option 1D7, see Chapter 12. 1. Attach the 11852B Option 004 50 N(m)/75 N(f) minimum loss pad to R, A, or B input. 2. Press 4Cal5. 3. Press INPUT Z . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 4. Press 4*5 to set the impedance of the source (75 ). Then press 4Entry O 5. 5.
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3 Quick Start Guide Network Analyzer Tour In this section, you explore the network analyzer mode of operation. Before starting this tour, verify that the 4395A is correctly installed (see chapter 2, \Installation Guide," if you need additional information). Before You Leave On The Tour On this tour, you will learn how to make a basic network analyzer measurement by measuring the transmission characteristics of a bandpass lter. Overview The following is a short summary of the tour: 1.
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Before You Leave On The Tour Required Equipments To perform all the steps in this tour, you must have the following equipments: 4395A Network/Spectrum/Impedance Analyzer Measurement Device: This tour assumes the device under test (DUT) is a 70 MHz bandpass lter THRU (BNC female-to-female connector) Two BNC cables Test Set (use either of the following) Transmission/Re ection (T/R) Test Set Two N-to-BNC adapters S-Parameter Test Set Two APC7-to-N adapters Two N-to-BNC adapters HP DeskJet Printer * Parallel
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Step 1: Preparing for the Measurement Step 1: Preparing for the Measurement You must set up the test set before you turn ON the 4395A. The setup procedure for the test set is described in \Connecting a Test Set for Network Analyzer Mode" in Chapter 2. Turning ON the 4395A Press the LINE switch. The 4395A performs a power on self-test. About 20 seconds later, the model name, revision number, and other information should appear on the LCD to indicate that the 4395A has normally started up.
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Step 1: Preparing for the Measurement Figure 3-3.
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Step 2: Setting up the 4395A Step 2: Setting up the 4395A Before you start the measurement, you must set up the 4395A to t your measurement requirements. For example, you must set the frequency range of the measurement.
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Step 2: Setting up the 4395A Setting the Active Channel Because the 4395A has two measurement channels you can have two di erent measurement setups at the same time. To change the active channel to channel 1: In the ACTIVE CHANNEL block, press 4Chan 1 5. Note Verify the Chan 1 active channel indicator lights. Changing the analyzer type presets the 4395A for the active channel. If you want to keep the current measurement settings when changing the analyzer type, rst set the other channel to active.
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Step 2: Setting up the 4395A In the MEASUREMENT block, press 4Meas5. FFFFFFFFF Press B/R . FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF Press Trans:FWD S21 [B/R] to select B/R for the forward direction. Setting the Frequency Range To display the transmission characteristics of the 70 MHz bandpass lter, you should specify the frequency range for the measurement. In this example, set the 4395A to a 70 MHz center frequency with a 500 kHz span.
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Step 2: Setting up the 4395A In the SWEEP block, press 4Center5. Press 475 405. Press 4M/ 5. In the SWEEP block, press 4Span5. Press 455 405 405. Press 4k/m5. Performing the Automatic Scaling Often, the trace obtained after specifying the frequency range is too large or too small vertically for the grid. However, by using the automatic scaling function, you can obtain the optimum vertical setting automatically.
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Step 2: Setting up the 4395A In the MEASUREMENT block, Press 4Scale Ref5. FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF Press AUTO SCALE . The transmission characteristics trace of the lter is displayed as shown below: All the settings are displayed on the LCD. 1. Active channel is set to channel 1. 2. Inputs are set to B/R. 3. Format is set to log magnitude mode. 4. Center frequency is set to 70 MHz. 5. Frequency span is set to 500 kHz.
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Step 3: Making a Calibration Step 3: Making a Calibration To ensure accurate measurement results, calibrate the 4395A before making a measurement. Calibration reduces error factor due to uncertainty. In this example, you perform the response calibration to cancel a frequency response error. A THRU (BNC female-to-female connector) is necessary to perform a response calibration for the transmission measurement. Performing a Response Calibration (for the Transmission Measurement) Press 4Cal5.
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Step 3: Making a Calibration FFFFFFFFFFFF The THRU softkey label is underlined when the measurement is completed. FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF Press DONE: RESPONSE . Disconnect the THRU and reconnect the DUT. \Cor" is displayed on the left side of the display to show that the frequency response error is corrected. The measured value is now corrected for the frequency response error. Note If the trace is changed, it requires an adjustment of the scale.
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Step 4: Reading a Measurement Result Step 4: Reading a Measurement Result You may want to readout the measured values on the displayed trace. You can use the marker function for this purpose. The marker shows the frequency and response value at the marker point. Reading a Measured Value by Using Marker In the MARKER block, press 4Marker5. Verify a marker appears on the trace. Turn the knob to the right to move the marker toward the right. Read the values at the right top of the display.
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Step 4: Reading a Measurement Result The marker immediately moves to the maximum point on the displayed trace. Read the frequency and response values displayed at the upper right of the display.
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Step 5: Printing Out the Measurement Result Step 5: Printing Out the Measurement Result You may want a hardcopy of the measured results for a permanent record of the measurement. The 4395A can print out the data as a snapshot of the display or as a list of values without using any external controller. Con guring and Connecting a Printer Locate the parallel interface connector on the back of the 4395A. Caution Do not connect a printer to \TEST SET - I/O INTERCONNECT". Doing so could damage the printer.
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Spectrum Analyzer Tour Spectrum Analyzer Tour In this section, you explore the spectrum analyzer mode of operation. Before starting this tour, verify the 4395A is correctly installed (see chapter 2, \Installation Guide," if you need additional information). Before You Leave On The Tour On this tour, you will learn how to make a basic spectrum analyzer measurement by measuring the output signal of a signal generator. Overview The following is a short summary of the tour: 1.
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Spectrum Analyzer Tour Required Equipments To perform all the steps in this tour, you must have the following equipments: 4395A Network/Spectrum/Impedance Analyzer Test signal source (020dBm, 20MHz, sine wave)** N to BNC Adapter (50 ) BNC cable 3.5 inch 2HD Blank Disk* * Furnished with the 4395A. ** If you wish to test some other test signal, you will need to change particular measuring conditions, such as the frequency range, according to the general characteristics of the signal. Figure 3-4.
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Step 1: Preparing for a Measurement Step 1: Preparing for a Measurement Turning ON the 4395A Verify the power line setting is correct before you turning ON the 4395A. If necessary, see chapter 2, \Installation Guide." Press the LINE switch The 4395A performs a power on self-test. About 20 seconds later, the model name, revision number, and other information should appear on the LCD to indicate that the 4395A has normally started up.
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Step 2: Setting Up the 4395A Step 2: Setting Up the 4395A In this step, you will set the following parameters: Active channel Channel 2 Analyzer type Spectrum analyzer mode Input R input Frequency Range 0 Hz to 80 MHz Setting the Analyzer Type To use the spectrum analyzer mode, you must set the analyzer type to the spectrum analyzer mode after selecting an active channel. In the MEASUREMENT block, press 4Meas5. FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF Press ANALYZER TYPE .
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Step 2: Setting Up the 4395A Setting the Active Channel The 4395A has two measurement channels. This allows you to have two di erent measurement setups. Other selections you make on the front panel a ect only the active channel. To set the active channel to channel 2: In the ACTIVE CHANNEL block, press 4Chan 25. Note Verify the Chan 2 active channel indicator lights. All selected settings are stored separately for each channel.
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Step 2: Setting Up the 4395A Setting the Frequency Range The CAL OUT signal (20 MHz at 020 dBm) is connected as test signal source. To see this signal on display, you must set the appropriate frequency range (in this case, 0 to 80 MHz): In the SWEEP block, press 4Start5. Press 405. Press 4215. Press 4Stop5. Press 485 405. Press 4M/ 5.
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Step 2: Setting Up the 4395A Quick Start Guide 3-21
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Step 3: Making a Measurement Step 3: Making a Measurement Reading the Peak Level Using the Marker Let's try to read peak signal level by using the marker: Press 4Search5. FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF Press SEARCH:PEAK . Read the marker value shown at the upper right of grid. 3-22 Quick Start Guide Marker appears on trace. Marker moves to the top of the CAL OUT signal.
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Step 3: Making a Measurement Setting the Resolution Bandwidth to See Low Level Signals To see lower level signals that are approximately the same level as the noise oor, use a narrow resolution bandwidth (rbw) setting. Before you set the RBW, set the maximum peak level as the reference level. This increases the visibility of the lower level signal. This technique is useful when you are measuring two signals and one is very close to the noise level. Press 4Marker!5. Press MKR!REFERENCE .
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Step 3: Making a Measurement Press 4Bw/Avg5. Press 4+5 to narrow RBW setting to 3 kHz.
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Step 3: Making a Measurement Searching for Harmonics Using the Search Function You can easily readout a harmonics' frequency and level by using the peak search function: Press 4Search5. FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF Press NEXT PEAK . FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF Press SEARCH:PEAK . The marker moves to the third (or second) harmonic. To move the marker to the second (or third) FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF harmonic, press NEXT PEAK again.
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Step 4: Saving and Recalling 4395A Settings Step 4: Saving and Recalling 4395A Settings You can store the settings or measurement data on a 3.5 inch disk using the 4395A's disk drive. In this tour, you save and recall the settings that you selected previously in this tour. Preparing the Disk To use a disk, you must rst initialize it by performing the following steps: Verify the disk is not write protected. Insert the disk into the disk drive Press 4Save5. Press FILE UTILITIES .
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Step 4: Saving and Recalling 4395A Settings FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF Press INIT DISK: YES . The message, \INITIALIZE DISK In Progress," is displayed. After the disk is initialized, this message is turned o . Note The 4395A can use either a LIF (Logical Interchange Format) or a MS-DOS (Disk Operating System) format disk. Note The 4395A can initialize a 1.44 MB 3.5 inch exible disk only.
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Step 4: Saving and Recalling 4395A Settings FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF Turn the rotary knob to move the arrow below the rst character, S. Press SELECT LETTER . Keep entering characters until SATOUR is entered. If you enter a wrong character, press FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF BACK SPACE to erase the character. FFFFFFFFFFFF To complete the le name entry, press DONE . Verify the disk access indicator lights (this shows that the 4395A is saving the settings to the disk).
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Step 4: Saving and Recalling 4395A Settings part reserved by the 4395A. Therefore, you can enter a le name of up to 8 characters. The le name is not case sensitive in the DOS format. Recalling the 4395A Settings You can recall the le containing the saved 4395A settings anytime you want. This is true, even if you change the current 4395A settings. In this example, you will preset the 4395A and then recall the settings in the SATOUR le. Presetting Press 4Preset5.
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Step 4: Saving and Recalling 4395A Settings Recalling the SATOUR le. Press 4Recall5. The disk access lamp lights. The stored le is listed in the softkey label FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF area. Press SATOUR_S to recall the 4395A settings that you saved. Note Su x, \_S," means the 4395A settings are saved. If you save the 4395A settings in a DOS format, an extension, \.sta," is appended to the le name. After the disk access lamp goes out, all 4395A settings that you set are recalled.
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Impedance Analyzer Tour Impedance Analyzer Tour In this section, you explore the impedance analyzer mode of operation. Before starting this tour, make sure that your 4395A is correctly installed (see chapter 1, \Installation and Setup Guide," if you need additional information). Note Your 4395A must be equipped with option 010 to serve as an impedance analyzer. Otherwise, impedance analyzer mode is not available.
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Impedance Analyzer Tour After you nish this tour, you will understand how to make a basic measurement in impedance analyzer mode. If you want to learn how to perform more complex tasks, refer to Chapters 5 through 9. Required Equipments To perform all the steps in this tour, you must have the following equipments: Figure 3-5. Required Equipments 1. 4395A Network/Spectrum/Impedance Analyzer with Option 010 equipped 2. 43961A Impedance Test Kit 3. Calibration kit (included in the 43961A) 4.
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Impedance Analyzer Tour Step 1: Preparing for the Measurement Connecting the Impedance Test Kit The 4395A requires the 43961A Impedance Test Kit to apply signals to, and measure the impedance characteristics of, a DUT (see Figure 3-6). To connect the 43961A Impedance Test Kit, follow these steps: Figure 3-6. Connecting the Impedance Test Kit 1. 2. 3. 4. Make sure that the power to the 4395A is OFF. Connect the N-N cable to the 4395A's RF OUT port.
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Impedance Analyzer Tour Press the power switch. The 4395A performs a power on self-test. About 20 seconds later, the model name, revision number, and other information should appear on the LCD to indicate that the 4395A has normally started up. Setting Up the 4395A Setting the Analyzer Type NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Available analyzer modes are listed in the menu under the ANALYZER TYPE softkey.
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Impedance Analyzer Tour Activating Channel 1 The 4395A has two channels, each of which can retain di erent measuring conditions. To demonstrate how e ectively you can use these two channels to perform impedance measurement, this tour uses the following scenario: 1. Activate Channel 1, and set the parameters that apply to Channel 1 2. Switch to Channel 2, and set the parameters that apply to Channel 2 (see \Step 6: Switching from Channel 1 to Channel 2") 3.
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Impedance Analyzer Tour Setting the Sweep Parameters This tour assumes that the frequency is being swept from 100 kHz to 500 MHz. Follow these steps: Press the 4Sweep5 key. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Choose SWEEP TYPE MENU to access the sweep type menu. Choose LOG FREQ to have the 4395A accept log frequency settings. Press the 4Start5 key. To specify the frequency at which to start the sweep, enter 415 405 405 using the numeric keys.
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Impedance Analyzer Tour Press the 4STOP5 key. To specify the frequency at which to stop the sweep, enter 455 405 405 using the numeric keys. Press the 4M/ 5 key to indicate that the unit is MHz. Setting the Output Level This tour assumes an output level of +0.5 dBm.
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Impedance Analyzer Tour NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Press the 4Source5 key. Choose POWER . Enter 405 4.5 455 using the numeric keys. Press the 4x15 key. Setting the IF Bandwidth This tour assumes an IF bandwidth of 300 Hz.
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Impedance Analyzer Tour Note NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Press the 4Bw/Avg5 key. Choose IF BW . Enter 435 405 405 using the numeric key. Press the 4215 key. A smaller IF bandwidth reduces trace noise, but increases measuring time. Setting the Averaging Factor This tour assumes the averaging factor of 8.
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Impedance Analyzer Tour NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Press the 4Bw/Avg5 key. Choose AVERAGING FACTOR . Enter 485 using the numeric key. Press the 4215 key. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Toggle AVERAGING on OFF to ON off . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Note When you perform impedance measurement with the 43961A, you must set IF bandwidth equal to or less than 300 Hz and averaging factor equal to or greater than 8.
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Impedance Analyzer Tour Step 3: Making a Calibration Calibrating the 4395A in impedance analyzer mode requires that the 4395A be connected with the 43961A impedance test kit. A proper calibration is required for the 4395A to perform measurements within the guaranteed accuracy range.
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Impedance Analyzer Tour Connect the 0 S termination to the 43961A's OUTPUT port. Remove the 0 S termination. SHORT Calibration Follow these steps: 3-42 Quick Start Guide NNNNNNNNNNNNNN Choose OPEN . Wait until the OPEN softkey's label is underlined to indicate that the OPEN calibration is complete.
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Impedance Analyzer Tour Connect the 0 termination to the 43961A's OUTPUT port. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Press SHORT . Wait until the SHORT softkey's label is underlined to indicate that the SHORT calibration is complete. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Remove the 0 termination.
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Impedance Analyzer Tour Connect the 50 termination to the 43961A's OUTPUT port. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Choose DONE: CAL . Remove the 50 termination. 3-44 Quick Start Guide NNNNNNNNNNNNNN Press LOAD . Wait until the LOAD softkey's label is underlined to indicate that the LOAD calibration is complete. NNNNNNNNNNNNNN Make sure that a \Cor" marker is displayed at the left-hand edge of the screen.
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Impedance Analyzer Tour Step 4: Connecting and Setting Up a Test Fixture Connecting the xture This tour does not assume any speci c test xture. You can use a test xture of your choice. For how to connect your test xture to the impedance test kit, refer to the documentation that comes with the test xture. A typical test xture can be installed in such a procedure as shown below: 1. Turn the OUTPUT port APC-7 connector of the impedance test kit. 2.
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Impedance Analyzer Tour Press the 4Meas5 key. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Choose SELECT FIXTURE . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Press RETURN twice. 3-46 Quick Start Guide NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Choose FIXTURE . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Select 16192 . Make sure that the FIXTURE label on the screen is followed by your selected model number (16192, in this case).
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Impedance Analyzer Tour Fixture Compensation Fixture compensation is a process that calibrates the 4395A with a test xture installed, thereby eliminating errors produced between the test xture electrode and the impedance test kit's OUTPUT port. Normally, the 4395A must be xture-compensated for the OPEN and SHORT circuit states. It can optionally be xture-compensated for the LOAD state. Note For how to connect standards, refer to the documentation that comes with the test xture you use.
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Impedance Analyzer Tour Connect the appropriate short device to the xture. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Choose COMPEN MENU . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Remove the short device to put the circuit into the OPEN state. Choose FIXTURE COMPEN . Choose SHORT . Wait until the SHORT softkey's label is underlined to indicate that the SHORT compensation is complete. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 3-48 Quick Start Guide Press the 4Cal5 key.
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Impedance Analyzer Tour NNNNNNNNNNNNNN Choose OPEN . Wait until the OPEN softkey's label is underlined to indicate that the OPEN compensation is complete. NNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Choose DONE: COMPEN . Make sure that a \Cmp" marker is displayed in place of the \Cor" marker.
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Impedance Analyzer Tour Press the 4Meas5 key. Choose IMPEDACE: MAG (jZj) . Press the 4Format5 key. Choose LOG Y-AXIS . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN These settings are applied to Channel 1, which has been the active channel in the scenario of this tour. Note that, in Steps 6 and 7, you will switch from Channel 1 to Channel 2, and assign di erent settings to Channel 2.
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Impedance Analyzer Tour Press the 4Scale Ref5 key. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Choose AUTO SCALE .
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Impedance Analyzer Tour Step 6: Switching from Channel 1 to Channel 2 All the settings you have made so far are assigned to Channel 1. Now, activate Channel 2 instead of Channel 1. Press the 4Chan 25 key in the ACTIVE CHANNEL block. 3-52 Quick Start Guide Make sure that the indicator lamp beside the 4Chan 25 key is ON.
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Impedance Analyzer Tour Setting the Averaging Factor for Channel 2 This tour assumes the averaging factor of 8. Follow these steps: NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Press the 4Bw/Avg5 key. Choose AVERAGING FACTOR . Enter 485 using the numeric key. Press the 4215 key. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Toggle AVERAGING on OFF to ON off .
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Impedance Analyzer Tour Step 7: Selecting the measurement parameters for Channel 2 This tour assumes that the following measurement parameters be speci ed for Channel 2. Characteristic Phase ( z ) value Format Linear To set the parameters listed above, follow these steps: NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Press the 4Meas5 key. Choose PHASE: z . Press the 4Format5 key. Choose LIN Y-AXIS .
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Impedance Analyzer Tour Now both Channels 1 and 2 are assigned speci c settings. You can not only have one of the two channels displayed at a time, but also have both channels displayed in parallel, as you will learn in the next step.
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Impedance Analyzer Tour Step 8: Dual Channel Display The 4395A provides a feature that displays the measurement results for both channels at the same time. This feature is called \dual channel display." Follow these steps: Press the 4Display5 key. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Choose DUAL CHAN on OFF so that the label changes to DUAL CHAN ON off . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN The screen is split into upper and lower halves.
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Impedance Analyzer Tour NNNNNNNNNNNNNN Choose MORE . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Choose SPLIT DISP ON off so that the label changes to SPLIT DISP on OFF . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Two graphs are merged into a single coordinate plane.
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4 Front and Rear Panels Features of 4395A This chapter describes the features of the front and rear panels of 4395A. It provides illustrations and descriptions of the front panel features, the LCD display and its labels, and the rear panel features and connectors. Front Panel The front panel provides a number of hardkeys (physical keys) and softkeys (menu items displayed on the LCD), which allow you to activate various analyzer functions (Figure 4-1). Figure 4-1.
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Front Panel 1. Hardkeys The hardkeys (physical keys) located on the front panel are divided into 6 blocks|- labeled \ACTIVE CHANNEL", \MEASUREMENT", \SWEEP", \MARKER", \INSTRUMENT STATE", and \ENTRY", respectively. Some of the front panel hardkeys control instrument functions directly while others provide access to softkey menus. ACTIVE CHANNEL Block The ACTIVE CHANNEL block contains two hardkeys: 4Chan 15 and 4Chan 25. By pressing either of these two keys, you can make the channel 1 or 2 active.
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Front Panel NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NUMBER of POINTS allows the required number of points displayed per sweep to be entered directly from the number pad. RETURN softkeys return to previous menus. DONE indicates completion of a speci c procedure and then returns to an earlier menu. NNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Softkeys that are Joined by Vertical Lines When several possible choices are available for a function, the softkeys are joined by vertical lines.
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Front Panel 6. Analyzer Input Terminals R, A, and B These are input terminals through which the 4395A receives signals output from the RF OUT terminal and then fed through the test circuit.
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Screen Display 9. Built-in Flexible Disk Drive You can use this disk drive to store your measurement data, instrument , list sweep tables, and HP Instrument BASIC programs. Supported data formats include the LIF (logical interchange format) and DOS (disk operating system) format. 10. LINE Switch Turns on/o the power to the 4395A. 11.
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Screen Display Figure 4-2. Screen Display (Single Channel, Cartesian Format) 1. Active Channel Displays either \CH1" or \CH2" to indicate the number of the currently active channel (one that was selected keys in the ACTIVE CHANNEL block). When the dual channel function is enabled and traces for the two channels are overlaid, both \CH1" and \CH2" appear in this area.
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Screen Display 2. Measured Input(s) Shows the input terminals currently in use, the values of the S parameters, or ratio of inputs (such as A/R ratio). Use the 4Meas5 key to select the item to appear in this area. 3. Format Shows the currently selected display format. Use the 4Format5 key to select your desired display format. 4. SCALE/DIV Shows the currently selected scale in the unit appropriate to the ongoing measurement. Use the 4Scale Ref5 key to select your desired scale. 5.
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Screen Display 8. Softkey Labels Displays the menu labels that de ne the function of the softkeys immediately to the right of the label. 9. PASS/FAIL Indicates the values used for limit testing using limit lines. See \Limit Line Concept" in Appendix A. 10. Sweep Time Displays the sweep time. When sweep time is manually changed, # is displayed between SWP and the sweep time value. 11.
