Agilent 4396B Network/Spectrum/Impedance Analyzer User's Guide SERIAL NUMBERS This manual applies directly to instruments which have the serial number pre x JP1KE. Agilent Part No.
c Copyright 1997, 2000, 2002, 2003 Agilent Technologies Japan, Ltd.
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Safety Summary The following general safety precautions must be observed during all phases of operation, service, and repair of this instrument. Failure to comply with these precautions or with speci c WARNINGS elsewhere in this manual may impair the protection provided by the equipment. In addition it violates safety standards of design, manufacture, and intended use of the instrument. The Agilent Technologies assumes no liability for the customer's failure to comply with these requirements.
Dangerous Procedure Warnings Warnings , such as the example below, precede potentially dangerous procedures throughout this manual. Instructions contained in the warnings must be followed. Warning Dangerous voltages, capable of causing death, are present in this instrument. Use extreme caution when handling, testing, and adjusting this instrument.
Safety Symbols General de nitions of safety symbols used on equipment or in manuals are listed below. Instruction manual symbol: the product is marked with this symbol when it is necessary for the user to refer to the instruction manual. Alternating current. Direct current. On (Supply). O (Supply). In position of push-button switch. Out position of push-button switch. Frame (or chassis) terminal. A connection to the frame (chassis) of the equipment which normally include all exposed metal structures.
Typeface Conventions Bold Italics Computer 4HARDKEYS5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SOFTKEYS Boldface type is used when a term is de ned. For example: icons are symbols. Italic type is used for emphasis and for titles of manuals and other publications. Italic type is also used for keyboard entries when a name or a variable must be typed in place of the words in italics. For example: copy lename means to type the word copy, to type a space, and then to type the name of a le such as file1.
How To Use This Manual This is a user's guide for the 4396B Network/Spectrum Analyzer. This manual contains two quick start tours, measurement examples, an installation and setup guide and a table that tells you where to nd more information. Installation and Setup Guide Chapters 1 provides installation information that includes an initial inspection, power line setting, test-set setup, and keyboard connection. If you do not prepare the analyzer yet, read this section rst.
Documentation Map The following manuals are available for the analyzer. User's Guide (Agilent Part Number 04396-900x1 1 ) The User's Guide walks you through system setup and initial power-on, shows how to make basic measurements, explains commonly used features, and typical application measurement examples. After you receive your analyzer, begin with this manual. Task Reference (Agilent Part Number 04396-900x0 1) Task Reference helps you to learn how to use the analyzer.
Contents 1. Installation and Setup Guide Incoming Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Replacing Fuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fuse Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Power Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Power Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operation Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Providing clearance to dissipate heat at installation site Instruction for Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rack/Handle Installation . . . . . . . . . . . .
Searching for Harmonics Using the Search Function Step 4: Saving and Recalling Analyzer Settings . . . . Preparing the Disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saving Analyzer Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . Entering the File Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recalling the Analyzer Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11 2-12 2-12 2-13 2-13 2-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-3 3-3 3-5 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8 3-9 3-10 3-12 3-12 3-14 3-14 3-14 Basic Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Monitoring the Leakage Signal at the B Input Using the Spectrum Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AM Signal Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Test Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Measurement Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analyzer Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carrier Amplitude and Frequency Measurement Using the Marker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Analyzer Settings . . . . . . . . . . . Performing Calibration . . . . . . . . Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . Return Loss and Re ection Coe cient . . Standing Wave Ratio . . . . . . . . . . S-Parameters Measurement . . . . . . . Data Readout Using the Marker . . . . Impedance Measurement . . . . . . . . Admittance Measurement . . . . . . . . List Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sweep Time Reduction . . . . . . . . . Analyzer Settings . . . . . . . . . . . Creating a Sweep List . . . . . . . . .
Figures 1-1. 1-2. 1-3. 1-4. 1-5. 1-6. 1-7. 1-8. 1-9. 2-1. 3-1. 3-2. 3-3. 4-1. 4-2. 4-3. 4-4. 4-5. 4-6. 4-7. 4-8. 4-9. 4-10. 4-11. 4-12. 4-13. 4-14. 4-15. 4-16. 4-17. 4-18. 4-19. 4-20. 4-21. 4-22. 5-1. 5-2. 5-3. 5-4. 5-5. 5-6. Power Cable Supplied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rack Mount Kits Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . Connecting a Transmission/Re ection Test Set . . . . Connecting an S-parameter Test Set . . . . . . . . . Spectrum Analyzer Mode (One Active Probe) . . . . .