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Screen Display 17. RBW/IFBW Displays the RBW (in spectrum analyzer mode) or IFBW (in network analyzer mode or impedance analyzer mode). When RBW or IFBW is manually changed, a sharp sign (#) is displayed between RBW or IFBW and the value. 18. Status Notations Displays the current status of various functions for the active channel.
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Screen Display 19. External Reference ExtRef is displayed when an external reference signal is connected to the external reference input on the rear panel. This applies even if the phase is not locked to the external reference signal. 20. Active Entry Area Displays the name of the currently active input parameter with its current value. 21. Message Area Displays prompts or error messages. See \Error Messages" for more information on error messages. 22.
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Rear Panel Features and Connectors Rear Panel Features and Connectors Figure 4-3 shows the features and connectors on the rear panel. Requirements for the input signals to the rear panel connectors are provided in Chapter 11. Figure 4-3. Rear panel 1. External Reference Input Connector Connects an external frequency reference signal to the analyzer that is used to phase lock the analyzer for increased accuracy in frequency.
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Rear Panel Features and Connectors 3. External Program RUN/CONT Input Externally triggers run or cont of the HP Instrument BASIC program. The positive edge of a pulse whose width is 20 s or larger in the low state triggers run or cont. The signal is TTL-compatible. 4. I/O Port This is a 12-bit data communications port that connects to external devices such as a handler on a production line. It can communicate 8 bits of output data and 4 bits of input data at a time.
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Rear Panel Features and Connectors 11. Test Set I/O Interface You can use this interface to establish a connection between the 4395A and the test set using the cable included in the S-parameter test set package to control the test set from the 4395A. See Chapter 12 for the test set that can be connected. This interface is not used for the 87512A/B transmission/re ection test set. Caution Do not connect a printer to this interface. Doing so could damage the printer. 12.
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5 Preparations for Measurements This chapter provides the each procedure needed to prepare for network , spectrum, and impedance (with Option 010) measurements. The procedures are: Selecting an appropriate connection of DUT Presetting 4395A If you are using the 4395A for the rst time, it is recommended to get started by reading Chapter 1 through Chapter 3 of this manual.
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Selecting an appropriate connection of DUT Connecting DUT for Directional Transmission and Re ection Characteristics Measurement When you measure the transmission and re ection characteristics supplying a signal to your DUT from one direction, connect the DUT to the analyzer with the transmission/re ection test set. You should manually change cabling when measuring the characteristics for reverse direction. Figure 5-2.
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Selecting an appropriate connection of DUT Figure 5-3. Connecting DUT for Bi-directional Transmission and Re ection Characteristics (Four S Parameters) Measurement Connecting DUT for Transmission Characteristic Measurement When the Output Signal is in a Circuit If the output signal of DUT is in a circuit, use the active probe to capture a signal from the test channel as shown in Figure 5-4. Figure 5-4.
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Selecting an appropriate connection of DUT Figure 5-5.
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Selecting an appropriate connection of DUT Connecting DUT for Transmission Characteristic Measurement When the Input and Output Signals are in a Circuit If both of the input and output signals of DUT are in a circuit, attach the active probes to both of the reference channel and the test channel, as shown in Figure 5-6. Figure 5-6.
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Selecting an appropriate connection of DUT For Spectrum Measurement Connections of DUT in the spectrum measurement varies depending upon how the measurement signal can be obtained as described in this section. Connecting DUT When Directly Measuring the Signal When you measure a signal which is directly supplied from the DUT to 4395A, connect the DUT as shown in Figure 5-7. Figure 5-7.
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Selecting an appropriate connection of DUT Figure 5-8.
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Selecting an appropriate connection of DUT For Impedance Measurement (Option 010) Connecting the Impedance Test Kit In the impedance measurement, the 43961A Impedance Test Kit is required to connect your DUT to the analyzer. See Figure 5-9. 1. Verify the 4395A is turned o . 2. Connect the N-cable to the RF OUT port of the analyzer. 3. Connect two connectors of the 43961A to the R and A ports of the 43961A. 4. Connect the other connector of the N-cable to the RF IN port of the 43961A. 5. Turn on the 4395A.
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Presetting 4395A Presetting 4395A Before starting measurement, press the green 4Preset5 key in the INSTRUMENT STATE block to set the 4395A to the preset state. For additional information about the preset state, see Appendix C.
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6 Setting and Optimizing Measurement Conditions This chapter provides following procedures for setting and optimizing measurement conditions: Select the analyzer mode Select the active channel Set up the trigger system Set the sweep conditions Select the input port/measurement parameter Select the measurement format Select the display unit Set the frequency range Set the vertical scale Set the IF/resolution/video bandwidth (IFBW/RBW/VBW) Setting and Optimizing Measurement Conditions 6-1
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Selecting the Active Channel Selecting the Analyzer Mode 1. Press 4Meas5. 2. Press ANALYZER TYPE . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 3. Select one of the following analyzer modes: Analyzer Mode Softkey Network Analyzer Spectrum Analyzer Impedance Analyzer1 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NETWORK ANALYZER SPECTRUM ANALYZER IMPEDANCE ANALYZER NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 1 Option 010 only.
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Dual Channel Display Dual Channel Display 1. Press 4Display5. 2. Toggle DUAL CHAN on OFF to ON off . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 3. Press MORE . NNNNNNNNNNNNNN 4.
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Setting Up the Trigger System Setting Up the Trigger System This section provides procedures for setting the trigger system. Setting up the trigger system Using the external trigger Setting Up the Trigger System 1. Press 4Trigger5. 2. Press TRIGGER: [ ] . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 3.
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Setting Up the Trigger System Figure 6-2. Location of EXT TRIGGER Connector Setting the Trigger Signal Polarity 1. Press 4Trigger5. 2. Press TRIGGER: [ ] . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 3. Toggle TRIG PLRTY POS neg to pos NEG to turn the trigger polarity to the negative logic. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Generating a Trigger Event on Each Measurement Point (NA, ZA Mode) 1. Press 4Trigger5. 2. Press TRIGGER: [ ] .
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Setting the Sweep Conditions The sweep indicator (\"") moves to each point every time a trigger event is generated. You can select this mode only after you have selected MANUAL or EXTERNAL as the trigger source, or activated the bus trigger mode. For more information about the bus trigger mode, see the Programming Manual.
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Selecting the Input Port/Measurement Parameter Using the Power Sweep Function (NA, ZA Mode) 1. Press 4Source5 CW FREQ . Then enter the CW frequency. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 2. Press 4Sweep5. 3. Press SWEEP TYPE MENU . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 4. Press POWER SWEEP . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 5. Enter the start and stop power levels. For example, to sweep from 05 dBm to +15 dBm, press 4Start5 405 455 4215, 4Stop5 415 455 4215.
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Selecting the Input Port/Measurement Parameter To measure Direction Press Re ection Forward NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Transmission Forward NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Transmission Reverse NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Re ection Reverse NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN S-PARAMETERS Refl:FWD S11 [A/R] S-PARAMETERS Trans:FWD S21 [B/R] S-PARAMETERS Trans:REV S12 [B/R] S-PARAMETERS Refl:REV S22 [A/R] NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNN
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Selecting the Measurement Format (NA,ZA Mode) To measure Press Absolute magnitude value of impedance Phase value of impedance Resistance value Reactance value Absolute magnitude value of admittance NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Phase value of admittance Conductance value Susceptance value Absolute magnitude value of re ection coe cient Phase value of re ection coe cient Real part of re ection coe cient Imaginary part of re ection coe cient Parallel capacitance IMPEDANCE: M
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Selecting the Measurement Format (NA,ZA Mode) Selecting the Measurement Format (NA, ZA Mode) Selecting the Measurement Format in NA Mode 1. Press 4Format5. 2.
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Selecting the Measurement Format (NA,ZA Mode) Note Figure 6-3. Smith Chart To display the Smith Chart in the ZA mode, set the measurement parameter to MAG(|0|) in the measurement menu. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN To change the marker readout format, use the following procedure: How To Change Marker Readout Format (NA, ZA Mode) 1. Press 4Utility5 SMTH/POLAR MENU . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 2.
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Selecting the Measurement Format (NA,ZA Mode) Convert To Selected Port Softkey Impedance Admittance A/R, S11, S12 B/R, S21, S22 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN A/R, S11, S12 B/R, S21, S22 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Z:Refl Z:Trans NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Y:Refl Y:Trans NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN The marker readout value is a linear impedance or admittance value even if the LOG MAG format is selected. To Display Phase beyond 6180 Degrees (NA, ZA Mode) By default, the 4395A wraps the trace around at 6180 degree phases.
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Selecting the Display Unit (SA, ZA Mode) Using the Marker 1. Press 4Marker5. Then move the marker using the rotary knob. The marker displays the real and imaginary value of the marker position at the upper-right corner of the grid as shown in Figure 6-5. Figure 6-5. Marker Readout of Complex Plane Adjusting the Scale Setting 1. Press 4Scale Ref5. 2. Change the following settings to adjust the scale of the complex plane: Scale Setting Keystrokes Scale/Div Choose SCALE/DIV .
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Selecting the Display Unit (SA, ZA Mode) Selecting the Display Unit Selecting the Display Unit in SA Mode 1. Press 4Format5. 2. Select one of the following options by choosing the corresponding softkey: Display Format Unit Softkey Power dBm W NNNNNNNNNNN dBV dB V V NNNNNNNNNNN Voltage dBm WATT NNNNNNNNNNNNNN dBV dBuV VOLT NNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNN You can change the unit of a displayed value anytime you want.
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Setting the Frequency Range Setting the Frequency Range The 4395A has some useful features for setting the frequency range. This section provides the following procedures that are related to setting the frequency range.
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Setting the Frequency Range Press MKR!CENTER NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Move the marker Figure 6-6.
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Setting the Frequency Range Setting the Maximum Peak to Center 1. Press 4Marker!5. 2. Press PEAK!CENTER . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 3. Press 4Entry O 5. This function changes the center frequency to display the maximum peak at the center of the grid. Note A large frequency span may prevent the peak from appearing accurately at the center of the grid. If this is the case, press PEAK!CENTER again so that the peak is redisplayed in the middle.
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Setting the Frequency Range Example: Displaying Harmonics (SA Mode) To display the fundamental and harmonics of a 100 MHz signal, follow these steps: 1. Press 4Center5 100 4M/ 5. Then set the span to display the fundamental at the center of the grid. 2. Press 4Span5 150 4M/ 5. 3. Press 4Search5 and toggle SEARCH TRK on OFF to ON off to enable the search track function. 4. Choose SEARCH: PEAK to move the marker on the fundamental.
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Setting the Frequency Range Setting the Frequency Span 1. Press 4Span5. 2. Enter the frequency span to display the target peak in the optimum grid setting. To Use Set directly Change continuously Change with 1-2-5 steps 405 . . .
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Setting the Frequency Range Narrowing the Span Setting (SA Mode) 1. Press 4Search5. 2. Choose SEARCH: PEAK to place the marker on the carrier. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 3. Toggle SIGNAL TRK on OFF to ON off . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 4. Narrow the span setting. See the \Setting the Frequency Span" procedure. An extremely small span setting may cause the test signal to disappear from display.
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Setting the Frequency Range Setting the Sweep Parameters Using 4Start5 and 4Stop5 You can set the sweep parameters using 4Start5 and 4Stop5 instead of 4Center5 and 4Span5: 1. Press 4Start5 to put the 4395A into a mode where it accepts your entered value as the frequency at which to start the sweep process. 2. Set the start frequency using the following keys: To Use Set directly 405 Change continuously Change with 1-2-5 steps 4 5 4 5 . . . 495 and units terminator keys * + 3.
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Setting the Frequency Range Zooming To a Part of the Trace 1. Move the marker to the point where you want to observe the signal details. 2. Press 4Marker!5. 3. Press MKR ZOOM . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 4. To zoom more, press MKR ZOOM again. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Change the Zooming Factor. 1. Press 4Marker!5 ZOOMING APERTURE . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 2. Enter your desired zooming aperture as a percentage of the span.
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Adjusting the Scale and Reference Adjusting the Scale and Reference The 4395A provides you with several means to adjust the scale and reference of the trace so that the entire trace is displayed within the grid area. For example, when the trace is out of the grid or is too at to see the required characteristics, you can adjust the trace settings by adjusting the reference or the scale.
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Adjusting the Scale and Reference NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN If you want to change the scale setting for the data trace only, set SCALE FOR [DATA] and D&M SCALE [UNCOUPLE] under 4Scale Ref5 key. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN If you want to change the scale setting for the memory trace only, set SCALE FOR [MEMORY] and D&M SCALE [UNCOUPLE] .
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Adjusting the Scale and Reference Changing the Scale per Division (SA Mode) 1. Set the reference level to the peak level of the target signal. See the \Using the Marker" procedure. 2. Press 4Scale Ref5. 3. Choose SCALE/DIV . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 4. Change the scale/division setting to display additional details using the following keys: To Use Change continuously Change by 1-2-5 steps Set Scale/Div directly 4 5 4 5 + * 405 . . .
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Setting the IF/Resolution/Video Bandwidth Setting the IF/Resolution/Video Bandwidth Setting the IF Bandwidth (NA, ZA Mode) 1. Press 4Bw/Avg5. 2. Choose IF BW . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 3. Press 4*5 or 4+5, or enter an IF bandwidth value directly from the numeric keypad. A smaller IF bandwidth increases the dynamic range but slows down the sweep process. IF Bandwidth 30 kHz IF Bandwidth 100 Hz Figure 6-15.
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Setting the IF/Resolution/Video Bandwidth Setting the Resolution Bandwidths (SA Mode) Adjusting the RBW can improve the resolution of the frequency and lower the displayed noise oor. 1. Press 4Bw/Avg5. 2. Choose RES BW . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 3. Change the RBW setting using 4*5, 4+5, or the . Measuring two or more mutually adjusting signals requires special considerations on the width of the 4395A's internal IF lter.
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Setting the IF/Resolution/Video Bandwidth Setting the Video Bandwidth (SA Mode) 1. Press 4Bw/Avg5. 2. Choose VIDEO BW . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 3. Set the video bandwidth using the following keys: To Use Lower noise level 4 5, Shorten sweep time Set bandwidth directly 405 + or 4*5, or . . . 495 and unit keys When the target signal and the noise are hard to distinguish because of noise variation, narrow the video bandwidth. This reduces the noise variations and makes the signal clearly visible.
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7 Calibration This chapter describes calibration procedures required for measurement in the network analyzer mode and the impedance analyzer mode. For details about calibration procedures, see Appendix A. In the spectrum analyzer mode, the 4395A requires no calibration procedure in the measurement. Note When performing the 75 measurement in the spectrum analyzer mode, see Chapter 2 to set the 4395A properly.
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Calibration Required for the Network Analyzer Mode Table 7-1. Calibration Method Selection Table Measurement Type Calibration Complexity Method Transmission or re ection measurement when the highest accuracy is not required. Response Transmission of high insertion loss devices Response & or re ection of high return loss devices. Not isolation as accurate as 1-port or 2-port calibration.
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Calibration Required for the Network Analyzer Mode 6. Press ISOL'N . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 7. Press DONE RESP ISOL'N CAL .
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Calibration Required for the Network Analyzer Mode Performing an S11 1-Port Calibration Step 1: Opening the S-11 1-Port Calibration Menu 1. Press 4Cal5. 2. Select the proper calibration kit. If the connector type or calibration kit name shown in the CAL KIT softkey label is not the same as the calibration you are going to use, follow the \Selecting the Calibration Kit" procedure. 3. Press CALIBRATE MENU S11 1-PORT .
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Calibration Required for the Network Analyzer Mode Step 5: Completing the Calibration 1. Press DONE 1-PORT CAL to complete the calibration. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN The 4395A calculates the error coe cients, and then redisplays the correction menu with a CORRECTION ON off label. A corrected S11 trace is displayed, and \Cor" appears at the left side of the screen.
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Calibration Required for the Network Analyzer Mode Performing a Full 2-Port Calibration Step 1: Opening the Full 2-Port Calibration Menu 1. Press 4Cal5. 2. Select the proper calibration kit. If the connector type or calibration kit name shown in the CAL KIT softkey label is not the same as the calibration kit to be used, see the \Selecting the Calibration Kit" procedure. 3. Press CALIBRATE MENU FULL 2-PORT REFLECT'N .
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Calibration Required for the Network Analyzer Mode Step 3: Measuring the Transmission 1. Press TRANSMISSION . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 2. Connect a THRU connection between port 1 and port 2 at the points where the test device is connected. 3. When the trace settles, press FWD. TRANS. THRU . Then wait the S21 frequency response is measured and the softkey label is underlined. 4. Press FWD. MATCH THRU . Then wait the S11 load match is measured and the softkey label is underlined. 5. Press REV.
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Calibration Required for the Network Analyzer Mode Performing a 1-Path 2-Port Calibration Step 1: Opening the 1-Path 2-Port Calibration Menu 1. Press 4Cal5. 2. Select the proper calibration kit. If the connector type or calibration kit name shown in the CAL KIT softkey label is not the same as the calibration kit to be used, see the \Selecting the Calibration Kit" procedure. 3. Press CALIBRATE MENU ONE-PATH 2-PORT REFLECT'N .
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Calibration Required for the Network Analyzer Mode Step 3: Measuring the Transmission 1. Connect a THRU between the test port and the return cable to the analyzer (connect to the points at which the test device is connected). 2. Press TRANSMISSION . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 3. Press FWD. TRANS. THRU . Then wait the S21 frequency response is measured and the softkey label is underlined. 4. Press FWD. MATCH THRU . Then wait the S11 load match is measured and the softkey label is underlined. 5.
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Calibration Required for the Network Analyzer Mode Selecting the Calibration Kit 1. Press 4Cal5. 2. Press CAL KIT [ ] . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 3. Select one of the following options by pressing the corresponding key: Calibration Kit Softkey 7 mm calibration kit 3.5 mm calibration kit 50 N type 75 N type User de ned calibration kit NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN CAL KIT: 7mm 3.
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Calibration Required for the Network Analyzer Mode 6. Select standard type. If you did not select standard type as OPEN in step 2, skip to step 4. Step 3: Entering C Parameters. 1. Press C0 . Then enter C0 (210-15 F). NNNNNNNN 2. Press C1 . Then enter C1 (210-27 F/Hz). NNNNNNNN 3. Press C2 . Then enter C2 (210-36 F/Hz2 ). NNNNNNNN Step 4: Entering OFFSET Parameters. 1. Press SPECIFY OFFSET . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Press OFFSET DELAY .
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Calibration Required for the Network Analyzer Mode De ning a Class Assignment Step 1: Preparing for the Class Assignment. 1. Prepare the standard class assignment table for your calibration kit. Table 7-3. Example: Standard Class Assignment of the 85032B A B C D E F G STANDARD CLASS LABEL S11 A 2 8 OPENS S11 B 1 7 SHORTS S11 C 3 S22 A 2 8 OPENS S22 B 1 7 SHORTS S22 C 3 LOAD Forward Transmission 4 Fwd. Trans Thru Reverse Transmission 4 Rev.
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Calibration Required for the Network Analyzer Mode Step 3: Creating the Standard Class Label. 1. Press LABEL CLASS to label the standard class. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 2. Select the standard class. See 2 of Step 2. 3. Enter or modify the correspondent standard class label. 4. Press LABEL DONE . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Labeling and Saving Calibration Kit. 1. Press LABEL KIT . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 2. Enter label. 3. Press DONE KIT DONE (MODIFIED) .
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Calibration Required for the Impedance Analyzer Mode Calibration Required for the Impedance Analyzer Mode This section provide procedures for performing the calibration when measuring in the impedance analyzer mode. This section also covers how to customize the user de ned calibration kit. OPEN/SHORT/LOAD Calibration In the impedance analyzer mode, 4395A should be calibrated with the 43961A impedance test kit attached.
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Calibration Required for the Impedance Analyzer Mode Note Figure 7-1. Connecting Calibration Standards The OUTPUT port of the impedance test kit and the calibration standards have APC-7 connectors. The APC-7 connector is very sensitive to damage and dirt. You need to do the following when handling and storing APC-7 connectors: Keep the connectors clean. Do not touch the mating plane surfaces. Do not set the connectors contact-end down. Before storing, extend the sleeve or connector nut.
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Calibration Required for the Impedance Analyzer Mode Figure 7-2.
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Calibration Required for the Impedance Analyzer Mode Setting the Electrical Length of the Test Fixture After connecting the test xture, you need to enter the extended electrical length of the xture. This is required to eliminate a phase shift error caused by the extended electrical length. The analyzer has electrical length data for some xtures as preset data. 1. Press 4Meas5. 2. Press FIXTURE SELECT FIXTURE . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 3.
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Calibration Required for the Impedance Analyzer Mode Performing Fixture Compensation Fixture compensation reduces the parasitic error existing between the test xture electrode and the impedance test kit OUTPUT port. Fixture compensation consists of OPEN, SHORT and LOAD compensations. For basic measurements, the OPEN and SHORT compensations are required. Note For the instructions on how to connect the standards, see the applicable test xture manual. 1. Connect the SHORT bar to the xture. 2.
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Calibration Required for the Impedance Analyzer Mode Selecting the Calibration Kit See \Selecting the Calibration Kit" in \Calibration Required for the Network Analyzer Mode" for selecting the calibration kit. De ning a Custom Fixture Compensation Kit This section explains how to de ne a custom xture compensation kit. The 4395A incorporates a database of Agilent's genuine test xtures and their speci c compensation coe cients.
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Calibration Required for the Impedance Analyzer Mode Step 2: Specifying Parameter Values In this step, you specify 2 parameters for each of the OPEN, SHORT, and LOAD circuit states; thus 6 parameters in all. While the parameters for OPEN and SHORT are required, those for LOAD are optional. To specify the parameter values, do the following: 1. Choose OPEN: CONDUCT(G) , and enter the conductance value (G) for OPEN. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 2. Choose CAP.
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8 Analyzing the Measurement Results The 4395A provides various analyzer functions that allow you to output, save, or further analyze measurement results obtained through the 4395A's measurement functions. The rst half of this chapter provides these analyzer functions which are not dependent on a particular analyzer mode. In the latter half, typical measurement techniques for each analyzer mode are described.
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Interpreting the Trace Interpreting the Trace Once you have successfully displayed the correct trace on the screen, you can use the marker to interpret the trace. The 4395A provides you with powerful search functions that allow you to search for speci c points (like peaks or ripples). This section provides procedures for reading values using the marker and the marker search functions.
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Interpreting the Trace Improving the Readout Resolution (SA Mode) If you want a more accurate frequency reading of the target signal, set the span and the RBW as narrow as possible. Note The readout resolution of the frequency is determined by the setting of the frequency span, the number of points (NOP), and the resolution bandwidth (RBW). The resolution is the sum value of SPAN/(NOP01) and RBW.
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Interpreting the Trace To Use the Sub-markers 1. Press 4Marker5. 2. Move the marker to the point where you want to set the sub-marker. 3. Press SUB MKR . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 4. Select the sub-marker from SUB MKR 1 to 7 . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNN 5. Press 4Utility5. 6. Toggle MKR LIST on OFF to ON off to display the marker list on the bottom of the display.
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Interpreting the Trace To Use the 1Marker 1. Press 4Marker5. 2. Place the marker at the point you want use as the reference point by using the . 3. Press 1MODE MENU . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 4. Press 1MKR . NNNNNNNNNNNNNN 5. The reference marker appears at the marker point. 6. To move the marker: Enter an o set frequency by using the numerical keys. Turn the rotary knob until the marker moves to the point you want to read the value. 7.
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Interpreting the Trace To search for a target on All of the display Left side of the marker Right side of the marker Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN TARGET SEARCH LEFT SEARCH RIGHT NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN When the 1marker is active, the target value becomes the di erence from the reference marker, not an absolute value. For example, you can search for the 03 dB cuto point of a lter by mixing the 1marker and the target search function.
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Interpreting the Trace To Search for the Peak-to-Peak of Ripples Using the Statistics Function Step 1: To Specify the Search Range 1. Press 4Marker5. Then move the marker to the start point of the range. 2. Press 1MODE MENU 1MKR to place the reference marker on the start point of the range. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNN 3. Move the marker to the end point of the range. 4. Press 4Search5 SEARCH RANGE MENU . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 5.
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Interpreting the Trace To Search for a Single Peak on the Trace 1. Press 4Search5. 2. Press SEARCH: PEAK to search a maximum peak. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 3. If you want to search for another peak: To search next peak for Press 2nd highest peak Peak just to the left Peak just to the right NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NEXT PEAK NEXT PEAK LEFT NEXT PEAK RIGHT NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Figure 8-5.
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Interpreting the Trace To Search for Multiple Peaks 1. Press 4Search5 MULTIPLE PEAKS . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 2. Do any of the following: To search for peaks Press For all the peaks For peaks on the right For peaks on the left NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SEARCH: PEAKS ALL PEAKS RIGHT PEAKS LEFT NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 3.
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Interpreting the Trace To De ne the Peak for Search (To Ignore Unnecessary Peaks) You can de ne the target peak for the search function using the following techniques: De ning the peak slope to ignore the relatively broad peaks. Specifying the peak threshold to ignore the absolutely small peaks. De ning the Peak Slope to Ignore the Relatively Broad Peaks (NA, ZA Mode) Entering Directly. 1. Press 4Search5 SEARCH: PEAK . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 2. Press PEAK DEF MENU .
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Interpreting the Trace De ning Peak Height (SA Mode) 1. Press 4Search5. 2. Press SEARCH: PEAK PEAK DEF MENU . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 3. Press PEAK DEF: 1Y . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 4. Enter a peak height using the numerical keys and the units terminator keys. 5. Press RETURN . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Specifying the Peak Threshold to Ignore the Absolutely Small Peaks Entering Directly. 1. Press 4Search5 SEARCH: PEAK PEAK DEF MENU .
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Interpreting the Trace To Specify the Search Range You can set the search function to search within a speci ed range. To specify the search range, use one of the following two procedures: Using the marker Using the 1marker Using the Marker 1. Press 4Search5. 2. Press SEARCH RANGE MENU . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 3. Toggle PART SRCH on OFF to ON off . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 4.
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Interpreting the Trace Figure 8-9. Search Range NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN To turn o the part search, press 4Search5 SEARCH RANGE MENU , and then toggle PART SRCH ON off to on OFF .
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To Use the Trace Memory To Use the Trace Memory To Store the Trace into the Trace Memory 1. Display the trace you want to store into the trace memory. 2. Press 4Display5. 3. Press DATA!MEMORY . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN This operation only stores the digitized trace data into the trace memory (not the display on LCD). You can store the trace data for the trace memory of each channel individually.
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To Overlay Multiple Traces To Use the Trace Math Function 1. Press 4Display5. 2. Press DATA MATH [ ] . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 3. Do one of the following: To Press Add Trace with Memory Trace Subtract Trace with Memory Trace Divide Trace with Memory Trace NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DATA+MEM DATA-MEM DATA/MEM NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN To Turn O the Data Math Function 1. Press 4Display5. 2. Press DATA MATH [ ] .
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To Overlay Multiple Traces To Overlay Multiple Traces To Store the Trace into the Overlay Trace 1. Press 4Display5. 2. Press OVERLAY TRACES . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 3.
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To Print To Print This step provides the following procedures for printing: To print out a display image To see or print a measured value list To print an analyzer setting To Print Out a Display Image 1. Connect the printer to the analyzer with a cable. 2. Press 4Copy5 PRINT [STANDARD] to print out a display image. To abort printing, press 4Copy5 COPY ABORT . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN To See or Print a Measured Value List 1. Press 4Copy5. 2.
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To Print Analyzer Setting Table OPERATING PARAMETER ANALYZER TYPE CH1 NA CH2 NA SWEEP TYPE NUMBER of POINTS PORT 1 ATTEN. PORT 2 ATTEN. INPUT R ATTEN. INPUT A ATTEN. INPUT B ATTEN.
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To Save and Recall To Save and Recall the Settings and Data This step provides the following procedures for saving and recalling: To save an analyzer setting or measurement data To recall a saved analyzer setting To save a display image to a TIFF le To save measured data for a spreadsheet To copy a le between oppy disk and memory disk To initialize a disk for use To initialize the memory disk for use To back up the memory disk To Save an Analyzer Setting or Measurement Data The 4395A supports two stora
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To Save and Recall Specifying the Data Format To save only the measurement data in the ASCII or binary format, follow these steps: 1. Press 4Save5. 2. Choose DATA ONLY .
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To Save and Recall 6. Press the softkey corresponding to the lename label. To Save a Display Image to a TIFF File 1. Press 4Save5 GRAPHICS . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 2. Select where to store the le by pressing either STOR DEV [DISK] (for a built-in disk drive) or STOR DEV [MEMORY] (for a memory disk). NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 3. Enter lename. Then press DONE .
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To Save and Recall Figure 8-10. Reading Saved Data from Spreadsheet Software To Copy a File between Floppy Disk and Memory Disk 1. Press 4Save5 FILE UTILITIES . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 2. Press COPY FILE . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 3. Select a storage device where the le is stored by toggling either STOR DEV [DISK] (for the build-in disk drive) or STOR DEV [MEMORY] (for the memory disk).
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To Save and Recall 6. Select the disk format (either DOS or LIF) by toggling FORMAT [DOS] or [LIF] . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 7. Toggle to STOR DEV [DISK] to select the disk drive. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 8. Press INIT DISK: YES to initialize the disk. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN To Initialize the Memory Disk for Use Note Initializing the memory disk erases all data on the memory disk.
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Typical Network Measurement Techniques Typical Network Measurement Techniques This section provides the following typical measurement techniques using the network analyzer mode of operation: Measuring 3 dB bandwidth using the width function Measuring electrical length Measuring phase deviation Compensating for the electrical delay caused by an extension cable 8-24 Analyzing the Measurement Results
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Measuring 3 dB Bandwidth Using the Width Function Measuring 3 dB Bandwidth Using the Width Function 1. Do one of the following: Reference Point Keystrokes Maximum value Nominal frequency Press 4Search5 MAX . Press 4Marker5 and enter the nominal frequency through the numerical keypad. NNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNN 2. Press 4Marker5 1MODE MENU 1MKR to make the marker a reference. 3. Press 4Search5 WIDTH [OFF] WIDTH VALUE .
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Measuring 3 dB Bandwidth Using the Width Function Figure 8-11. Bandwidth Measurement Using Width Function Figure 8-12.
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Measuring Electrical Length Measuring Electrical Length 1. Press 4Format5 PHASE , and then select the desired phase format. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 2. Do one of the following procedures: Using the marker: a. Press 4Marker5. b. Turn the rotary knob to move the marker to the center of the display. c. Press 4Cal5 MORE ELEC DELAY MENU . NNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN d. Press MKR!DELAY . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Using the rotary knob: a.
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Measuring Electrical Length Setting the Velocity Factor of a Cable 1. Press 4Cal5. 2. Press MORE . NNNNNNNNNNNNNN 3. Press VELOCITY FACTOR . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 4. Enter a new value. Then press 4215. The relative velocity factor for a given dielectric can be calculated by: 1 Vf = p "R The velocity factor defaults to 1.
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Measuring Phase Deviation Measuring Phase Deviation Deviation from the Linear Phase 1. Specify the frequency range. 2. Display the phase trace by pressing 4Format5 PHASE . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 3. Adjust the scale settings by pressing 4Scale Ref5 AUTO SCALE . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 4. Press 4Marker5. Then move the marker to any of the points where the sloping trace crosses the center (place the marker on the sloping portion of the trace, not the vertical phase \wrap-around"). 5.
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Measuring Phase Deviation 2. Press DELAY . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 3. Press 4Scale Ref5 AUTO SCALE . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN The group delay format displays the phase deviation to the group delay aperture. Therefore, setting the group delay aperture a ects the trace shape. Setting a wider aperture makes the trace smoother. The aperture defaults to 1% of the span. Setting the Group Delay Aperture. 1. Press 4Bw/Avg5. 2. Press GROUP DELAY APERTURE .
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Compensating for the Electrical Delay Caused by an Extension Cable Compensating for the Electrical Delay Caused by an Extension Cable If the Electrical Delay of the Extension Cable is Known 1. Press 4Cal5 MORE PORT EXTENSIONS to open the port extension menu. NNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 2. Enter the electrical delay values for the respective input ports.
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Compensating for the Electrical Delay Caused by an Extension Cable If the Electrical Delay of the Extension Cable is Unknown You can determine the electrical delay of the extension cable by: Measuring the electrical delay of the cable Measuring the cable's re ection in the OPEN or SHORT circuit state. Measuring the Electrical Length of a Cable. 1. Connect the cable as shown in Figure 8-17. 2. De ne the frequency range according to the measurement conditions. 3.
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Compensating for the Electrical Delay Caused by an Extension Cable 5. Press 4Marker5. Then move the marker to the sloping trace that crosses the center of the display. 6. Press 4Cal5 MORE ELEC DELAY MENU MKR!DELAY ELECTRICAL DELAY , then read the electrical delay of the cable. Note that this value is twice the real delay because there are both output and return paths. 7. Press 405 4215 to clear the electrical delay o set. 8.
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Typical Spectrum Measurement Techniques Typical Spectrum Measurement Techniques This section describes typical spectrum measurement techniques.
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Measuring the Noise Level Measuring the Noise Level 1. Press 4Format5. 2. Choose NOISE . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 3. Press 4Scale Ref5. Then press 4+5 until the noise trace gets close to the reference level. 4. Press 4Bw/Avg5. Then press VIDEO BW . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 5. Press 4+5 to atten the noise trace. 6. Press 4 and read the normalized noise level. Marker5. Then turn the The marker readout unit becomes \dBm/Hz" and is normalized by the 1 Hz equivalent noise bandwidth (ENBW).
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Measuring the Noise Level 3. Press 4Display5 and choose DATA MATH [ ] . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN p p NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Choose OFFSET for dBm=Hz , dBV = Hz , and dB V = Hz . NNNNNNNNNNNNNN p Choose GAIN for V = Hz and W=Hz . 4. Enter K, then press 4215. Note p p p The 4395A displays dBV = Hz , dB V = Hz , V = Hz as dBV/Hz, dB V/Hz, V/Hz respectively.
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Measuring the Carrier to Noise Ratio Measuring the Carrier to Noise Ratio 1. Set up the frequency range within which to measure a carrier signal. 2. Press 4Marker5 to place the marker on the trace. 3. Press 4Scale Ref5 and choose PEAK!REFERENCE to set the reference level to the carrier signal level. 4. Adjust the scale/div to display the carrier and noise oor. Use 4Scale Ref5 SCALE/DIV . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 5.
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Measuring the Carrier to Noise Ratio Time Gated Spectrum Analysis The time gated spectrum analysis function can be used to measure any one of several signals separated in time (for example, burst modulated, pulsed RF, and time multiplexed). Using the gated sweep function allows the analyzer to measure the spectrum of a speci c part of the signal or separate signals, and mask out interfering or transient signals.
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Measuring the Carrier to Noise Ratio Level Mode. The level mode allows the external trigger signal to open and close the gate directly, without a programmed gate length. The level mode also provides the gate delay. For the level mode, the gate sweep is controlled by the following factors: Trigger polarity, which selects the polarity of TTL the level (+5 V or 0 V) to open gate. Gate Delay, which determines how long after the trigger signal the gate becomes active. Figure 8-22.
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Measuring the Carrier to Noise Ratio RBW Filter Response Time You don't need to care about the setting time for the RBW lter because the 4395A implements the RBW lter using digital processing. Video bandwidth (VBW) can be set without concern for the gate length setting. The analyzer implements the video lter using digital processing. The video lter of the analyzer requires no settling time for normal operation. Therefore, it is not a ected by the gate length setting.
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Performing Time Gated Spectrum Analysis Performing Time Gated Spectrum Analysis Time gated spectrum analysis involves the following steps: 1. Determining the Gate Trigger Parameters 2. Connecting the Gate Trigger Source 3. Setting the Center and Span Frequency 4. Adjusting the Gate Trigger 5. Setting the RBW/VBW and Using the Averaging Function 6. Measuring the Spectrum Note Performing this measurement requires Option 1D6. Step 1: Determining the Gate Trigger Parameters. 1.
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Performing Time Gated Spectrum Analysis The signal delay (SD) is the delay inherent in the signal (that is, SD is the length of time after the trigger, but before the signal of interest occurs and becomes stable). Figure 8-24. Target and Trigger Signal Timing on the Oscilloscope 4. Determine the gate parameters using the following equations: Gate delay = SUT + SD Figure 8-25 shows the scheme of these parameters. Open the \gate" during the time the signal is in a stable condition.
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Performing Time Gated Spectrum Analysis Step 2: Connecting the Gate Trigger Source. 1. Connect the RF signal source to the R input of the 4395A. 2. Connect the trigger output from the signal source to the EXT TRIGGER connector on the rear panel of the 4395A. Figure 8-26. Time Gated Measurement Con guration Step 3: Setting the Center and Span Frequency. Set up the center and span frequency of the 4395A to display the target signal. Step 4: Adjusting the Gate Trigger. 1.
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Performing Time Gated Spectrum Analysis Setting the RBW/VBW and Using the Averaging Function Setting the Resolution Bandwidth. 1. Press 4Bw/Avg5. 2. Press RES BW and set the resolution bandwidth in accordance with Table 8-1.
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Performing Time Gated Spectrum Analysis You must specify a gate length longer than the minimum gate length listed in Table 8-1. Otherwise, the sweep does not start. Table 8-1. Allowable RWB Settings and Minimum Gate Length RBW Minimum Gate Length1 1 MHz 6 sec 300 kHz 22 sec 100 kHz 44 sec 30 kHz 170 sec 10 kHz 660 sec 3 kHz 1.4 msec 1 kHz 5.3 msec 300 Hz 22 msec 100 Hz 43 msec 30 Hz 170 msec 10 Hz 680 msec 3 Hz 1.4 sec 1 Hz Gated sweep is not available.
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Performing Time Gated Spectrum Analysis Measuring the Spectrum. 1. Adjust the span setting to t the trace to your requirement. 2. Perform your measurement. Before Time Gating (VBW = 30 kHz) After Time Gating (VBW = 300 Hz) Figure 8-27.
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Measuring Zero Span Measuring Zero Span 1. Determine the following parameters: Sweep Time Number of Display Points (NOP) 2. Press 4Center5. Then enter the frequency of the target signal. 3. Press 4Span5 and choose ZERO SPAN to set the frequency span to 0 Hz. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 4. Press 4Sweep5. 5. Press 4Sweep5 and choose SWEEP TIME , and then enter the sweep time. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 6. Press 4Sweep5 and choose NUMBER of POINTS . Then enter your desired number of points (NOP).
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Measuring Zero Span Table 8-3. Minimum Time Resolution RBW Min. Time Max. Sweep Time Resolution (NOP=801) 5 MHz 40 nsec 1.28 msec 3 MHz 40 nsec 2.56 msec 1.5 MHz 80 nsec 5.12 msec 800 kHz 160 nsec 10.24 msec 400 kHz 320 nsec 20.48 msec 200 kHz 640 nsec 40.96 msec 100 kHz 1.28 sec 81.9 msec 40 kHz 2.56 sec 163.8 msec 20 kHz 5.12 sec 327.7 msec 10 kHz 10.24 sec 655.4 msec 5 kHz 20.48 sec 1.311 sec 3 kHz 40.96 sec 2.
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Measuring Zero Span Figure 8-28.
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Tracking Unstable Harmonics Using the Search Track Function Tracking Unstable Harmonics Using the Search Track Function 1. Set the frequency range to display the carrier and the harmonics. 2. Press 4Search5 and choose SEARCH: PEAK to move the marker to the peak. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 3. Press 4Marker5 and choose 1MODE MENU TRACKING 1MKR to set up the marker as a reference 1marker that can move with the carrier. 4.
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Typical Impedance Measurement Techniques Typical Impedance Measurement Techniques This section describes typical impedance measurement techniques. The topics covered include: Applying DC bias Equivalent circuit analysis Determining Q value using the width search function Port extension Applying DC Bias The 4395A option 001 DC source can be used to supply up to 640 V / 6100 mA of DC voltage/current to external circuit or DUT through the DC SOURCE port on the front panel.
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Typical Impedance Measurement Techniques Setting the Upper Limit for DC Bias The 4395A can control DC bias so that a user-speci ed upper limit (current or voltage) is not exceeded. This feature ensures that the device under DC bias is protected from excessively high voltage or current. DC bias can be applied in one of two modes: current control and voltage control. You can set the upper limit voltage for current control mode, or the upper limit current for voltage control mode.
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Typical Impedance Measurement Techniques Equivalent Circuit Analysis The 4395A provides a function that automatically calculates approximate values of speci c parameters of an equivalent circuit that corresponds to a DUT. This function supports ve circuit models. In addition, the resulting parameter values can be used to simulate the frequency-based characteristics of the equivalent circuit; this allows you to compare the simulated characteristics with the actually measured characteristics.
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Typical Impedance Measurement Techniques Select Equivalent Circuit Menu. This menu lets you to select one of the ve supported circuit models. The 4395A calculates the parameter values within the range you speci ed using the marker search function. Softkey Label Description NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN CKT A Selects equivalent circuit A, which is used to simulate inductors with high core loss. B Selects equivalent circuit B, which is used to simulate inductors in general and resistors.
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Typical Impedance Measurement Techniques Table 8-4.
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Typical Impedance Measurement Techniques Using the Equivalent Circuit Analysis Function Calculating Approximate Values of Equivalent Circuit Constants. 1. Press 4Display5 and choose MORE EQUIV CKT MENU to display the equivalent circuit menu. NNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 2. Choose SELECT CKT [ ] to display the equivalent circuit models. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 3.
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Typical Impedance Measurement Techniques Determining Q Value Using the Width Search Function The width search function analyzes a resonator and displays the center point, width, and quality factor (Q) for the speci ed bandwidth. To use the width search function, open the Widths Menu by pressing 4Search5 and choosing WIDTH [ ] . The Widths Menu provides access to a submenu called Width Value Menu, which lets you specify the bandwidth search criteria. These two menus are described in this section.
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Typical Impedance Measurement Techniques Softkey Label Description p NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN MKRVAL/( 2) Sets the width value to the value that equals the marker value divided by square root of 2. p MKRVAL*( 2) Sets the width value to the value that equals the marker value multiplied by square root of 2. MKRVAL/2 Sets the width value to the value that equals the marker value divided by 2.
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Typical Impedance Measurement Techniques 2. Press 4Search5 and toggle SEARCH TRK on OFF to ON off . Then choose MAX to move the marker to the point where the G value is maximum on the trace (resonance point). 3. Press 4Search5 and choose WIDTH [ ] WIDTH VALUE MKRVAL/2 RETURN 4. Toggle WIDTH on OFF to ON off . The width value, Q factor, and several parameters are displayed on the screen. The 4395A searches half of the maximum conductance points on the admittance circle.
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Advanced Techniques for Optimizing Measurements 9 This chapter introduces you to advanced measurement techniques on using the 4395A that have not been covered in the previous chapters. It explains how to use these techniques to optimize your measurement tasks.
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Reducing Sweep Time (Using List Sweep) Reducing Sweep Time (Using List Sweep) The analyzer has a list sweep function that can sweep frequency according to a prede ned sweep segment list. Each sweep segment is independent. For the network/impedance analyzer mode, each segment can have a di erent number of sweep points, power level, and IF bandwidth value. For the spectrum analyzer mode, each segment can have a di erent number of points and RBW.
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Reducing Sweep Time (Using List Sweep) RBW IF BW Output Power DC Voltage or Current(Option 001) This parameter is for the spectrum analyzer mode. You can set the resolution bandwidth for the each segment individually. This is useful if you want to display higher resolution only for the speci c segment. This parameter for the network analyzer and impedance analyzer mode. You can set the IF bandwidth for each segment individually.
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Reducing Sweep Time (Using List Sweep) NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN When in network or impedance analyzer mode, press IF BW to set the IF bandwidth. 7. Press DC VOLTAGE or DC CURRENT and enter DC output voltage or current. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 8. Press RETURN SEGMENT DONE to complete editing the segment. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 9. Press ADD to edit the next segment. NNNNNNNNNNN 10.
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Reducing Sweep Time (Using List Sweep) Executing the List Sweep 1. Press 4Sweep5. 2. Press SWEEP TYPE MENU . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 3. Press LIST FREQ . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 4. If you use the DC output, press 4Source5. Then toggle DC OUT on OFF to ON off .
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Improving Dynamic Range (NA Mode) Improving Dynamic Range (NA Mode) This section introduces you two techniques for enhancing the dynamic range of 4395A. These are: Adjusting the IF Bandwidth Using List Sweep You can increase the dynamic range by applying the highest allowable power. The output power can be set by pressing 4Source5 POWER . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Averaging can also enhance the dynamic range. See \To Use the Averaging Function" for further information.
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Improving Dynamic Range (NA Mode) Using List Sweep Figure 9-5 shows the sweep list modi ed from the list of the previous example(Figure 9-3) to improve dynamic range. Segments 1 and 3 have a narrow IF bandwidth and a higher power level for the stopband of the lter. Segment 2 has a wide IF bandwidth and lower power level for passband. 1. Press 4Sweep5 SWEEP TYPE MENU EDIT LIST . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 2.
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Performing GO/NO-GO Test of a Filter (using limit line) Performing GO/NO-GO Test of a Filter (using limit line) The limit line is constructed by connecting the segment points as shown in Figure 9-6. Figure 9-6. Limit Line Image For example, if you want to specify four points for the limit test, the limit line image is as shown in Figure 9-7. Each point has frequency information and an upper and a lower limit value. Enter these values as described in the \Editing a Limit Line Table" procedure. Figure 9-7.
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Performing GO/NO-GO Test of a Filter (using limit line) This section covers: Planning the Limit Line Editing a Limit Line Table Executing a Limit Line Test To O set the Limit Line Planning the Limit Lime 1. Determine the following parameters before editing the limit line: Parameter Description Sweep Parameter Upper Limit Lower Limit Frequency of each segment. Upper limit level of each segment. Lower limit level of each segment. Editing a Limit Line Table 1. 2. 3. 4.
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Performing GO/NO-GO Test of a Filter (using limit line) NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Press SWP PARAM . Then enter the frequency of the segment. Move the marker to the point you want to use as the frequency of the segment. Then press MKR!SWP PARAM . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 9. Press UPPER LIMIT . Then enter a upper limit value. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 10. Press LOWER LIMIT . Then enter a lower limit value. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 11.
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Performing GO/NO-GO Test of a Filter (using limit line) Figure 9-9. Limit Line Test To Beep When the Limit Test is Failed 1. Press 4System5. 2. Press LIMIT MENU . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 3. Toggle BEEP FAIL on OFF to ON off .
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To O set the Limit Line To O set the Limit Line 1. Press 4System5 LIMIT MENU . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 2. Press LIMIT LINE OFFSETS . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 3. Press the following keys: To move line Press Horizontally Vertically NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SWP PARAM OFFSET AMPLITUDE OFFSET NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 4.
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Stabilizing the Trace Stabilizing the Trace When the trace is not stable and the marker value changes frequently, it is di cult to read the measured value. You can use the following techniques to stabilize the trace: Stop the sweep. Use the averaging function. Use the maximum or minimum hold function. Capture the unstable signal using signal track. To Stop the Sweep 1. Press 4Trigger5. 2. Press SWEEP: HOLD .
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Stabilizing the Trace \Max" (or \Min") appears on the right of the grid when the maximum (minimum) hold function is activated. To turn o the maximum or minimum hold, press 4Display5 DATA HOLD [ ] HOLD: OFF . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Figure 9-11. Maximum Holding the Drifting Signal To Capture an Unstable Signal Using Signal Track 1. Press 4Display5 DUAL CHAN on OFF to ON off . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 2.
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Stabilizing the Trace Figure 9-12. Display When Starting Signal Track Figure 9-13.
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10 Examples of Applications This chapter contains example applications of the 4395A for each of network, spectrum, and impedance analyzer modes.
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Measuring Transmission Characteristics of a Filter (NA Mode) Measuring Transmission Characteristics of a Filter (NA Mode) Insertion loss and gain are ratios of the output to input signals. The following procedure measures the insertion loss and gain of a 83.16 MHz SAW bandpass lter. This measurement can be used to obtain the key lter parameters. Measurement Setup Connection Set up the 4395A as shown in Figure 10-1. Figure 10-1. Transmission Measurement Setup Analyzer Settings Press 4Preset5.
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Measuring Transmission Characteristics of a Filter (NA Mode) Performing Calibration Perform a frequency response calibration for this measurement as follows: 1. Press 4Cal5 CALIBRATE MENU RESPONSE . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 2. Connect a THRU calibration standard between the measurement cables in place of the DUT. 3. Press THRU to perform a frequency response calibration data measurement. NNNNNNNNNNNNNN 4. Press DONE: RESPONSE .
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Measuring Transmission Characteristics of a Filter (NA Mode) display. Sub-marker 1 on the trace shows the passband center frequency while sub-markers 2 and 3 show the location of the 06 dB cuto points. Figure 10-3. Using the Marker to Determine 6 dB Bandwidth NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN To have the 4395A calculate the bandwidth between other power levels, select WIDTH VALUE and enter the number (for example, enter 03 4215 for 03 dB).
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Measuring Transmission Characteristics of a Filter (NA Mode) Figure 10-4. Using Peak Search to Determine Ripple NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Press 4Chan 15 4Marker5 PRESET MKRS , and 4Chan 25 4Marker5 PRESET MKRS when you are nished with this measurement. Measuring Phase Response A two input ratio measurement can also provide information about the phase shift of a network. The analyzer can translate this information into a related parameter, group delay.
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Measuring Transmission Characteristics of a Filter (NA Mode) Figure 10-5. Amplitude and Phase Response of a SAW Filter Using the Expanded Phase Mode The 4395A can display phase beyond 6180 degrees. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Press 4Format5 EXP PHASE on OFF to ON off . Then press 4Scale Ref5 AUTO SCALE . The phase is displayed with \no wrap" (see Figure 10-6). NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Figure 10-6.
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Re ection Measurement (NA) Re ection Measurement (NA) When making a re ection measurement, the 4395A monitors the signal going to the DUT and uses it as the reference. It compares the re ected signal from the DUT to the reference signal. The ratio of the incident and re ected signals is the re ection coe cient of the DUT or, when expressed in decibels, the return loss.
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Re ection Measurement (NA) return loss(dB) = 020 log( ) re ected power re ection coe cient = incident power = (magnitude only) = 0 (magnitude and phase) = S11 or S22 (magnitude and phase) 1+ SWR = 10 Measurement Setup Connection Set up the 4395A as shown in Figure 10-8. Figure 10-8. Re ection Measurement Setup Analyzer Settings Press 4Preset5.
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Re ection Measurement (NA) NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 1. Press 4Cal5 CALIBRATE MENU S11 1-PORT . 2. Connect the OPEN standard to port 1. Then press [S11]: OPEN . (The softkey label OPEN is underlined when the measurement is complete.) 3. Connect the SHORT standard to port 1. Then press SHORT . (The softkey label SHORT is underlined when the measurement is complete.) 4. Connect the LOAD standard to port 1. Then press LOAD .
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Re ection Measurement (NA) Standing Wave Ratio (SWR) To display the re ection measurement data as standing wave ratio (swr), press 4Format5 MORE SWR . The analyzer reformats the display in the non-unit measure of SWR (with SWR = 1, a perfect match, at the bottom of the display). NNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNN Figure 10-10.
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Re ection Measurement (NA) S-Parameters Measurement S-parameters S11 and S22 are no di erent from the measurements made in the previous section. S11 is the complex re ection coe cient of the DUT's input. S22 is the complex re ection coe cient of the DUT's output. In both cases, all unused ports must be properly terminated. To display the trace on the polar chart, press 4Format5 POLAR CHART . The results of a typical S11 measurement is shown in Figure 10-11.
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Re ection Measurement (NA) Impedance Measurement The amount of power re ection from a device is directly related to the impedance values of both the device and the measuring system. In fact, each value of the re ection coe cient (0) uniquely de nes a device impedance. For example: 0=0 occurs when the device and test set impedance are the same. A short circuit has a re ection coe cient of 0=1 6 180 (=01). An open circuit has a re ection coe cient of 0=1 6 0 (=1).
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Re ection Measurement (NA) Admittance Measurement 1. Press 4Format5 MORE ADMITTANCE CHART . The display shows the complex impedance of the DUT over the frequency range selected. 2. Use the knob to read the resistive and reactive components of the complex impedance at any point along the trace. The marker displays complex impedance readout. NNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Figure 10-13.
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Gain Compression Measurement (NA) Gain Compression Measurement (NA) An important measure of active circuits is how well they handle a signal frequency with a varying input amplitude. By using the power sweep function in the network analyzer mode, measurements such as gain compression or automatic gain control slope can be made. Measurement Setup Connection Set up the 4395A as shown in Figure 10-14. Figure 10-14.
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Gain Compression Measurement (NA) Analyzer Settings Press 4Preset5.
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Gain Compression Measurement (NA) Figure 10-15. Gain Compression Absolute Output Level Measurement The analyzer can show the characteristics input level versus output level by using the absolute measurement capability in the network analyzer mode. 1. Press 4Marker5 MKR [UNCOUPLE] to MKR [COUPLE] to couple the marker between both channels. 2. Press 4Chan 25 4Meas5 MORE B to select the absolute measurement at the B input.
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Gain Compression Measurement (NA) Figure 10-16. Input vs.
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AM Signal Measurement (SA) AM Signal Measurement (SA) In this example, the following parameters for AM signal measurement are derived: Carrier amplitude (Ec ) and frequency (fc ) Modulating frequency (fm ) and modulation index (m) Test Signal The following test signal is used in this example: AM Signal Frequency (fc ): 100 MHz Modulating signal frequency (fm ): 10 kHz Measurement Setup Connection Connect the test signal source to the R input port. Analyzer Settings Press 4Preset5.
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AM Signal Measurement (SA) Figure 10-17. Carrier Amplitude and Frequency of AM Signal The marker shows that the carrier amplitude (Ec ) is 020.305 dBm and frequency (fc ) is 100 MHz. Modulating Frequency and Modulation Index Measurement Using 1Marker 3. Press 4Marker5 1MODE MENU 1MKR . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNN 4. Press 4Search5 SEARCH: PEAK NEXT PEAK to search for a sideband. The o set value from the carrier is displayed as the marker sweep parameter value shown in Figure 10-18.
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AM Signal Measurement (SA) where 1Mkr is the 1marker value shown in Figure 10-18.
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FM Signal Measurement (SA) FM Signal Measurement (SA) This example describes how to derive the frequency deviation (1fpeak ) value. Test Signal The following test signal is used in this example: Wide band FM Signal Carrier frequency: 100 MHz. Modulating frequency: 1 kHz. Frequency deviation: 1 MHz. Measurement Setup Connection Connect the test signal to the R input port. Analyzer Settings Press 4Preset5.
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FM Signal Measurement (SA) Figure 10-19. Wide Band FM Signal Measurement The frequency deviation (1fpeak ) can be derived roughly from the following equation: j1M krj 1fpeak = 2 where 1Mkr is the marker sweep parameter value shown in Figure 10-19. In this example, the frequency deviation is about 987.5 kHz. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Press 4Marker5 PRESET MKRS when you are nished with this measurement.
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FM Signal Measurement (SA) Figure 10-20.
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Evaluation of a Chip Capacitor (ZA Mode) Evaluation of a Chip Capacitor (ZA Mode) As a typical application of impedance analyzer mode, this example shows how to evaluate the impedance characteristics of a chip under swept frequency. Also, it shows how to determine the equivalent circuit parameters of a chip capacitor using the equivalent circuit analysis function of the 4395A. Note that using the 4395A as an impedance analyzer requires the 43961A Impedance Test Kit as well as Option 010.
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Evaluation of a Chip Capacitor (ZA Mode) Desired Settings Key Strokes FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF MEASUREMENTblock Select impedance analyzer mode 4Meas5 ANALYZER TYPE FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF IMPEDANCE ANALYZER ACTIVE CHANNELblock Select channel 1 4Chan 15(default) SWEEPblock Select LOG FREQ mode.
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Evaluation of a Chip Capacitor (ZA Mode) Figure 10-22. Connecting the Test Fixture Setting the Electrical Length of the Test Fixture Connecting a test xture adds an extra electrical length to the test circuit. This electrical length, which is speci c to the test xture you use, must be known to the 4395A so that it can compensate for the extra electrical length and eliminate errors due to phase shifts. The 4395A incorporates a database of Agilent test xtures with their own electrical lengths.
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Evaluation of a Chip Capacitor (ZA Mode) 1. Press 4Cal5 and choose FIXTURE COMPEN COMPEN MENU . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 2. Make sure that the test circuit is in the open state. 3. Choose OPEN . Wait until the OPEN softkey's label is underlined to indicate that the OPEN compensation is complete. 4. Connect the appropriate short device to the test xture. 5. Choose SHORT .
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Evaluation of a Chip Capacitor (ZA Mode) Figure 10-23. Cs and D Characteristics of a Chip Capacitor under Swept Frequency jZj and (Phase) under Swept Frequency Follow these steps: 1. Press 4Chan 15 to activate Channel 1. 2. Press 4Meas5 and choose MORE 5/5 IMPEDANCE: |Z| to instruct the 4395A to measure jZj for Channel 1. 3. Press 4Format5 and choose FORMAT: LOG Y-AXIS . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 4.
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Evaluation of a Chip Capacitor (ZA Mode) Figure 10-24. jZj and Characteristics of a Chip Capacitor under Swept Frequency Equivalent Circuit Analysis The 4395A provides a function that automatically calculates approximate values of speci c parameters of an equivalent circuit that corresponds to a DUT. This function supports ve circuit models.
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Evaluation of a Chip Capacitor (ZA Mode) NNNNNNNNNNNNNN To hide the equivalent circuit parameters from the screen, press 4Display5, choose MORE EQUIV CKT MENU . Then choose DISP EQV PARM [ON] so that the softkey label changes to [OFF] .
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Evaluation of a Crystal Resonator (ZA Mode) Evaluation of a Crystal Resonator (ZA Mode) Measurement Setup Connection Connect the 4395A with the 43961A Impedance Test Kit in the same procedure as described in \Evaluation of a Chip Capacitor (ZA Mode)". Analyzer Settings Press 4Preset5.
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Evaluation of a Crystal Resonator (ZA Mode) 4. Choose LABEL FIXTURE ERASE TITLE . Press 415 465 405 495 425, and then choose DONE . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNN 5. Choose KIT DONE (MODIFIED) . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 6. A \Del" marker appears at the left edge of the screen. Fixture Compensation Carry out xture compensation as described in \Evaluation of a Chip Capacitor (ZA Mode)".
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Evaluation of a Crystal Resonator (ZA Mode) Readout of Resonance Frequency (Fr ) and Crystal Impedance (CI) 1. Press 4Chan 25 to activate Channel 2. 2. Press 4Search5 and toggle SEARCH TRK on OFF to ON off to turn ON the search track function. 3. Choose TARGET . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 4. Press 405 4215 and choose SEARCH LEFT . The marker moves to the zero phase (0 ) point on the lower-frequency side.
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Evaluation of a Crystal Resonator (ZA Mode) Figure 10-29. Equivalent Circuit Parameters NNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN To hide the equivalent circuit parameters from the screen, press 4Display5 MORE EQV CKT MENU and toggle DISP EQV PARM [ON] to [OFF] .
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Evaluation of a Crystal Resonator (ZA Mode) Admittance Chart 1. If the results of equivalent circuit simulation are currently displayed for Channel 1, hide the results by pressing 4Chan 15 4Display5 and choosing DISPLAY [DATA&MEM] DISPLAY: DATA RETURN MORE EQUIV CKT MENU DISP EQV PARM [ON] .
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Evaluation of a Varactor Diode - DC Bias Sweep Using List Sweep Function (ZA Mode) Evaluation of a Varactor Diode - DC Bias Sweep Using List Sweep Function (ZA Mode) This section provides an example application of impedance analyzer mode in which the 4395A's internal DC source (Option 001) is controlled through the list sweep function to evaluate the characteristics of a varactor diode under DC bias conditions.
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Evaluation of a Varactor Diode - DC Bias Sweep Using List Sweep Function (ZA Mode) 7. Choose MORE POWER and press 405 415 435 4215 to set the power for segment 1 to 013 dBm. NNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 8. Choose DC VOLTAGE and press 405 425 485 4215 to set the DC bias voltage for segment 1 to 028 V. 9. Choose RETURN SEGMENT DONE to nish de ning segment 1. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 10.
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Evaluation of a Varactor Diode - DC Bias Sweep Using List Sweep Function (ZA Mode) Connecting the Test Fixture Connect the 4395A with the 16192A Test Fixture as described in \Evaluation of a Chip Capacitor (ZA Mode)". Setting the Electrical Length of the Test Fixture Set the electrical length of the 16192A Test Fixture as described in \Evaluation of a Chip Capacitor (ZA Mode)". Fixture Compensation Carry out xture compensation as described in \Evaluation of a Chip Capacitor (ZA Mode)".
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11 Speci cations and Supplemental Characteristics These speci cations are the performance standards or limits against which the instrument is tested. When shipped from the factory, the 4395A meets the speci cations listed in this section. The performance test procedures are covered in the 4395A Service Manual. Speci cations describe the instrument's warranted performance over the temperature range of 0 C to 40 C (except as noted).
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Network Measurement Output Power 040 dBm < 040 dBm Linearity1 61.0 dB 61.5 dB 1 at relative to 0 dBm output, 50 MHz, 2365 C Flatness at 0 dBm output, relative to 50 MHz, 2365 C : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 62 dB Resolution : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 0.
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Network Measurement Receiver Characteristics Input Characteristics Frequency range : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 10 Hz to 500 MHz Input attenuator : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 0 to 50 dB, 10 dB step Full scale input level (R,A,B) Attenuator setting [dB] Full scale input level1 [dBm] 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 +10 +20 +30 +30 010 1 Note th
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Network Measurement Maximum safe input level : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : +30 dBm or 67 Vdc (SPC) Magnitude Characteristics Absolute amplitude accuracy (R, A, B) at 010 dBm input, input attenuator: 10 dB, frequency 100 Hz, IFBW 3 kHz, 2365 C, : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : <61.
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Network Measurement Residual responses : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : <080 dB full scale input level (SPC) Trace noise (A/R, B/R, A/B) at 50 MHz, 020 dBm input, both inputs: full scale input level 010 dB, IFBW=300 Hz : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : <0.
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Network Measurement Group Delay Characteristics Aperture [Hz] Accuracy : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 0.
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Spectrum Measurement Spectrum Measurement Frequency Characteristics Frequency range : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 10 Hz to 500 MHz Frequency readout accuracy AN [H z ] )) : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 6((freq readout[Hz ]) 2 (freq ref accuracy) + RBW [Hz ] + SP (NOP 01) where NOP means number of display points Frequency reference Accuracy at 2365 C, referenced to 23 C : : : : : : : : : : : : :
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Spectrum Measurement Figure 11-3. Noise Sidebands Amplitude Characteristics Amplitude range : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : displayed average noise level to +30 dBm Reference value setting range : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 0100 dBm to +30 dBm Level accuracy at 020 dBm input, 50MHz, input attenuator: 10 dB, 2365 C : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : <60.
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Spectrum Measurement : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : <63% Amplitude delity shows an extent of nonlinearity referenced to the full scale input level 010 dB. 2 RBW=10 Hz, 020 dBm reference value +30 dBm, referenced to full scale input level010 dB, input attenuator: auto, 2365 C Note: Refer to Input attenuator part for the de nition of full scale input level.
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Spectrum Measurement Figure 11-5.
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Spectrum Measurement Figure 11-6. Typical Dynamic Range at Inputs R, A, and B Input attenuator Setting range : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 0 dB to 50 dB, 10 dB step Attenuator Setting Full Scale Input Level1 0 dB 10 dB 20 dB 30 dB 40 dB 50 dB 0 dBm +10 dBm +20 dBm +30 dBm 020 dBm 010 dBm 1 Note that it is di erent from the full scale input level in network measurement.
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Spectrum Measurement Scale Log : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 0.1 dB/div to 20 dB/div Linear at watt : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 1.0 2 10012 W/div at volt : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 1.
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Spectrum Measurement Input Level : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : +30 dBm max. at input attenuator: 50 dB Maximum safe input level : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : +30 dBm or 67 Vdc (SPC) Speci cations when Option 1D6 Time-Gated spectrum analysis is installed All speci cations are identical to the standard 4395A except the following items.
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4395A Option 010 Impedance Measurement 4395A Option 010 Impedance Measurement The following speci cations are applied when the 43961A Impedance Test Kit is connected to the 4395A.
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4395A Option 010 Impedance Measurement Resolution : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 0.
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Measurement Basic Accuracy (Supplemental Performance Characteristics) Measurement Basic Accuracy (Supplemental Performance Characteristics) Measurement accuracy is speci ed at the connecting surface of the APC-7 connector of the 43961A under the following conditions: 1 Warm up time : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : > 30 minutes Ambient temperature : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
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Measurement Basic Accuracy (Supplemental Performance Characteristics) Figure 11-7. Impedance Measurement Accuracy jZj - Accuracy jZj accuracy accuracy Za = A + (B=jZm j + C 2 jZm j) 2 100 [%] a = sin01 (Za =100) Where, jZm j is jZj measured. A, B, and C are obtained from Figure 11-7.
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Measurement Basic Accuracy (Supplemental Performance Characteristics) jYj - Accuracy jYj accuracy Ya = A + (B 2 jYm j + C=jYmj) 2 100 [%] a = sin01 (Ya =100) accuracy Where, jYm j is jYj measured. A, B, and C are obtained from Figure 11-7. R - X Accuracy (Depends on D) Accuracy D 0.2 Ra 6Xm 2 Xa =100 [ ] Xa Xa [%] Where, D can be calculated as: 5
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Measurement Basic Accuracy (Supplemental Performance Characteristics) Gm and Bm are the measured G and B, respectively. A, B, and C are obtained from Figure 11-7. D Accuracy Accuracy D 0.2 Da Za =100 (Za =100) 2 (1 + D2 ) Accuracy D 0.2 0.2 < D La La =100 La (1 + D) 0.2 < D Where, Za is jZj accuracy. L Accuracy (Depends on D) Where, La = A + (B=jZl j + C 2 jZl j) 2 100 [%] jZl j = 2 f 2 Lm, f is frequency in Hz, and Lm is measured L. A, B, and C are obtained from Figure 11-7.
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Common to Network/Spectrum/Impedance Measurement Common to Network/Spectrum/Impedance Measurement Display LCD Size/Type : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 8.
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Common to Network/Spectrum/Impedance Measurement Printer parallel port Interface : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : IEEE 1284 Centronics standard compliant Printer control language : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : HP PCL3 Printer Control Language Connector : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : D-SUB (25-pin) Option 001 D
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Common to Network/Spectrum/Impedance Measurement Figure 11-8.
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Common to Network/Spectrum/Impedance Measurement Pin No. Table 11-1.
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Common to Network/Spectrum/Impedance Measurement General Characteristics Input and Output Characteristics External reference input Frequency : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 10 MHz 610 ppm (SPC) Level : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 05 dBm to +5 dBm (SPC) Input impedance : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
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Common to Network/Spectrum/Impedance Measurement Connector Caution : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : D-SUB (25-pin) Do not connect a printer to this connector. If you connect a printer with the S-parameter test set interface connector (TEST SET-I/O INTERCONNECT), it may cause damage to the printer. Figure 11-11.
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Common to Network/Spectrum/Impedance Measurement Non-operation Conditions Temperature Humidity : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 020 C to 60 C at wet bulb temperature 45 C, without condensation : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 15% to 95% RH Altitude : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
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Common to Network/Spectrum/Impedance Measurement Figure 11-13. Rear View Figure 11-14.
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Furnished Accessories Furnished Accessories Accessory Operation Manual Programming Manual HP Instrument BASIC Users Handbook Service Manual1 Sample Program Disk BNC cable2 Power Cable3 Agilent part number 04395-90010 04395-90011 E2083-90005 04395-90100 04395-18000 8120-1839 0 1 Option 0BW only 2 Option 010 only 3 The power cable depends on where the instrument is used.
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Typical System Performance System Performance at Network Measurement Typical System Performance Introduction The performance of the 4395A Network/Spectrum Analyzer (analyzer) depends not only on the performance of the analyzer but also on the con guration, the user-selected operating conditions, and the measurement calibration. This section explains the residual errors remaining in a measurement system after accuracy enhancement.
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Typical System Performance Re ection Uncertainty of a One-Port Device Figure 11-15. Total Re ection Magnitude Uncertainty of One-Port Device Figure 11-16.
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Typical System Performance Re ection Uncertainty of a Two-Port Device Figure 11-17. Total Re ections Magnitude Uncertainty of Two-Port Device Figure 11-18.
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Typical System Performance Transmission Uncertainty of a Low-Loss Device Figure 11-19. Total Transmission Magnitude Uncertainty of a Low-Loss Device Figure 11-20.
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Typical System Performance Transmission Uncertainty of a Wide Dynamic Range Device Figure 11-21. Total Transmission Magnitude Uncertainty of a Wide Dynamic Range Device Figure 11-22.
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Types of Residual Measurement Errors Types of Residual Measurement Errors Network analysis measurement errors can be separated into three types: systematic, random, and drift errors. Measurement errors that remain after measurement calibration are called residual measurement errors. See \Calibration for Network Measurement" in Appendix A for a detailed description of the systematic errors corrected by measurement calibration.
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System Error Model System Error Model Any measurement result is the vector sum of the actual test device response plus all error terms. The precise e ect of each error term depends upon its magnitude and phase relationship to the actual test device response. When the phase of an error response is not known, phase is assumed to be worst case (0 or 180 degrees). Random errors such as noise and connector repeatability are generally combined in a root-sum-of the squares (RSS) manner.
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Re ection Uncertainty Equations Re ection Uncertainty Equations Total Re ection Magnitude Uncertainty (Erm ) An analysis of the error model yields an equation for the re ection magnitude uncertainty. The equation contains all of the rst order terms and the signi cant second order terms. The error term related to thermal drift is combined on a worst case basis with the total of systematic and random errors. The four terms under the radical are random in character and are combined on an RSS basis.
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Transmission Uncertainty Equations Transmission Uncertainty Equations Total Transmission Magnitude Uncertainty (Etm) An analysis of the error model in Figure 11-23 yields an equation for the transmission magnitude uncertainty. The equation contains all of the rst order terms and some of the signi cant second order terms. The error term related to thermal drift is combined on a worst case basis with the total of systematic and random errors.
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Dynamic Accuracy Dynamic Accuracy The dynamic accuracy value used in the system uncertainty equations is obtained from the analyzer's dynamic accuracy typical values. The typical value for magnitude dynamic accuracy is in dB, and it must be converted to a linear value to be used in the uncertainty equations. In addition, the analyzer's dynamic accuracy typical values are given for an input signal level from full scale in dB.
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Dynamic Accuracy Phase Dynamic Accuracy Typical phase dynamic accuracy can be expressed by the following equations: Magnitude Dynamic Accuracy = Ed1p + Ed2p + Ed3p Ed1p = 1:00L2 Ed2p = 0:10 6:13 2 1005 Ed3p = L where, L = Measurement level (linear, relative to full scale level) Ed1p = Phase compression error (dominant at high measurement level range) Ed2p = Phase residual error (dominant at middle measurement level range) Ed3p = Phase A/D converter di erential nonlinearity error (dominant at low measuremen
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Dynamic Accuracy Dynamic Accuracy Error Contribution Figure 11-24. Typical Magnitude Dynamic Accuracy Error (@Reference Power Level=Full Scale) Figure 11-25.
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Dynamic Accuracy Dynamic Accuracy Error Contribution Figure 11-26. Typical Magnitude Dynamic Accuracy Error (@Reference Power Level=020 dB from Full Scale) Figure 11-27.
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Dynamic Accuracy Dynamic Accuracy Error Contribution Figure 11-28. Typical Magnitude Dynamic Accuracy Error (@Reference Power Level=060 dB from Full Scale) Figure 11-29.
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E ects of Temperature Drift E ects of Temperature Drift Figure 11-30 to Figure 11-33 are graphs showing the e ects of temperature drift on error-corrected measurement uncertainty values. Values are shown for changes of 61 C, 63 C and 65 C from the ambient temperature. Figure 11-30 and Figure 11-31 show total re ection magnitude and phase uncertainty with temperature drift following an S11 one-port calibration.
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E ects of Temperature Drift Temperature Drift with S11 One-Port Calibration Figure 11-30. Total Re ection Magnitude Uncertainty (@One-Port Cal) Figure 11-31.
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E ects of Temperature Drift Temperature Drift with Full Two-Port Calibration Figure 11-32. Total Transmission Magnitude Uncertainty (@Full Two-Port Cal) Figure 11-33.
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System performance with Di erent Test Sets and Connector Types System performance with Di erent Test Sets and Connector Types The tables in the following pages provides typical system performance for sytems using di erent test sets and di erent connector types. The values listed are for uncorrected measurements and for corrected measurements after measurement calibration. The linear value is shown in parenthesis with the dB value.
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System performance with Di erent Test Sets and Connector Types Table 11-3. Typical System Performance for Devices with 7 mm Connectors 4395A with 87511A Test Set (300 kHz to 500 MHz) Symbol Error Terms D Directivity Ms Source Match Tr Re ection Tracking Ml Load Match Tt Trans. Tracking C Cross Talk Rr1 Rt1 Rr2 Rt2 Nl Nh Am ,Ap Um ,Up St1 Sr1 St2 Sr2 Ttd Trd Tsw Msw Port1 Re . Connector Repeatability Port1 Trans. Connector Repeatability Port2 Re . Connector Repeatability Port2 Trans.
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System performance with Di erent Test Sets and Connector Types Table 11-4. Typical System Performance for Devices with 3.5 mm Connectors 4395A with 87511A Test Set (300 kHz to 500 MHz) Symbol Error Terms D Directivity Ms Source Match Tr Re ection Tracking Ml Load Match Tt Trans. Tracking C Cross Talk Rr1 Rt1 Rr2 Rt2 Nl Nh Am ,Ap Um ,Up St1 Sr1 St2 Sr2 Ttd Trd Tsw Msw Port1 Re . Connector Repeatability Port1 Trans. Connector Repeatability Port2 Re . Connector Repeatability Port2 Trans.
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System performance with Di erent Test Sets and Connector Types Table 11-5. Typical System Performance for Devices with 50 Type-N Connectors 4395A with 87511A Test Set (300 kHz to 500 MHz) Symbol Error Terms D Directivity Ms Source Match Tr Re ection Tracking Ml Load Match Tt Trans. Tracking C Cross Talk Rr1 Rt1 Rr2 Rt2 Nl Nh Am ,Ap Um ,Up St1 Sr1 St2 Sr2 Ttd Trd Tsw Msw Port1 Re . Connector Repeatability Port1 Trans. Connector Repeatability Port2 Re . Connector Repeatability Port2 Trans.
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System performance with Di erent Test Sets and Connector Types Table 11-6. Typical System Performance for Devices with 75 Type-N Connectors 4395A with 87511B Test Set (300 kHz to 500 MHz) Symbol Error Terms D Directivity Ms Source Match Tr Re ection Tracking Ml Load Match Tt Trans. Tracking C Cross Talk Rr1 Rt1 Rr2 Rt2 Nl Nh Am ,Ap Um ,Up St1 Sr1 St2 Sr2 Ttd Trd Tsw Msw Port1 Re . Connector Repeatability Port1 Trans. Connector Repeatability Port2 Re . Connector Repeatability Port2 Trans.
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System performance with Di erent Test Sets and Connector Types Table 11-7. Typical System Performance for Devices with 50 Type-N Connectors 4395A with 87512A Test Set (100 Hz to 500 MHz) Symbol Error Terms D Directivity Ms Source Match Tr Typical Residual after Accuracy Enhancement1 , 2 Uncorrected Response Only3 Response and Isolation3 One-Port one pass two port 040 dB { { { 024 dB 024 dB Re ection Tracking (0.063) { 024 dB Ml Load Match 022 dB 022 dB4 022 dB Tt Trans.
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System performance with Di erent Test Sets and Connector Types Table 11-8. Typical System Performance for Devices with 75 Type-N Connectors 4395A with 87512B Test Set (100 Hz to 500 MHz) Symbol D Ms Tr Ml Tt C Rr1 Rt1 Rr2 Rt2 Nl Error Terms Directivity Source Match Re ection Tracking Load Match Trans. Tracking Cross Talk Port1 Re . Connector Repeatability Port1 Trans. Connector Repeatability Port2 Re . Connector Repeatability Port2 Trans.
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Determining Expected System performance Determining Expected System performance The uncertainty equations, dynamic accuracy calculations, and tables of system performance values provided in the preceding pages can be used to calculate the expected system performance. The following pages explain how to determine the residual errors of a particular system and combine them to obtain total error-corrected residual uncertainty values, using worksheets provided.
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Determining Expected System performance Table 11-9. Re ection Measurement Uncertainty Worksheet In the columns below, enter the appropriate values for each term.
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Determining Expected System performance Table 11-10. Transmission Measurement Uncertainty Worksheet In the columns below, enter the appropriate values for each term.
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12 Accessories and Options Options Available DC SOURCE (Option 001) DC SOURCE supplies up to 640 V / 6100 mA of DC voltage/current. High Stability Frequency Reference (Option 1D5) This option, a 10 MHz crystal in temperature stabilized oven, improves the source signal frequency accuracy and stability. This option can be retro tted using the 4395U Upgrade Kit Option 1D5. Time-Gated Spectrum Analyzer (Option 1D6) This option allows the capability of intermittent or burst signal spectrum measurement.
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Measurement accessories available Measurement accessories available Test Sets 87511A/B S Parameter Test Set These test sets contain the hardware required to measure all four S-parameters of a two-port 50 or 75 device. An RF switch in the test set is controlled by the analyzer so that reverse measurement can be made without changing the connections to the DUT (device under test). Each test set also contains two internal dc bias tees for biasing active devices.
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Measurement accessories available Calibration Kits The following calibration kits contain the precision standards (and the required adapters) for the indicated connector types. The standards facilitate measurement calibration (also called vector error correction). Refer to the applicable data sheet and ordering guide for additional information. Part numbers for the standards are in their respective manuals. 85033D 3.
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Measurement accessories available 11855A 75 Type-N Adapter Kit 11856A 75 BNC Adapter Kit 12-4 Accessories and Options
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System accessories available System accessories available Printer The analyzer can output displayed measurement results directly to supported peripherals, not using external computers. Supported printers are as follows. Table 12-1.
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A Basic Measurement Theory This chapter provides additional information on analyzer features beyond the basics covered in the previous chapters.
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System Overview System Overview The 4395A has three analyzer modes; network, spectrum, and impedance (available with option 010). In network analyzer mode, the 4395A measures the re ection and transmission characteristics of devices and networks by applying a known swept signal and measuring the response of the test device. The signal transmitted through the device or re ected from its input is compared with the incident signal generated by a swept RF source.
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Data Processing Data Processing Overview The 4395A's receiver converts the R, A, and B input signals into useful measurement information. This conversion occurs in two main steps. First, the high frequency input signal is translated to xed low frequency IF signals using analog mixing techniques (see the \Theory of Operation" in the Service Manual for details). Second, the IF signals are converted into digital data by an analog-to-digital converter (adc).
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Data Processing Figure A-2. Data Processing for Network Measurement Digital Filter The digital lter detects the IF signal by performing a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) on the digital data. The samples are converted into complex number pairs (real plus imaginary, R+jI) that represent both the magnitude and phase of the IF signal. The lter shape can be altered by selecting the IF bandwidth in Hz from the 10, 30, 100, 300, 1 k, 3 k, 10 k, and 40 k choices.
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Data Processing Frequency Characteristics Correction by Corrective Data Arrays This corrects the frequency response for absolute measurement value, using corrective data arrays. If the selected measurement is ratio (for example, A/R or B/R), no operation is performed. Averaging This is one of the noise reduction techniques. This calculation involves taking the complex exponential average of up to 999 consecutive sweeps.
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Data Processing Format This converts complex number pairs into a scalar representation for display, according to the selected format. This includes group delay calculations. Note that, once complex data has been formatted, it cannot be restored. See \Group Delay" for information on group delay principles. Data Hold This keeps the maximum or minimum value at each display point when the data hold function is turned on.
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Data Processing Data Processing for Spectrum Measurement Figure A-3. Data Processing for Spectrum Measurement Decimation Windowing This function reduces the sampling rate to resolve the spectrum closer than the frequency resolution (which is decided by an inherent sampling rate and nite sampling number). Fast Fourier Transform (fft) This operation transforms a time domain signal into a frequency domain data using the Fast Fourier Transform.
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Data Processing Absolute Squared (ABS2 ) This calculates the power of the spectrum. Video Averaging Video Averaging is one of the noise reduction techniques. The video bandwidth can be selected to be RBW/1, RBW/3, RBW/10, RBW/100, or RBW/300. Detection This detects the value of a given display point in one of three modes: positive, negative, and sample. For more information, see \Detection Modes" under the heading \Network Measurement Basics" in this chapter.
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Data Processing Data Trace Array Refer to \Data Trace Array" under \Data Processing for Network Measurement" in this chapter. Note that, in spectrum analyzer mode, data trace arrays hold only the real number part of data. Memory Trace Array Refer to \Memory Trace Array" under \Data Processing for Network Measurement" in this chapter. Note that, in spectrum analyzer mode, memory trace arrays hold only the real number part of data.
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Data Processing Data Processing for Impedance Measurement Figure A-4. Data Processing for Impedance Measurement Digital Filter Refer to \Digital Filter" under \Data Processing for Network Measurement" in this chapter. Voltage/Current Ratio This is simply a complex divide operation. The R and A values are split into channel data at this point.
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Data Processing I-V to Re ection Coe cient Conversion Converts the calculated V/I (voltage/current ratio) into 0 (re ection coe cient) data. The 4395A uses the re ection coe cient as its internal data. Calibration Coe cient Arrays/Calibration During calibration, the 4395A measures three types of standards and stores them in the calibration coe cient arrays.
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Data Processing Data Math Refer to \Data Math" under \Data Processing for Network Measurement" in this chapter. Data Trace Array Refer to \Data Trace Array" under \Data Processing for Network Measurement" in this chapter. Memory Trace Array Refer to \Memory Trace Array" under \Data Processing for Network Measurement" in this chapter. Scaling Refer to \Scaling" under \Data Processing for Network Measurement" in this chapter.
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Network Measurement Basics Network Measurement Basics S-parameters S-parameters (scattering parameters) are a convention that characterizes the way a device modi es signal ow. A brief explanation is provided here of the S-parameters of a two-port device. For additional details see Agilent Technologies Application Notes A/N 95-1 and A/N 154. S-parameters are always a ratio of two complex (magnitude and phase) quantities.
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Network Measurement Basics S-Parameter De nition Test Set Description Direction 1 S Input re ection Coe cient FWD 1j2 2 S Forward gain FWD 1j2 1j1 S Reverse gain REV 2 2 S Output re ection coe cient REV 2j1 11 21 12 22 b a b a b a b a a =0 a =0 a =0 a =0 Conversion Function This function converts the measured re ection or transmission data to the equivalent complex impedance (Z) or admittance (Y) values.
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Network Measurement Basics Smith Chart A Smith chart is used in re ection measurements to provide a readout of the data in terms of impedance. The intersecting lines on a Smith chart represent constant resistance and constant reactance values, normalized to the characteristic impedance, Z0 , of the system. Reactance values in the upper half of the Smith chart circle are positive (inductive) reactance, and in the lower half of the circle are negative (capacitive) reactance.
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Network Measurement Basics Averaging (Sweep Averaging) Averaging computes each data point based on an exponential average of consecutive sweeps weighted by a user-speci ed averaging factor. Each new sweep is averaged into the trace until the total number of sweeps is equal to the averaging factor, for a fully averaged trace. Each point on the trace is the vector sum of the current trace data and the data from the previous sweep.
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Network Measurement Basics Figure A-8. Constant Group Delay Note, however, that the phase characteristic typically consists of both linear ( rst order) and higher order (deviations from linear) components. The linear component can be attributed to the electrical length of the test device and represents the average signal transit time. The higher order components are interpreted as variations in transit time for di erent frequencies, and represent a source of signal distortion (Figure A-9). Figure A-9.
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Network Measurement Basics Figure A-10. Rate of Phase Change Versus Frequency When deviations from linear phase are present, changing the frequency step can result in di erent values for group delay. Note that in this case the computed slope varies as the aperture 1f is increased (Figure A-11). A wider aperture results in loss of the ne grain variations in group delay.
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Spectrum Measurement Basics Spectrum Measurement Basics Detection Modes The analyzer displays the value measured at the display point speci ed by NOP. However, analyzer sweeps with the resolution speci ed by RBW. Detection chooses one level measured between display points for displaying the trace. One of three detection modes can be selected: Positive Peak Mode Negative Peak Modes Sample Mode These modes are as described in the following subsections.
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Spectrum Measurement Basics Figure A-12.
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Spectrum Measurement Basics Selectivity of the RBW The selectivity of the RBW is the ratio of the 60 dB bandwidth to 3 dB bandwidth (RBW) of the lter. The selectivity de nes the shape of the lter. This factor is important when resolving small signal that is adjacent to a large signal. The small adjacent signal is hidden by the large signal even when the resolution bandwidth is set to smaller than the di erence of frequency between the signals.
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Spectrum Measurement Basics Noise measurement Noise Format and Marker Noise Form When a spectrum analyzer measures noise, the power shown by an analyzer is in proportion to RBW (because spectrum analyzers measure total power coming thorough RBW). For noise measurement, the measurement value is usually normalized by an equivalent noise bandwidth of an RBW lter (frequency). The noise format automatically normalizes noise power by the equivalent noise bandwidth and displays the trace on the screen.
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I-V Measurement Method Impedance Measurement Basics I-V Measurement Method Basic Concept of I-V Method Figure A-14. I-V Measurement Method The unknown impedance, Z, can be calculated from the measured voltage and current using Ohm's law: (See circuit A in Figure A-14.) Z= V I The current, I, can be also obtained by the voltage level of the known resistance, R0. Z= V1 V = 1 R0 I V2 See circuit B in Figure A-14. The 4395A uses circuit B to determine the unknown impedance.
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I-V Measurement Method However, with the I-V method, the measurement error does not depend on the impedance of the DUT because the I-V method measures the impedance directly from the ratio of the voltage and current. Using the I-V method, you can measure a wide range impedance with constant accuracy. This is the major advantage of the I-V method. The 4395A, when combined with the 43961A, uses a RF I-V measurement method to measure the impedance of a DUT at higher frequencies.
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Impedance Measurement Scheme Impedance Measurement Scheme Measurement Block Diagram With the 43961A connected, the measurement circuit is as shown in Figure A-15. Figure A-15. Impedance Test Kit Block Diagram The source signal is output from RF OUT port. VV voltmeter is R port receiver that measures a voltage. VI voltmeter is A port receiver that measures a voltage of R0 to obtain a current.
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Impedance Measurement Scheme The output signal is divided by the input impedance (R0 ) and the impedance of the DUT. You can use the following equation to determine the signal level actually applied to the DUT: VDUT = VSET ZDUT 2 (Z DUT + R0 ) [V ] Where, VDUT Voltage level that is actually applied to the DUT. VSET Voltage level that is set. See below. ZDUT Impedance of the DUT. R0 Input impedance, 50 . The 4395A de nes the output level as the level when the RF OUT port is 50 terminated.
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Measurement Points and Display Points Measurement Points and Display Points In a network measurement, the analyzer measures at only the display points speci ed by NOP. In a spectrum measurement, the analyzer measures all the frequencies between the display points (except for sampling detection mode). This is done so that the analyzer can detect spectrums existing between the display points Figure A-17.
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Channel Coupling Channel Coupling When the 4395A is operating in network analyzer mode, you can couple the two channels so that the sweep parameters are linked across the two channels. But, when one channel measures a ratio measurement and the other one measures an absolute measurement (for example A/R and B), sweep parameters can not be linked.
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Limit Line Concept Limit Line Concept These are lines drawn on the display to represent upper and lower limits or device speci cations with which to compare the DUT. Limits are de ned by specifying several segments, where each segment is a portion of the sweep parameter span. Each limit segment has an upper and a lower starting limit value. Limits can be de ned independently for the two channels with up to 18 segments for each channel (a total of 36 for both channels).
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Limit Line Concept As you can see in Figure A-18, segments are distinct points that de ne where limit lines begin or end. Limit lines span the distance between segments and represent the upper and lower test limits. Figure A-18 shows another important aspect of limit lines. The far left hand side of a set of limit lines will continue from the minimum sweep parameter value (start) and the far right hand side of a set of limit lines will continue until the maximum sweep parameter value (stop).
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Limit Line Concept Saving the Limit Line Table Limit line information is lost if the LINE switch is turned o . However, the 4Save5 and 4Recall5 keys can save limit line information along with all other current analyzer settings. Limit line table information can be saved on a disk. O setting the Sweep Parameter or Amplitude of the Limit Lines All limit line entries can be o set in either sweep parameter or amplitude values. The o set a ects all segments simultaneously.
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Markers Markers Three Types of Markers Three types of markers are provided for each channel. The rst is the movable marker that is displayed on the screen (as 5) when 4Marker5, 4Maker!5, 4Search5, or 4Utility5 is pressed. When a marker is turned on and no other function is active, the marker can be controlled with the knob, or the step keys. The second is the sub-markers that appear at the present marker position when a softkey in the sub-marker menu is pressed.
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Markers 1Mode With the use of a delta marker, a delta marker mode is available that displays both the sweep parameter and measurement values of the marker relative to the reference. Any position on the trace or a xed point can be designated as the delta marker. The 1marker can be put on a current position of the marker.
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Markers Figure A-19.
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Markers Peak De nition The search function provides the de ne peak feature, which speci es the properties of the peaks searched for by the peak search function. The de ne peak feature also allows the peak search function to discriminate peaks from noise. The peak de nitions are di erent for the network analyzer mode and the spectrum analyzer mode.
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Markers Peak De nition for Spectrum Analyzer Mode The following parameters are used in the peak de nition for the spectrum measurement: 1Y (di erence of amplitude between a peak and an adjacent local minimum point) Threshold value The search functions search for a peak where the parameters of the peak match the following conditions: 1Y min(max(1yL , 1yR ), 1yTH ) where: 1yL , 1yR are the di erence in amplitude value between a peak and the adjacent local minimum point.
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GPIB GPIB The analyzer is factory-equipped with a remote programming digital interface using the General Purpose Interface Bus (GPIB). This allows the analyzer to be controlled by an external computer that sends commands or instructions to and receives data from the analyzer using the GPIB. In this way, a remote operator has the same control of the instrument available to a local operator from the front panel, except for the line power switch.
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GPIB GPIB Requirements Number of Interconnected Devices: Interconnection Path/ Maximum Cable Length: Message Transfer Scheme: Data Rate: Address Capability: Multiple Controller Capability: 15 maximum. 20 meters maximum or 2 meters per device, whichever is less. Byte serial/bit parallel asynchronous data transfer using a 3-line handshake system. Maximum of 1 megabyte per second over limited distances with tri-state drivers. Actual data rate depends on the transfer rate of the slowest device involved.
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GPIB Bus Mode The analyzer uses a single-bus architecture. The single bus allows both the analyzer and the host controller to have complete access to the peripherals in the system. Figure A-22. Analyzer Single Bus Concept Two di erent modes are possible, system controller and addressable. System This mode allows the analyzer to control peripherals directly in a stand-alone environment (without an external controller). This mode can only be selected Controller manually from the analyzer front panel.
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Calibration for Network Measurement Calibration for Network Measurement Introduction Network measurement calibration is an accuracy enhancement procedure that e ectively reduces the system errors that cause uncertainty in measuring a DUT. It measures known standard devices, and uses the results of these measurements to characterize the system. This section explains the theoretical fundamentals of accuracy enhancement and the sources of measurement errors.
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Calibration for Network Measurement temperature drift, and other physical changes in the test setup between calibration and measurement. The resulting measurement is the vector sum of the DUT response plus all error terms. The precise e ect of each error term depends upon its magnitude and phase relationship to the actual test device response. In most high frequency measurements the systematic errors are the most signi cant source of measurement uncertainty.
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Calibration for Network Measurement plane. The error contributed by directivity is independent of the characteristics of the test device and it usually produces the major ambiguity in measurements of low re ection devices. Source Match Source match is de ned as the vector sum of signals appearing at the analyzer receiver input due to the impedance mismatch at the test device looking back into the source. Source match is degraded by adapters and extra cables.
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Calibration for Network Measurement Load Match Load match error results from an imperfect match at the output of the test device. It is caused by impedance mismatches between the test device output port and port 2 of the measurement system. As illustrated in Figure A-25, some of the transmitted signal is re ected from port 2 back to the test device. A portion of this wave can be re-re ected to port 2, or part can be transmitted through the device in the reverse direction to appear at port 1.
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Calibration for Network Measurement Frequency Response (Tracking) This is the vector sum of all test setup variations in which magnitude and phase change as a function of frequency. This includes variations contributed by signal separation devices, test cables, and adapters, and variations between the reference and test signal paths. This error is a factor in both transmission and re ection measurements.
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Calibration for Network Measurement Modifying Calibration Kits For most applications, use the default cal kit models. Modifying calibration kits is necessary only if unusual standards are used or the very highest accuracy is required. Unless a cal kit model is provided with the calibration devices used, a solid understanding of error correction and the system error model are essential to making modi cations. Read all of this section.
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Calibration for Network Measurement Table A-2. Standard De nitions Standard NO. Type C0 210015 F O set O set O set Standard C2 Delay Loss Z0 Label 210027 F/Hz 210036 F/Hz2 ps M /s C1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Each standard must be identi ed as one of ve \types": OPEN, SHORT, LOAD, DELAY/THRU, or arbitrary impedance. Standard Types OPEN OPENs assigned a terminal impedance of in nite ohms, but delay and loss o sets may still be added.
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Calibration for Network Measurement ARBITRARY IMPEDANCEs are assigned a standard type (LOAD), but with an arbitrary impedance (di erent from system Z0 ). O set and Delay O sets may be speci ed with any standard type. This means de ning a uniform length of transmission line to exist between the standard being de ned and the actual measurement plane. For re ection standards, the o set is assumed to be between the measurement plane and the standard (one-way only).
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Calibration for Network Measurement The number of standard classes required depends on the type of calibration being performed, and is identical to the number of error terms corrected. (Examples: A response cal requires only one class, and the standards for that class may include an OPEN, or SHORT, or THRU. A 1-port cal requires three classes. A full 2-port cal requires 10 classes, not including two for isolation.
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Calibration for Network Measurement Accuracy Enhancement Fundamentals-Characterizing Systematic Errors One-Port Error Model In a measurement of the re ection coe cient (magnitude and phase) of an unknown device, the measured data di ers from the actual, no matter how carefully the measurement is made. Directivity, source match, and re ection signal path frequency response (tracking) are the major sources of error (Figure A-26). Figure A-26.
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Calibration for Network Measurement Figure A-28. E ective Directivity EDF Source match error. Because the measurement system test port is never exactly the characteristic impedance (50 or 75 ), some of the re ected signal is re-re ected o the test port, or other impedance transitions further down the line, and back to the unknown, adding to the original incident signal (I). This e ect causes the magnitude and phase of the incident signal to vary as a function of S11A and frequency.
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Calibration for Network Measurement Figure A-30. Re ection Tracking ERF How calibration standards are used to quantify these error terms.
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Calibration for Network Measurement Figure A-32. Measured E ective Directivity Next, a SHORT termination whose response is known to a very high degree establishes another condition (Figure A-33). Figure A-33. Short Circuit Termination The OPEN gives the third independent condition. In order to accurately model the phase variation with frequency due to radiation from the OPEN connector, a specially designed shielded OPEN is used for this step. (The OPEN capacitance is di erent with each connector type).
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Calibration for Network Measurement Figure A-34. Open Circuit Termination Now the unknown is measured to obtain a value for the measured response, S11M , at each frequency (Figure A-35). Figure A-35. Measured S11 This is the one-port error model equation solved for S11A.
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Calibration for Network Measurement Two-Port Error Model The error model for measurement of the transmission coe cients (magnitude and phase) of a two-port device is derived in a similar manner. The major sources of error are frequency response (tracking), source match, load match, and isolation (Figure A-36). These errors are e ectively removed using the full two-port error model Figure A-36. Major Sources of Error Measuring Transmission Coe cient.
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Calibration for Network Measurement Figure A-38. Load Match ELF The measured value, S21M , consists of signal components that vary as a function of the relationship between ESF and S11A as well as ELF and S22A , so the input and output re ection coe cients of the test device must be measured and stored for use in the S21A error correction computation.
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Calibration for Network Measurement Re ection Tracking, ERF Reverse Directivity, EDR Isolation, EXR Source Match, ESR Load Match, ELR Transmission Tracking, ETR Re ection Tracking, ERR The 87511A, B S-parameter Test sets can measure both the forward and reverse characteristics of the test device without the need to manually remove and physically reverse it.
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Calibration for Network Measurement S11A = S21A = S12A = 1+ 1+ 1+ S11M 0EDF ERF S11M 0EDF ERF S11M 0EDF ERF S22A = 1+ S11M 0EDF ERF 1+ ESF ESF S22M 0EDR ERR 1+ 1+ ESF 1+ h 1+ ESF 1+ i 0 ESR S21M 0EXF ETF 0 ESR 0 ELF ESR ESF ESF S22M 0EDR ERR 0 0 ELR ESR 0 i ESR 0 0 S12M 0EXR ETR S21M 0EXF ETF S21M 0EXF ETF S12M 0EXR ETR S21M 0EXF ETF S21M 0EX
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Saving and Recalling Instrument States and Data Saving and Recalling Instrument States and Data This section describes storage devices, the save and recall functions, and the information you need to save instrument states and data into les. Additional information on how to save and recall instrument states is provided in the \To Save and Recall the Settings and Data" in Chapter 8. Note The 4Save5 and 4Recall5 keys do not access Instrument BASIC programs.
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File Types And Data Saved Copy Files Between the Memory Disk and the Flexible Disk A copy function is provided to copy les between the memory disk and the exible disk. FILE UTILITIES in the SAVE menu displays the softkeys used to copy les. The GPIB command FILC is also available to copy les. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Note When you copy les using this function, use the same disk format type for both the memory disk and the exible disk.
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File Types And Data Saved arrays for each device. Saving only the necessary arrays reduces the disk space required and the disk access time. In addition, saving internal data also allows the analysis of the measurement results using an external controller. See \File Structure of Internal Data Arrays File for Binary Files" for more information. Graphics image (GRAPHICS) The analyzer saves the graphics image of the screen as a graphics le in the TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) format.
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File Names File Names All data saved using the built-in disk drive and the memory disk has an identifying le name. A le name consists of the lower and upper case alphabet, numbers, and valid symbol characters. Up to 8 characters can be used for a le name. The following table shows the valid characters for LIF and DOS le names. Table A-4.
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File Structure File Structure File Structure of Internal Data Arrays File for Binary Files Note Binary and ASCII le structures are not compatible. When internal data arrays are saved as a binary le, the arrays' le consists of a le header at the top of the le and the data groups following the le header. File Header Every internal data array le begins with a le header. Figure A-41 shows the header structure. Figure A-41.
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File Structure Figure A-42. RAW Data Group Structure for the Network Analyzer RAW DATA of the spectrum analyzer consists of a header and a data segment by a channel as shown in Figure A-43. They will follow the le header in this order: Figure A-43. RAW Data Group Structure for the Spectrum Analyzer CAL of the network analyzer consists of 12 data segments by a channel as shown in Figure A-44. The rst half of the segments are for channel 1 and the second half of the segments are for channel 2.
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File Structure Figure A-44. CAL Data Group Structure for the Network Analyzer Figure A-45. CAL Data Group Structure for the Spectrum Analyzer DATA consists of a header and a data segment by a channel. MEMORY consists of a header and a data segment by a channel. DATA TRACE consists of a header and a data segment by a channel.
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File Structure MEMORY TRACE consists of a header and a data segment by a channel. Figure A-46. DATA, MEMORY, DATA TRACE and MEMORY TRACE Data Group Structure Analyzer Type is a two-byte INTEGER value. This shows the analyzer type of each channel. \0" is set when the network analyzer is selected and \1" is set when the spectrum analyzer is selected. Number Of Points (NOP) is a two-byte INTEGER value. This number is equal to the number of complex or real data that follows the NOP.
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File Structure File Structure of Internal Data Arrays File for ASCII File Numerical data and strings in an ASCII data le are separated by a tab, and a string is bound by double quotation marks. Status Block and Data Block An ASCII data le consists of a status block and data blocks. The status block consists of two lines, the revision number and the date code. The data block consists of three parts, the state part, the title line, and the data part.
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File Structure Table A-6. Contents of ASCII Files Block Names Contents Status Block State Data Block Title Data6 , 7 "4395A REV1.00" "DATE: mmm dd yyyy"1 "CHANNEL: 1" "TITLE: This is a title." 2 "MEAS TYPE: A/R" "FORMAT TYPE: LOG MAG" "NUMBER of POINTS: 201" "SWEEP TIME: 12.2 ms" "SWEEP TYPE: LIST FREQ" "SOURCE POWER: 0 dBm"3 "BANDWIDTH: 3 kHz" "Frequency" !"Raw [S11] Real"!"Raw [S11] Imag"!1114 , 5 3.00000E+5!8.20007E-1!4.09729E-1!1114 1.52238E+7!9.32143E-1!-4.1914E-2!111 .. .. ..
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File Structure File Structure for Single Channel and Dual Channel If you save an ASCII le when DUAL CHANNEL is turned OFF, the ASCII data le consists of the active channel's data. If DUAL CHANNEL is turned ON, the ASCII data le consists of the data of both channels 1 and 2.
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File Structure Data Array Names for the Network Analyzer Data array names are used in the title line of the data block. Each real and imaginary part of the internal data array of the network analyzer has one name, Table A-8 lists all names. Table A-8.
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Save Data Format Table A-9.
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Save Data Format Save Data Format NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN When you store the internal data array by 4Save5 DATA ONLY , the stored binary le format is same as the network/spectrum analyzer except for the calibration and xture compensation coe cients. This section provides the information about the save le format of the calibration and the xture compensation coe cients.
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B Softkey Reference Softkey Reference B-1
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4Chan 15 4Chan 25 4Meas5 4Chan 15 Description Select the channel 1 for an active channel. 4Chan 25 Select the channel 2 for an active channel. Front Panel Key 4Meas5 Network Analyzer ??????????????????????????????? NETWORK: A/R ???????? B/R ???????? A/B Calculates and displays the complex ratio of the signal at input A to the reference signal at input R. Calculates and displays the complex ratio of the signal at input B to the reference signal at input R.
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Description Front Panel Key 4Meas5 Continued ????????????????????????????????????????????? CONVERSION 4xPHASE Multiplies phase data by a factor of 4. ?????????????????? 8xPHASE Multiplies phase data by a factor of 8. ???????????????????? Multiplies phase data by a factor of 16.
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Description Front Panel Key 4Meas5 Continued Impedance Analyzer ZA More menu 1/5 ??????????????????????????????????????????????? IMPEDANCE: MAG(|Z|) Measures absolute magnitude value of impedance. ???????????????????? PHASE( z ) Measures absolute phase value of impedance. ??????????????????? RESIST(R) Measures resistance value (R). ??????????????????? REACT(X) Measures reactance value (X). ???????????????????? Displays the Impedance Measurement Menu (2/5).
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Description Front Panel Key 4Meas5 Continued Fixture menu ??????????????????????????????????? SELECT FIXTURE Displays the Select Fixture Menu. ????????????????????????????????? FIXTURE: NONE Sets zero as electrical length value. ???????????? 16191 Sets the electrical length that is suitable for the 16191A. ???????????? 16192 Sets the electrical length that is suitable for the 16192A. ???????????? 16193 Sets the electrical length that is suitable for the 16193A.
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Description Front Panel Key 4Format5 Network Analyzer ????????????????????????????????????? FORMAT:LOG MAG ?????????????? PHASE ?????????????? DELAY Displays the log magnitude format. Displays a Cartesian format of the phase portion of the data (measured in degrees). This format displays the phase shift versus frequency. Selects the group delay format. Activated markers give values in seconds. ????????????????????????????? SMITH CHART Displays a Smith chart format.
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4Display5 Front Panel Key Description 4Display5 ??????????????????????????????????????????? DUAL CHAN on OFF Toggles between the display of both measurement channels or the active channel only. ??????????????????????????????????????? This is used in conjunction with SPLIT DISP ON o to display both channels. ????????????????????????????? Displays the current measurement data trace for the active channel.
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Front Panel Key Description 4Display5 Continued NA/SA Display more menu ??????????????????????????????????????? SPLIT DISP ON o ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? Toggles between a full-screen single graticule display of one or both channels, and a split display with two half-screen graticules one above the other.
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Description Front Panel Key 4Display5 Continued ?????????????????????????????????????? EQUIV CKT MENU ????????????????????????????????????????????? SELECT EQV CKT [A] Displays the Equivalent Circuit Menu. Displays the Select Equivalent Circuit Menu. ??????????????? CKT A Selects equivalent circuit A, which is used for inductors with high core loss. ???? B Selects equivalent circuit B, which is used for inductors in general and resistors.
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Front Panel Key Description 4Display5 Continued Adjust display menu ????????????????????? INTENSITY Sets the display intensity as a percentage of the brightest setting. ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? BACKGROUND INTENSITY Sets the background intensity of the display as a percentage of the white level. ????????????????????????????????? Displays the menu used for color modi cation of the display elements.
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4Scale Ref5 Front Panel Key Description 4Scale Ref5 Network Analyzer ??????????????????????????? AUTO SCALE ????????????????????? SCALE/DIV ???????????????????????????????????????????? REFERENCE POSITION ??????????????????????????????????????? REFERENCE VALUE MKR!REFERENCE ???????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? SCALE FOR [DATA] ?????????????????????????????????????????????? D&M SCALE [COUPLE] ???????????????????????????????????????? ATTENUATOR MENU ????
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Description Front Panel Key 4Scale Ref5 Continued Spectrum Analyzer ??????????????????????????????????????? PEAK!REFERENCE ????????????????????? SCALE/DIV ??????????????????????????????????????? REFERENCE VALUE ??????????????????????????????????????? SCALE FOR [DATA] ?????????????????????????????????????????????? D&M SCALE [COUPLE] ???????????????????????????????????????? ATTENUATOR MENU Searches for a peak using the marker and applies a sweep parameter at the marker to the reference value of th
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Front Panel Key Description 4Scale Ref5 Continued ???????????? MORE ??????????????????????????? AUTO SCALE ????????????????????? SCALE/DIV ???????????????????????? TOP VALUE ???????????????????????????????? BOTTOM VALUE MKR!REFERENCE ???????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? SCALE FOR [DATA] ?????????????????????????????????????????????? D&M SCALE [COUPLE] ???????????????????????? Brings the trace data (de ned by the SCALE FOR key) in view on the display
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4Bw/Avg5 B-14 Softkey Reference
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Description Front Panel Key 4Bw/Avg5 Network Analyzer ??????????????????????????????????????????? AVERAGING RESTART ????????????????????????????????????????? AVERAGING on OFF Resets the sweep-to-sweep averaging and restarts the sweep count at 1 at the beginning of the next sweep. The sweep count for averaging is displayed at the left of the display. Turns the averaging function on or o for the active channel.
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4Cal5 Front Panel Key Description 4Cal5 Network Analyzer ??????????????????????????????????????????? CORRECTION on OFF ????????????????????????????????????? CALIBRATE MENU Cal menu ! See NA ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? RESUME CAL SEQUENCE ???????????????????????????????? CAL KIT [7mm] kit menu ! See NA Cal ???????????? Turns error correction on or o . The analyzer uses the most recent calibration data for the displayed parameter.
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Front Panel Key Description 4Cal5 Continued NA Cal menu ?????????????????????????????????? CALIBRATE:NONE ????????????????????? RESPONSE ????????????? SHORT This softkey is underlined if no calibration has been performed or if the calibration data has been cleared. Unless a calibration is saved on the internal disk, the calibration data is lost when 4Preset5 is pressed, power is cycled on and o , or if an instrument state is recalled. Displays the frequency response calibration.
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Front Panel Key Description 4Cal5 Continued ??????????????????????????? FULL 2-PORT ?????????????????????? REFLECT'N ???????????????????????? (S11): OPEN ????????????? SHORT ???????????? LOAD ???????????????????????? (S22): OPEN ????????????? SHORT ???????????? LOAD ???????????????????????????????????? REFLECT'N DONE ?????????????????????????????? TRANS-MISSION ????????????????????????????????????????? FWD. TRANS. THRU ???????????????????????????????????????? FWD.
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Front Panel Key Description 4Cal5 Continued ???????????????????????????????????????? DONE: 2-PORT CAL ?????????????????????????????????????? ONE PATH 2-PORT ?????????????????????? REFLECT'N ???????????????????????? (S11): OPEN ????????????? SHORT ???????????? LOAD ???????????????????????????????????? REFLECT'N DONE ?????????????????????????????? TRANS-MISSION ????????????????????????????????????????? FWD. TRANS. THRU ???????????????????????????????????????? FWD.
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Front Panel Key Description 4Cal5 Continued Response standard menu ????????????? SHORT Measures SHORT standard of 7 mm or 3.5 mm cal kit for the response calibration. ???????????? OPEN Measures OPEN standard of 7 mm or 3.5 mm cal kit for the response calibration. ???????????? THRU Measures THRU standard of 7 mm or 3.5 mm cal kit for the response calibration.
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Front Panel Key Description 4Cal5 Continued OPEN standard menu ????????????????? OPEN[M] ???????????????? OPEN[F] ??????????????????????? DONE:OPEN ??????????????????????????? de ned std 1 ??????????????????????????? Measures OPEN standard ??????? of type-N cal kits connected to the type-N male test port connector for the response calibration. [M] indicates that the test port connector is male, it does not indicate the connector type of the standard.
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Front Panel Key Description 4Cal5 Continued LOAD standard menu ??????????????????????????? These softkeys measure the standard de ned by the user for the LOAD calibration. When only one standard is assigned to the LOAD calibration, this softkey menu is not displayed and the standard is measured immediately.
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Description Front Panel Key 4Cal5 Continued NA Cal kit menu ???????????????????????????? CAL KIT:7mm Selects the 7 mm cal kit model. ????????????? 3.5mm Selects the 3.5 mm cal kit model. ????????????????? N 50 Selects the 50 type-N model. ????????????????? N 75 Selects the 75 type-N model. ????????????????????? Selects a cal kit model de ned or modi ed by the user. For information, see \Modifying Calibration Kits" in Appendix A.
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Description Front Panel Key 4Cal5 Continued ????????????????????????????????????????? SPECIFY:FWD.TRANS. ??????????????????????? REV.TRANS. ???????????????????????? FWD.MATCH ??????????????????????? REV.MATCH ????????????????????? RESPONSE ??????????????????????????????????????? RESPONSE & ISO'N ????????????????? Enters the standard numbers for the forward transmission (THRU) calibration. (For prede ned kits, this is THRU.
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Front Panel Key Description 4Cal5 Continued NA/ZA Standard type menu ???????????????????????????????????? STD TYPE: OPEN ?????? C0 ?????? C1 ?????? C2 ?????????????????????????????????? SPECIFY OFFSET Specify o set menu ???????????????????????? LABEL STD ! NA/ZA ???????????????????????????????????????????? STD DONE (DEFINED) ????????????? SHORT ?????????????????????????????????? SPECIFY OFFSET Specify o set menu ???????????????????????? LABEL STD ! NA/ZA ??????????????????????????????????
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Description Front Panel Key 4Cal5 Continued See NA/ZA Specify o set menu ??????????????????????????????? OFFSET DELAY ??????????????????????????? OFFSET LOSS ??????????????????????? OFFSET Z0 ??????????????????????????????????????? Speci es the one-way electrical delay from the measurement (reference) plane to the standard in seconds (s). (In a transmission standard, o set delay is the delay from plane to plane.
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Description Front Panel Key 4Cal5 Continued ?????????????????????????????????????? DEFINE STANDARD ????????????????????????????????????? STD NO.1 [SHORT] ???????????????????????????????????? STD NO.2 [OPEN] ??????????????????????????????????? STD NO.3 [LOAD] ???????????????????????????????????????????? STD NO.4 [DEL/THRU] ??????????????????????????????????? STD NO.5 [LOAD] ??????????????????????????????????? STD NO.6 [LOAD] ????????????????????????????????????? STD NO.
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Description Front Panel Key 4Cal5 Continued ?????????????????????????????????????????? COMPEN KIT [USER] ??????????????????????????????????????? SAVE COMPEN KIT ??????????????????????????????? MODIFY [USER] ?????????????????????????????????????? DEFINE STANDARD Displays the Compensation Kit Menu that is used to de ne user-de ne OPEN, SHORT, and LOAD for xture compensation measurement.
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4Sweep5 Front Panel Key Description 4Sweep5 Network/Impedance Analyzer ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? SWEEP TIME AUTO man ??????????????????????????? SWEEP TIME ??????????????? : h:m:s Toggles between automatic and manual sweep time. The automatic sweep time selects the optimum sweep time automatically. ???????????? Activates the sweep time function and displays the :h:m:s softkey. Enters \:" for the manual sweep time entry.
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Front Panel Key Description 4Sweep5 Continued NA/ZA segment menu ??????????????????????????????????? SEGMENT: START Sets the start frequency of a segment. ??????????? STOP Sets the stop frequency of a segment. ???????????????? CENTER Sets the center frequency of a segment. ??????????? Sets the frequency span of a segment about a speci ed center frequency.
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Description Front Panel Key 4Sweep5 Continued Spectrum Analyzer ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? SWEEP TIME AUTO man ??????????????????????????? SWEEP TIME ??????????????? : h:m:s Shows sweep time mode setting. Sweep time mode in spectrum analyzer mode is xed to auto mode in normal span measurement, and to manual mode in zero span measurement. You cannot change the sweep time mode. The automatic sweep time selects the optimum sweep time automatically.
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Front Panel Key Description 4Sweep5 Continued SA segment menu ??????????????????????????????????? SEGMENT: START Sets the start frequency of a segment. ??????????? STOP Sets the stop frequency of a segment. ???????????????? CENTER Sets the center frequency of a segment. ??????????? SPAN Sets the frequency span of a segment about a speci ed center frequency. ????????????????????????? Displays the menu below to set the sweep parameters using the marker.
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Description Front Panel Key 4Source5 Network/Impedance Analyzer ??????????????? POWER Activates the power level function. ???????????????????? CW FREQ Sets the frequency for the power sweep. ?????????????????????????????????????? Sets the DC SOURCE port to control either voltage or current. DC SRC [VOLTAGE] ?????????????????? VOLTAGE The DC SOURCE port controls voltage (voltage control mode). ??????????????????? ??????????????? POWER The DC SOURCE port controls current (current control mode).
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4Trigger5 Front Panel Key Description 4Trigger5 Network/Impedance Analyzer ?????????????????????????? SWEEP:HOLD Freezes the data trace on the display and the analyzer stops sweeping and taking data. The notation \Hld" is displayed at the left of the graticule. If??????????????? the \3" indicator is on (at the left side of the display), trigger a new sweep by pressing SINGLE . ??????????????? SINGLE Makes one sweep of data and returns to the hold mode.
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Description Front Panel Key 4Trigger5 Continued Spectrum Analyzer ?????????????????????????? SWEEP:HOLD Freezes the data trace on the display and the analyzer stops sweeping and taking data. The notation \Hld" is displayed at the left of the graticule. If??????????????? the \3" indicator is on (at the left side of the display), trigger a new sweep by pressing SINGLE . ??????????????? SINGLE Makes one sweep of data and returns to the hold mode.
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Description Front Panel Key 4Center5 ????????????????????????????????????????????? STEP SIZE AUTO man Toggles CENTER step policy. ???????????? AUTO Sets the step policy to be 1-2-5 step. ?????????? Sets the step policy to linear step speci ed with ???????????????????????????????????????? CENTER STEP SIZE . (frequency sweep only) MAN ???????????????????????????????????????? CENTER STEP SIZE Changes the step size for the center frequency function.
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Description Front Panel Key 4Marker5 Network/Impedance Analyzer ???????????????????? SUB MKR ! See Sub-marker menu ???????????????????????????????????? CLEAR SUB MKR ! See Sub-marker menu Displays the sub-marker menu that is used to turn on sub-markers. Displays the sub-marker menu that is used to turn o sub-markers. ????????????????????????????? PRESET MKRS Turns o all markers and cancels all setting of the marker functions.
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Description Front Panel Key 4Marker5 Continued Spectrum Analyzer ???????????????????? SUB MKR ! See Sub-marker menu ???????????????????????????????????? CLEAR SUB MKR ! See Sub-marker menu Displays the sub-marker menu that is used to turn on sub-markers. Displays the sub-marker menu that is used to turn o sub-markers. ????????????????????????????? PRESET MKRS Turns o all markers and cancels all setting of the marker functions.
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4Marker!5 Front Panel Key MKR!CENTER ????????????????????????????? MKR!START ????????????????????????? MKR!STOP ??????????????????????? MKR!REFERENCE ???????????????????????????????????? PEAK!CENTER ??????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? MKR ZOOM ?????????????????????????????????????????? ZOOMING APERTURE MKR!XCH MENU Description Changes the sweep parameter center value of the destination channel to the sweep parameter value of the marker and centers the new span about that
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Description Front Panel Key 4Search5 Network/Impedance Analyzer ??????????????????????????????? SEARCH: PEAK ! See Peak menu ?????????? MAX Moves the marker to the maximum or minimum peak and displays the peak menu that is used to search for the next peak. Moves the marker to the maximum amplitude point on the trace. ????????? MIN Moves the marker to the minimum amplitude point on the trace.
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Description Front Panel Key 4Search5 Continued Peak menu ???????????? PEAK Moves the marker to the maximum or minimum peak. ????????????????????????? NEXT PEAK Moves the marker to the next peak. ?????????????????????????????????????? NEXT PEAK LEFT Moves the marker to the peak on the left of the present marker position. ???????????????????????????????????????? NEXT PEAK RIGHT Moves the marker to the peak on the right of the present marker position.
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Description Front Panel Key 4Search5 Continued Spectrum Analyzer ??????????????????????????????? SEARCH: PEAK ! See Peak menu Moves the marker to the maximum or minimum peak. ?????????? MAX Moves the marker to the maximum amplitude point on the trace. ????????? Moves the marker to the minimum amplitude point on the trace.
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Front Panel Key Description 4Utility5 Network/Impedance Analyzer ?????????????????????????????????????? MKR LIST on OFF ??????????????????????????????????????? STATISTICS on OFF ??????????????????????????????????????? MKR TIME on OFF ??????????????????????????????????????? SMTH/POLAR MENU ???????????????????????? REAL IMAG Toggles the marker list function on and o . In 1 mode, this also lists 1marker.
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4System5 Front Panel Key Description 4System5 ????????????? IBASIC Displays the menu used to operate HP Instrument BASIC. ????????? Step Allows you to execute one program line at a time. ????????????????? Continue Resumes program execution from the point where it paused. ???????? Run Starts a program from its beginning. ??????????? Pause Pauses program execution after the current program line is executed. ????????? Stop Stops program execution after the current line.
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Description Front Panel Key 4System5 Continued ?????????????????????????????????? PROGRAM MENU ??????????????????????????????? Display the list of the executable programs. Pressing the key with a program name aside will executing the corresponding program.
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Front Panel Key Description 4System5 Continued Lmit test menu ????????????????????????????????????????? LIMIT LINE on OFF ????????????????????????????????????????? LIMIT TEST on OFF ???????????????????????????????????????? BEEP FAIL on OFF ???????????????????????????????????? EDIT LIMIT LINE ??????????????????? SEGMENT ?????????? EDIT ???????????????? DELETE ?????????? ADD ????????????????????????? CLEAR LIST Turns limit lines on or o .
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Description Front Panel Key 4System5 Continued Limit line entry menu ????????????????????????? SWP PARAM MKR!SWP PARAM ?????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? UPPER LIMIT Sets the starting sweep parameter value of a segment using the entry block controls. Changes the segment sweep parameter value to the present marker sweep parameter value. Sets the upper limit value for the segment. Upper and lower limits must be de ned.
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Front Panel Key Description 4Local5 ???????????????????????????????????????????? SYSTEM CONTROLLER ??????????????????????????????????????????? ADDRESS-ABLE ONLY ????????????????????????????????? SET ADDRESSES ??????????????????????????????? ADDRESS:INSTR ???????????????????????????????????????????? ADDRESS:CONTROLLER Sets the analyzer as the system controller. This mode is used when peripheral devices are to be used and there is no external controller.
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Description Front Panel Key 4Copy5 ?????????????????????????????????????? PRINT [STANDARD] ??????????????????????????? COPY ABORT ????????????????????????????????????????? COPY TIME on OFF ???????????????????????????? PRINT SETUP ! See Print setup menu ??????????????????????????????????????? ORIENT [PORTRAIT] ????????????????????? Copies one page of the tabular listings to a printer.
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Description Front Panel Key 4Copy5 Continued Print setup menu ??????????????????????????????????? PRINT STANDARD ?????????????? COLOR ????????????????????????????????????????????? PRINT COLOR [FIXED] ???????? DPI ??????????????????????????? TOP MARGIN ????????????????????????????? LEFT MARGIN ????????????????????????????????? DEFAULT SETUP Sets the print command to the default selection (a standard printer that prints in black only or a PaintJet color printer to yield a black-only print).
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Front Panel Key Description 4Copy5 Continued NA Copy more menu ??????????????????????????? LIST VALUES ! See Screen menu ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? OPERATING PARAMETERS menu ! See Screen Displays the screen menu. This softkey provides a tabular listing????????????????????????????????? of all the measured ?????????????????????????? data points and their current values.
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Front Panel Key Description 4Copy5 Continued SA Copy more menu ??????????????????????????? LIST VALUES ! See Screen menu ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? OPERATING PARAMETERS menu ! See Screen LIST SWEEP TABLE ! See Copy list sweep menu ??????????????????????????????????????? LIMIT TEST TABLE ! See Copy limit test menu ????????????????? RETURN ????????????????????????????????????????? ZA Copy more menu ??????????????????????????? LIST VALUES ! See Screen menu ???????????????????
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Description Front Panel Key 4Save5 ????????????? STATE Speci es saving the instrument states, the calibration coe cients and measurement data. ???????????????????????? DATA ONLY ???????????????????????????? SAVE BINARY Speci es saving the internal data arrays which are de ned using the ????????????????????????????????????????? DEFINE SAVE DATA key. ???????????????????????? Speci es saving the internal data arrays as an ASCII le.
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Front Panel Key Description 4Save5 Continued Purge le Yes/No menu ?????????????????????????? PURGE: YES ??????? NO Removes the le and returns to the previous menu. Returns to the previous menu without purging the le. Select le menu ??????????????????? le name ??????????????????? le name ??????????????????? le name ??????????????????? le name ??????????????????? le name ??????????????????? le name Displays the next le names in the softkey label.
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C Input Range and Default Settings When the 4Preset5 key is pressed, or the analyzer is turned ON, the analyzer reverts to a known state. There are subtle di erences between the preset state and the power-up state. Some power-up states are recalled from non-volatile memory (battery backup memory). If power to the non-volatile memory is lost, the analyzer will have certain parameters set to factory settings. \Results of Power Loss to Battery Backup Memory (Factory Setting)" lists the factory settings.
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Measurement Block Measurement Block 4Meas5 Function Range Resolution Power ON default Preset Value Ch1:A/R, Ch2:B/R S11 1 Ch1:A/R, Ch2:B/R Ch1:S11 , Ch2:S21 1 O , Z:Re , Z:Trans, Y:Re , Y:Trans, 1/S, 42Phase, 8 2Phase, 162Phase O O Analyzer Type Network, Spectrum, Impedance Analyzer type of the Analyzer type of the active channel before active channel when the power is turned presetting2 OFF2 SA:Input Ports R, A, B R R SA:Detection POS PEAK, NEG PEAK, SAMPLE POS PEAK POS PEAK ZA:Meas
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Measurement Block 4Display5 Function Range Resolution Preset Value Power ON default Dual Channel ON, OFF OFF OFF Display DATA, MEMORY, DATA & MEMORY DATA DATA Data Hold OFF, MAX, MIN OFF OFF Data Math DATA, DATA+MEM, DATA0MEM, DATA/MEM, OFF OFF Gain 1 1 0 0 Aux O set 6100 to 61/1000 6500 k to 61p 6500, 5 digits 0 0 Split Display ON, OFF ON ON Display Allocation All INSTRUMENT, HALF INSTR HALF BASIC, All BASIC, BASIC STATUS No e ect All INSTRUMENT Title Max 53 characte
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Measurement Block Function Range Resolution Preset Value Power ON default Tint 0 to 100 Default settings for each colors Default settings for each colors Brightness 0 to 100 Default settings for each colors Default settings for each colors Color 0 to 100 Default settings for each colors Default settings for each colors ZA:Display Equivalent ON, OFF Circuit OFF OFF ZA:Equivalent Circuit CKT A, CKT B, CKT C, CKT D, CKT E CKT A CKT A ZA:Display Equivalent ON, OFF Parameter 01a1 to +1a ZA
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Measurement Block 4Scale Ref5 Function Range Resolution Preset Value Power ON default Scale / Div NA: Log Mag 0.001 to 500 0.001 10 10 NA: Phase 1 p to 500 1p 90 90 NA: Delay 10 f to 10 10 f 10 n 10 n NA: Smith Chart 10 p to 10 k 10 p 1 1 NA: Polar Chart 10 p to 10 k 10 p 1 1 NA: Lin Mag 1 f to 100 M 0.1f 100 m 100 m NA: SWR 1 f to 100 M 0.1f 1 1 NA: Real 1 f to 100 M 0.1f 200 m 200 m NA: Imaginary 1 f to 100 M 0.
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Measurement Block Function Range Resolution Preset Value Power ON default Scale / Div (continued) ZA: IMPEDANCE: MAG(jZj) 0 to 10 0.01 1k 1k ZA: RESIST(R) 0 to 10 0.01 1k 1k ZA: REACT(X) 0 to 10 0.01 1k 1k ZA: RESISTNCE: PRL(Rp ) 0 to 10 0.01 100 k 100 k ZA: SER: PRL(Rs ) 0 to 10 0.01 100 k 100 k ZA: ADMITTNCE MAG (jYj) 0 to 10 0.01 0.1 0.1 ZA: CONDUCT(G) 0 to 10 0.01 0.1 0.1 ZA: SUSCEPT(B) 0 to 10 0.01 0.1 0.1 ZA: REFL.COEF:MAG(j0j) 0 to 10 0.01 0.2 0.
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Measurement Block Function Range Resolution Preset Value Power ON default Reference Value 0.1 m 0 0 0.1 m 0 0 NA: Delay 0500 to 500 0500 M to 500 M 00.5 to 0.5 1f 0 0 NA: Smith Chart 10 n to 500 1n 1 1 NA: Polar Chart 10 n to 500 1n 1 1 NA: Lin Mag 0.1 m 0 0 0.1 m 1 1 0.1 m 0 0 0.1 m 0 0 NA: Exp Phase 0500 M to 500 M 0500 M to 500 M 0500 M to 500 M 0500 M to 500 M 0500 M to 500 M 0.1 m 0 0 NA: Admitttance Chart 10 n to 500 1n 1 1 SA: Unit dBm 0.1 0 0 0.
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Measurement Block Function Range Resolution Preset Value Power ON default Reference Value (continued) ZA: IMPEDANCE: MAG(jZj) ZA: RESIST(R) ZA: REACT(X) ZA: RESISTNCE: PRL(RP ) ZA: SER: PRL(Rs ) ZA: ADMITTNCE MAG (jYj) ZA: CONDUCT(G) ZA: SUSCEPT(B) ZA: REFL.
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Measurement Block Function Range Resolution Preset Value Power ON default Reference Position NA: Log Mag 0 to 10 0.01 5 5 NA: Phase 0 to 10 0.01 5 5 NA: Delay 0 to 10 0.01 5 5 NA: Smith Chart 0 to 10 0.01 5 5 NA: Polar Chart 0 to 10 0.01 5 5 NA: Lin Mag 0 to 10 0.01 0 0 NA: SWR 0 to 10 0.01 1 1 NA: Real 0 to 10 0.01 5 5 NA: Imaginary 0 to 10 0.01 5 5 NA: Exp Phase 0 to 10 0.01 5 5 NA: Admittance Chart 0 to 10 0.
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Measurement Block Function IMPEDANCE: MAG(jZj) RESIST(R) REACT(X) RESISTNCE: PRL(RP ) SER: PRL(Rs ) ADMITTNCE MAG (jYj) CONDUCT(G) SUSCEPT(B) REFL.
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Measurement Block Function Range IMPEDANCE: MAG(jZj) RESIST(R) REACT(X) RESISTNCE: PRL(RP ) SER: PRL(Rs ) ADMITTNCE MAG (jYj) CONDUCT(G) SUSCEPT(B) REFL.
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Measurement Block Function Range Resolution Preset Value Power ON default NA: Scale for Data, Memory Data Data NA: Scale Couple On, O On On NA: Electrical delay 0 0 NA: Phase o set 00.01 to 0.
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Measurement Block 4Bw/Avg5 Function Range Resolution Preset Value Power ON default NA: Band width 2, 10, 30, 100, 300, 1 k, 3 k, 10 k, 30 kHz 30 kHz 30 kHz NA: Averaging On, O O O NA: Averaging factor 1 to 999 16 16 NA: Group delay aperture 0.25 to 20 % of span 1% 1% SA: Resolution Band width span=0 3 k, 5 k, 10 k, 20 k, 40 k, 100 k, 200 k, 400 k, 800 k, 1.
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Sweep Block Function Range Resolution Preset Value Power ON default NA: Correction On, OFF O O NA: Calibration Type None, Response, S11 1port, S22 1port, Full 2port, One path 2port None None NA: Calibration Kit 7 mm, 3.5 mm, N50 , N75 , User kit 7 mm 7 mm NA: System Impedance 1 m to 52106 50 50 NA: Velocity factor 0.0 to 10.0 1f 1 1 NA: Port1 extension 00.01 to 0.01 00.01 to 0.01 00.01 to 0.01 00.01 to 0.01 00.01 to 0.
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Sweep Block Function Range Resolution Preset Value Power ON default NA: Sweep time mode Auto, Man Auto Auto NA: NOP 2 to 801 201 201 NA: Coupled Channel On, O On On NA: Sweep type Lin-Freq, Log-Freq, List-Freq, Power Lin-Freq Lin-Freq NA: List edit mode (sweep range) Start-stop, Center-Span Start-stop Start-stop NA: List edit mode (resolution) NOP, Step size NOP NOP SA: Sweep time mode Auto, Man Auto Auto SA: NOP for zero span1 2 to 801 801 801 SA: Sweep type Lin-Freq, L
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Sweep Block 4Trigger5 Function Range Resolution Preset Value Power ON default Trigger type Continuos, Number of groups, Single, Hold, Continuous Continuous NA: Trigger Source Free run, External, Manual, GPIB Free run Free run NA: Trigger event On point, On sweep On sweep On sweep Trigger polarity Positive, Negative Positive Positive Gate type Level, Edge level Level Gate delay 0.8 s to 3.2 s 0.8 s 0.8 sec Gate length 6 s to 3.
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Marker Block 4Start5 & 4Stop5 Function Range Resolution Preset Value Power ON default NA: Start Frequency 10 Hz to 510 MHz 1 mHz 10 Hz 10 Hz NA: Stop Frequency 10 Hz to 510 MHz 1 mHz 500 MHz 500 MHz NA: Start power 0.1 dBm 020 dBm 020 dBm NA: Stop power 050 to +15 dBm 050 to +15 dBm 0.
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Marker Block Function Range Resolution Preset Value Power ON default Marker position START to STOP CENTER1 Number of Marker 1 O O Number of Sub-marker 7 All OFF All OFF Delta-marker O , On, FIX, TRAC O O Marker on O , On O O NA: Marker mode Cont, Disc Cont Cont CENTER CENTER NA: Fixed1mkr START to STOP position(Sweep prmtr) CENTER1 NA: Fixed1mkr position(Value) The same as the reference value (0) (0) NA: Fixed1mkr position(AUX value) The same as the reference value
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Marker Block Function Range Resolution Preset Value Power ON default Search range START to STOP Full SPAN Full SPAN NA: Peak polarity Positive, Negative Positive Positive NA: Width On, O O O NA: Width value 6500 dB 03 dB 03dB SA: Signal track On, O O O NA: Peak def:1X 1 n to 1 G 10 MHz 10 MHz NA: Peak def:1Y Depends on format 1 dB 1 dB SA: Peak def:1Y Depends on format 15 dB 15 dB Threshold On, O O O NA: Threshold value The same as the reference value SA:
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Instrument State Block Instrument State Block 4System5 Function Range Resolution Power ON default Preset Value Clock time 00:00:00 to 23:59:59 0:00:00 0:00:00 Clock date 1900 to 2099(year),01 to 12(month),01 to 31(day) 1997,01,01 1997,01,01 Date format DAYMYEAR,MONDYEAR MONDYEAR MONDYEAR Beeper done On, O On On Beeper warning On, O O O Limit Line On, O O O Limit test On, O O O Beep Fail On, O O O No e ect Empty 0 0 0 0 Limit line table Limit line o s
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Prede ned Calibration Kits 4Save5 Function Range Resolution Preset Value Power ON default Initialize disk format LIF, DOS LIF LIF Graphics extension 3 characters .TIF .TIF ASCII data extension 3 characters .TXT .
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Prede ned Calibration Kits Prede ned Calibration Kits Table C-1. 3.5 mm Standard Cal Kit STANDARD TYPE NO. 1 SHORT 2 OPEN 3 C0 210-15 F C1 210-27 F/Hz OFFSET OFFSET OFFSET STANDARD C2 DELAY LOSS Z0 LABEL 210-36 F/Hz2 ps G /s 16.695 1.3 50 SHORT 14.491 1.3 50 OPEN LOAD 0 1.3 50 BROADBAND 4 DELAY/THRU 0 1.3 50 THRU 5 LOAD 0 1.3 50 SLIDING 6 LOAD 0 1.3 50 LOWBAND 7 SHORT 0 1.3 50 SHORT 8 OPEN 0 1.3 50 OPEN 53 150 79.4 0 0 40 Table C-2.
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Prede ned Calibration Kits Table C-4. 75 Type-N Standard Cal Kit STANDARD TYPE NO. C0 210-15 F C1 210-27 F/Hz OFFSET OFFSET OFFSET STANDARD LABEL C2 DELAY LOSS Z0 210-36 F/Hz2 ps M /s 1 SHORT 0 2 OPEN 3 LOAD 0 4 DELAY/THRU 0 5 LOAD 0 6 LOAD 0 7 SHORT 17.544 8 OPEN 63.5 41 84 40 56 5 0 17.544 1.132103 75 SHORT[M] 3 75 OPEN[M] 1.132103 75 BROADBAND 1.132103 75 THRU 3 75 SLIDING 1.132103 75 LOWBAND 1.132103 75 SHORT[F] 3 75 OPEN[F] 1.13210 1.
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Prede ned Calibration Kits Prede ned Standard Class Assignments Table C-5. Standard Class Assignments Table (7 mm and 3.5 mm) CLASS A B C D E F G STANDARD CLASS LABEL S11A 2 OPEN S11B 1 SHORT S11C 3 LOAD S22A 2 OPEN S22B 1 SHORT S22C 3 LOAD Forward Transmission 4 THRU Reverse Transmission 4 THRU Forward Match 4 THRU Reverse Match 4 THRU Response 1 2 4 RESPONSE Response & Isolation 1 2 4 RESPONSE Table C-6.
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Prede ned Calibration Kits Table C-7.
PAGE 522
PAGE 523
D Manual Changes Introduction This appendix contains the information required to adapt this manual to earlier versions or con gurations of the analyzer than the current printing date of this manual. The information in this manual applies directly to the 4395A Network/Spectrum Analyzer serial number pre x listed on the title page of this manual.
PAGE 524
Serial Number Serial Number Agilent Technologies uses a two-part, nine-character serial number that is stamped on the serial number plate (see Figure D-1) attached to the rear panel. The rst ve characters are the serial pre x and the last ve digits are the su x. Figure D-1.
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Error Messages This section lists the error messages that are displayed on the analyzer display or transmitted by the instrument over GPIB. Each error message is accompanied by an explanation, and suggestions are provided to help in solving the problem. Where applicable, references are provided to the related chapter of the appropriate manual. When displayed, error messages are preceded with the word \CAUTION:." That part of the error message has been omitted here for the sake or brevity.
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Error Messages in Alphabetical Order 0160 Block data error This error, as well as errors 0161 and 0168, are generated when analyzing the syntax of a block data element. This particular error message is used if the analyzer cannot detect a more speci c error. 0168 Block data not allowed A legal block data element was encountered but was not allowed by the analyzer at this point in parsing.
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Error Messages in Alphabetical Order 114 CAN'T SAVE GRAPHICS WHEN COPY IN PROGRESS If you attempt to save graphics when a print is in progress, this error message is displayed. 1 CAN'T SET RBW AUTO IN ZERO SPAN The RBW AUTO mode cannot be selected in the zero span. The RBW must be speci ed manually in the zero span. (spectrum analyzer mode only). 127 CAN'T SET SWEEP TIME AUTO IN ZERO SPAN The automatic sweep time cannot be in zero span of the spectrum analyzer mode.
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Error Messages in Alphabetical Order 50 CONT SWITCHING MAY DAMAGE MECH SW RF output power switch, input attenuator switch at input R/A/B, or internal mechanical switch in the S-parameter test set is switching sweep by sweep, because RF power level or the input attenuator setting is di erent between two channels and the dual channel is turn on, or continuous trigger mode is selected after full 2-port calibration is performed when 4395A is used with the S-parameter test set.
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Error Messages in Alphabetical Order 137 DC CURRENT LIMIT OCCURED The output current at DC SOURCE port is reached the upper limit; the output voltage is reduced so that the current does not exceed the upper limit. This message appears when the DC SOURCE port is used in voltage control mode. 136 DC SOURCE OVERLOAD The DC SOURCE output is overloded.
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Error Messages in Alphabetical Order 143 FLOATING POINT ERROR OCCURED Indicate that a oating point error occured in the analyzer. Data processing may not be correct. This error message is used when an internal application was executed for illegal data sent from an external device, or when an internal software bug was detected. Contact your nearest Agilent Technologies o ce.
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Error Messages in Alphabetical Order 0282 Illegal program name The name used to reference a program was invalid. For example, rede ning an existing program, deleting a nonexistent program, or in general, referencing a nonexistent program. 0283 Illegal variable name An attempt was made to reference a nonexistent variable in a program. 0213 Init ignored A request for a measurement initiation was ignored as another measurement was already in progress.
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Error Messages in Alphabetical Order 0151 Invalid string data A string data element was expected, but was invalid for some reason (see IEEE 488.2, 7.7.5.2). For example, an END message was received before the terminal quote character. 0131 Invalid su x The su x does not follow the syntax described in IEEE 488.2, 7.7.3.2, or the su x is inappropriate for the analyzer.
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Error Messages in Alphabetical Order 119 NO DATA TRACE DISPLAYED NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN The SCALE FOR [DATA] is selected when the data trace is not displayed. 93 NO DATA TRACE NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN The MARKER ON [DATA] is selected when the data trace is not displayed. +0 No error The error queue is empty. Every error in the queue has been read (OUTPERRO? query) or the queue was cleared by power-on or the 3CLS command.
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Error Messages in Alphabetical Order A full 2-port calibration is requested with a test set other than an S-parameter test set. A one-path 2-port calibration is requested with an S-parameter test set (this procedure is typically used with a transmission/re ection test set). 34 NO VALID MEMORY TRACE If a memory trace is to be displayed or otherwise used, a data trace must rst be stored to memory.
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Error Messages in Alphabetical Order 0108 Parameter not allowed More parameters were received than expected for the header. For example, the *SRE command only accepts one parameter, so receiving *SRE 4,16 is not allowed. 48 PHASE LOCK LOOP UNLOCKED EXT REF Input of 10 MHz is not proper, or the instrument is needed to adjust or repair. Check the external reference signal rst. Contact your nearest Agilent Technologies o ce for adjustment or repair. 193 POWER ON TEST FAILED Power on test failed.
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Error Messages in Alphabetical Order 0420 Query UNTERMINATED A condition causing an unterminated query error occurred (see IEEE 488.2, 6.3.2.2). For example, the analyzer was addressed to talk and an incomplete program message was received by the controller. 0350 Queue over ow A speci c code entered into the queue in lieu of the code that caused the error. This code indicates that there is no room in the queue and an error occurred but was not recorded.
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Error Messages in Alphabetical Order 0130 Su x error This error, as well as errors 0131 through 0139, are generated when parsing a su x. This particular error message is used if the analyzer cannot detect a more speci c error. 0138 Su x not allowed A su x was encountered after a numeric element that does not allow su xes. 0134 Su x too long The su x contained more than 12 characters (see IEEE 488.2, 7.7.3.4). 0102 Syntax error An unrecognized command or data type was encountered.
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Error Messages in Alphabetical Order 0211 Trigger ignored A GET, *TRG, or triggering signal was received and recognized by the analyzer but was ignored because of analyzer timing considerations. For example, the analyzer was not ready to respond. 0113 Unde ned header U The header is syntactically correct, but it is unde ned for the analyzer. For example, *XYZ is not de ned for the analyzer.
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Error Messages in Numerical Order Error Messages in Numerical Order 0 - 100 +0 No error The error queue is empty. Every error in the queue has been read (OUTPERRO? query) or the queue was cleared by power-on or the 3CLS command. 1 CAN'T SET RBW AUTO IN ZERO SPAN The RBW AUTO mode cannot be selected in the zero span. The RBW must be speci ed manually in the zero span. (spectrum analyzer mode only).
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Error Messages in Numerical Order 26 PRINTER:not on, not connect, wrong address The printer does not respond to control. Check the supply to the printer, online status, sheets, and so on. 34 NO VALID MEMORY TRACE If a memory trace is to be displayed or otherwise used, a data trace must rst be stored to memory. 37 DISPLAY BUFFER IS FULL The display bu er is lled with the overlay traces or traces drawn by IBASIC DRAW/MOVE commands, etc.
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Error Messages in Numerical Order 56 OPTION NOT INSTALLED This error occurs when an GPIB command which is optional command is sent and the analyzer is not installed the option (GPIB only). Please con rm options installed to the analyzer using *OPT? command (see Programming Manual.) 64 TOO MANY SEGMENTS The maximum number of segments for the limit line table is 18.
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Error Messages in Numerical Order 93 NO DATA TRACE NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN The MARKER ON [DATA] is selected when the data trace is not displayed. 94 NO MEMORY TRACE NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN The MARKER ON [MEMORY] is selected when the memory trace is not displayed. 95 NO MARKER DELTA - SPAN NOT SET The MKR1!SPAN softkey requires that delta marker mode be turned on.
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Error Messages in Numerical Order 114 CAN'T SAVE GRAPHICS WHEN COPY IN PROGRESS If you attempt to save graphics when a print is in progress, this error message is displayed. 115 LIF-DOS COPY NOT ALLOWED If you try to copy a le between the memory disk and the exible disk when the format of the memory disk is di erent from the format of the exible disk, this message is displayed.
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Error Messages in Numerical Order Modify the list table to change these parameters in the list sweep. 134 CAN'T COUPLE IN CURRENT INPUTS When one channel measures a ratio measurement, and the other one measures an absolute measurement (for example: A/R and B), COUPLED CH can not be turned on. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 135 COUPLED CHAN - BETWEEN NA&NA OR ZA&ZA The analyzer types of both channels must be the network analyzer mode or impedance analyzer mode when the coupled channel is turned on.
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Error Messages in Numerical Order 184 NOT ALLOWED IN SVC MODE The operation is not allowed in service mode. 193 POWER ON TEST FAILED Power on test failed. Contact your nearest Agilent Technologies o ce. 201 - 300 267 COMPENSTATION REQUIRED Compensation is required. Perform compansation to obtain compensation data. 268 NO COMPENSATION CURRENTLY IN PROGRESS No compensation is currently in progress. 269 COMPENSATION ABORTED Compensation data acquisition process is aborted.
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Error Messages in Numerical Order 0105 GET not allowed A Group Execute Trigger (GET) was received within a program message (see IEEE 488.2, 7.7). 0108 Parameter not allowed More parameters were received than expected for the header. For example, the *SRE command only accepts one parameter, so receiving *SRE 4,16 is not allowed. 0109 Missing parameter Fewer parameters were received than required for the header. For example, the *SRE command requires one parameter, so receiving only *SRE is not allowed.
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Error Messages in Numerical Order 0128 Numeric data not allowed A legal numeric data element was received, but the analyzer does not accept it in this position for a header. 0130 Su x error This error, as well as errors 0131 through 0139, are generated when parsing a su x. This particular error message is used if the analyzer cannot detect a more speci c error. 0131 Invalid su x The su x does not follow the syntax described in IEEE 488.2, 7.7.3.2, or the su x is inappropriate for the analyzer.
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Error Messages in Numerical Order 0160 Block data error This error, as well as errors 0161 and 0168, are generated when analyzing the syntax of a block data element. This particular error message is used if the analyzer cannot detect a more speci c error. 0161 Invalid block data A block data element was expected, but was invalid for some reason (see IEEE 488.2, 7.7.6.2). For example, an END message was received before the length was satis ed.
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Error Messages in Numerical Order 0223 Too much data A legal program data element of block, expression, or string type was received that contained more data than the analyzer could handle due to memory or related device-speci c requirements. 0224 Illegal parameter value Used where exact value, from a list of possibilities, was expected. 0225 Data out of memory The analyzer has insu cient memory to perform the requested operation. 0230 Data corrupt or stale Possibly invalid data.
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Error Messages in Numerical Order 0281 Cannot create program Indicates that an attempt to create a program was unsuccessful. A reason for the failure might include not enough memory. 0282 Illegal program name The name used to reference a program was invalid. For example, rede ning an existing program, deleting a nonexistent program, or in general, referencing a nonexistent program. 0283 Illegal variable name An attempt was made to reference a nonexistent variable in a program.
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Error Messages in Numerical Order 0410 Query INTERRUPTED A condition causing an interrupted query error occurred (see IEEE 488.2, 6.3.2.3). For example, a query followed by DAB or GET before a response was completely sent. 0420 Query UNTERMINATED A condition causing an unterminated query error occurred (see IEEE 488.2, 6.3.2.2). For example, the analyzer was addressed to talk and an incomplete program message was received by the controller.
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Index Special characters #, 4-9 # , 4-8 3, 4-9 0O, 4-9 1L.F, A-33 1R.F, A-33 " , 4-9 g , A-17 1mode, A-33 1X, A-35 1Y, A-35, A-36 1 10833A gpib cable(1 m), 12-5 10833B gpib cable(2 m), 12-5 10833C gpib cable(3 m), 12-5 10833D gpib cable(0.
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adapter, 12-3 adapter kit, 12-3 adding / subtracting ON Del, 4-9 additional amplitude error spectrum analyzer , 11-13 addressable , A-39 admittance , 6-11 ADMITTANCE CHART , 6-10, 10-13 admittance conversion, A-14 admittance measurement , 10-13 advanced techniques, 9-1 Agilent part number, 11-28 aging spectrum analyzer , 11-7 allowable range, C-1 altitude , 11-25, 11-26 Am , 11-35 amplitude characteristics spectrum analyzer , 11-8 Amplitude delity spectrum analyzer, 11-8 AM signal measurement , 10-18 analy
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labling and saving, 7-13 verifying de nition, 7-13 calibration method , 7-1 calibration output connector, 4-4, 12-1 CAL KIT , 7-10, 7-19 CAL OUT signal , 3-17 4Cal5, softkeys under, B-16 capturing unstable signal , 9-14 carrier to noise ratio , 8-37 cent, A-33 4Center5 , 6-15 center frequency marker! , 6-15 peak! , 6-17 center frequency , 6-15 4Center5, softkeys under, B-35 CENTER STEP SIZE , 6-17 center value , 4-8 4Chan 15 , 6-2 4Chan 15, softkeys under, B-2 4Chan 25 , 6-2 4Chan 25, softkeys under, B-2 CH
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NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DATA MATH [DATA] , 10-16 data math gain ON G3 , 4-9 data math o set ON 0O , 4-9 data math ON D+M, D/M, 4-9 data only, A-59 DATA ONLY , 8-19 data processing, A-3 impedance measurement, A-10 network measurement, A-3 spectrum measurement, A-7 DATA!MEMORY , 8-14 data trace array, A-12 data trace array , 8-20, A-9 data trace arrays , A-6, A-59 data transfer formats , 11-20 dBm/Hz , 8-35 DC bias , 8-51 DC bias sweep using list sweep function, 10-36 DC SOURCE , 4
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ESF , A-50 ETF , A-55 event trigger network analyzer , 11-6 examples of applications , 10-1 EXF , A-55 EXP PHASE on OFF , 6-12, 10-6 EXP PHASE on OFF , 6-10 ext , 4-9 extension , 8-21 extension cable , 8-31 extension cable, compensating for electrical delay , 8-31 EXTERNAL , 6-4 external DC bias source , 8-51 external monitor, 12-5 external monitor output, 11-25 external monitor terminal, 4-12 external program run/cont input , 4-12, 11-24 external reference, 4-10 external reference input , 4-11, 11-24 exter
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G NNNNNNNNNNNNNN GAIN , 8-35 gain compression measurement , 10-14 G3 , 4-9 gate control mode spectrum analyzer , 11-13 gate delay spectrum analyzer , 11-13 gated, time, 8-38 gate length, 8-38 spectrum analyzer , 11-13 gate output spectrum analyzer , 11-13 gate output , 4-13 gate trigger averaging , 8-45 edge mode , 8-43 gate delay , 8-41 gate length , 8-41 level mode , 8-43 RBW , 8-44 VBW , 8-45 gate trigger , 8-41 gate trigger input spectrum analyzer , 11-13 gate trigger mode, 8-38 general characteristic
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selecting for network mode , 3-6 selecting for spectrum mode , 3-19 input attenuator spectrum analyzer, 11-11 input attenuator , 4-8 input characteristics network analyzer , 11-3 spectrum analyzer , 11-12 input crosstalk network analyzer , 11-3 input port, selecting , 6-7 INPUT Z , 2-19 insertion loss , 10-2 installation, 2-1 rack/handle , 2-8 instrument data arrays , A-59 instrument state , 8-19 INSTRUMENT STATE block, 4-2 instrument states saving/recalling, A-58 instrument states and internal data arrays
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, 8-2 MARKER block, 4-2 marker couple ONCpl, 4-7 marker readout, 4-7 4Marker!5, softkeys under, B-36 marker search, A-33 4Marker5, softkeys under, B-36 marker statistics, 4-7 marker time mode , A-32 marker value, A-32 Max, 4-7 Max , 4-9 max hold , 9-13 maximum hold ON Max, 4-9 maximum safe input level network analyzer , 11-4 spectrum analyzer , 11-13 4Meas5, softkeys under, B-2 measured inputs, 4-7 measurement 3 dB bandwidth , 8-25 cable electrical length , 8-32 carrier to noise ratio (C/N) , 8-37 noise lev
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NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NOISE FORM , 8-37 noise level network analyzer, 11-3 noise marker , 8-37 noise measurement, A-22 noise sidebands network analyzer , 11-2 spectrum analyzer , 11-7 nominal , 11-1 non-harmonics spurious network analyzer , 11-2 non-operation condition , 11-26 non-volatile memory, C-1 NOP, A-27 number of display points spectrum analyzer , 11-12 NUMBER of GROUPS , 6-6 Number of Points network analyzer, 11-6 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN O NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
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polar chart, A-15 polar chart , 10-11 POLAR CHART , 6-10 port extension, 8-59 port extension , 8-31 PORT EXTENSIONS , 8-31 positive peak mode, A-19 power , 6-14 POWER , 9-6 Power Cable, 2-5 power cable receptacle, 4-12 power level , 4-8, 9-6 power ON default, C-1 power range network analyzer , 11-1 power requirements, 2-5 power splitter, 12-2 available , 2-13 power sweep , 10-14 POWER SWEEP , 6-7 Power sweep linearity network analyzer, 11-2 precision frequency reference spectrum analyzer , 11-7 4Preset5, C-
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requirements power, 2-5 RES BW , 6-27 RES BW auto MAN , 6-27 residual crosstalk , 11-35 residual load match , 11-35 residual measurement error, 11-34 residual re ection tracking , 11-35 residual response spectrum analyzer, 11-10 residual responses network analyzer , 11-5 residual source match , 11-35 residual transmission tracking , 11-35 resolution , 8-3 resolution bandwidth (rbw) spectrum analyzer , 11-7 resolution bandwidth (RBW) , 6-27 RESPONSE , 7-2, 10-3 response and isolation calibration , A-44 respo
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Setting the Trigger Signal Polarity , 6-5 set-up time , 8-40 set up time (SUT) , 8-41, 8-44 SET Z0 , 10-12 Sgnl, 4-7 SHORT, A-46 shorted cable re ection , 8-32 signal delay (SD) , 8-41 signal track , 6-20, 9-14 signal tracking ONSgnl, 4-7 SIGNAL TRK , 6-20, 9-14 signal width ( ) , 8-41 SINGLE , 6-6, 9-13 SMITH , 10-12 Smith chart, A-15 SMITH CHART , 6-10 Smith chart, displaying the trace as , 6-10 Smp , 4-9 SMTH/POLAR MENU , 6-11 softkey menu, 4-3 softkey reference, B-1 softkeys under 4Bw/Avg5, B-14 4Cal5,
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state, A-59 STATE , 8-19 STATISTICS , 8-7 status notations, 4-9 step size, speci ed, 6-17 4Stop5, softkeys under, B-35 stop value , 4-8 storage , 11-20 storage devices , A-58 sub-marker using , 8-4 SUB MKR , 8-4 su x , 3-30 Svc, 4-9 sweep linear , 6-6 log , 6-6 power , 6-7 to stop , 9-13 SWEEP block, 4-2 sweep characteristics network analyzer , 11-6 spectrum analyzer , 11-12 sweep conditions , 6-6 SWEEP: HOLD , 9-13 sweep hold ON Hld , 4-9 sweep parameters impedance analyzer, 11-14 4Sweep5, softkeys under,
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NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN TRACKING 1MKR , 8-50 Trans:FWD S21 [B/R] , 6-7 transmission coe cient , A-54 transmission/re ection test kit , A-56 transmission/re ection test set connecting , 2-10 transmission/re ection test set , 3-3, 5-1 transmission repeatability , 11-35 transmission tracking drift , 11-35 transmission tracking ETF , A-55 transmission tracking ETR , A-55 transmission uncertainty equations , 11-37 Trans:REV S12 [B/R] , 6-7 Trd , 11-35 TRIG EVENT [ON POINT] , 6-5 4Trigger5 , 6-
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Y Y conversion, A-14 Y conversion , 6-11 Y:Refl , 6-11 Y:Trans , 6-11 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Z Z conversion, A-14 Z conversion , 6-11 zooming displaying a zoomed trace on the other channel, 6-22 setting magni cation factor , 6-22 zooming aperture, 6-22 zooming , 6-22 ZOOMING APERTURE , 6-22, 10-22 zooming function , 10-22 Z:Refl , 6-11 Z:Trans , 6-11 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Index-15
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REGIONAL SALES AND SUPPORT OFFICES For more information about Agilent Technologies test and measurement products, applications, services, and for a current sales office listing, visit our web site: http://www.agilent.com/find/tmdir. You can also contact one of the following centers and ask for a test and measurement sales representative. 11/29/99 United States: Agilent Technologies Test and Measurement Call Center P.O.