5-7. Phase Response of a Dielectric Filter Over a 50 MHz Span . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8. Electrical Length Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9. Deviation From Linear Phase . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10. Group Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11. Re ection Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-12. Re ection Measurement Setup . . . . . . . . . . . 5-13. Return Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14. SWR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15.
Tables 1-1. Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2. Fuse Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3. Rack Mount Kits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 Installation and Setup Guide This chapter provides installation and setup instructions.
Table 1-1.
Replacing Fuse Fuse Selection Select proper fuse according to the Table 1-2. Table 1-2. Fuse Selection Fuse Rating/Type Fuse Part Number 5A 250Vac UL/CSA type Time Delay 2110-0030 For ordering the fuse,contact your nearest Agilent Technologies Sales and Service O ce. Lever a small minus screwdriver to dismount the fuse holder above the AC line receptacle on the rear panel. To check or replace the fuse, pull the fuse holder and remove the fuse.
Power Requirements The 4396B requires the following power source: Voltage : 90 to 132 Vac, 198 to 264 Vac Frequency : 47 to 63 Hz Power : 300 VA maximum Power Cable Warning 1-4 Installation and Setup Guide In accordance with international safety standards, this instrument is equipped with a three-wire power cable. When connected to an appropriate ac power outlet, this cable grounds the instrument frame. The type of power cable shipped with each instrument depends on the country of destination.
Figure 1-1.
Operation Environment The 4396B must be operated under within the following environment conditions, and su cient space must be kept behind the 4396B to avoid obstructing the air ow of the cooling fans. Temperature: 0 C to 40 C Humidity: less than 95% RH at 40 C Note The 4396B must be protected from temperature extremes which could cause condensation within the instrument.
Rack/Handle Installation The analyzer can be rack mounted and used as a component in a measurement system. Figure 1-2 shows how to rack mount the analyzer. Option 1CN 1CM 1CP Table 1-3. Rack Mount Kits Description Handle Kit Rack Mount Kit Rack Mount & Handle Kit Agilent Part Number 5062-3991 5062-3979 5062-3985 Figure 1-2. Rack Mount Kits Installation Option 1CN Handle Kit Option 1CN is a handle kit containing a pair of handles and the necessary hardware to attach them to the instrument.
Option 1CM Rack Mount Kit Option 1CM is a rack mount kit containing a pair of anges and the necessary hardware to mount them to the instrument in an equipment rack with 482.6 mm (19 inches) horizontal spacing. Mounting the Rack 1. Remove the adhesive-backed trim strips 1 from the left and right front sides of the analyzer. 2. Attach the rack mount ange 2 to the left and right front sides of the analyzer using the screws provided. 3.
Front View 1. LCD displays measured results, softkey menus, current settings, system messages, error messages, and Instrument BASIC programs. 2. 4LINE5 switch turns the analyzer ON and OFF. 3. 3.5 inch disk drive is used to store measurement results, instrument settings, display images, and Instrument BASIC programs. 4. CAL OUT (spectrum analyzer calibration output port) supplies a reference signal (20 MHz, -20 dbm) for reference level calibration. 5.
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 1-10 Installation and Setup Guide R, A, and B inputs (RF signal inputs) mainly accept signals for network measurements, but can also be used as spectrum measurement inputs. INSTALLATION CATEGORY I MARKER block contains keys related to the marker functions. INSTRUMENT STATE block contains keys related to setting analyzer functions. ENTRY block contains numerical keys, rotary knob, increment/decrement keys, edit keys, and unit-terminator keys.
Rear View 16. TEST SET-I/O INTERCONNECT connects the S-parameter test set to the analyzer. Caution If you connect a printer with the TEST SET-I/O INTERCONNECT,it may cause damage to the printer. Do not connect a printer to this connector. 17. Parallel interface connects the printer to the analyzer. 18. GPIB interface controls an GPIB instrument or can be controlled by an external controller. 19. Power cable receptacle connects the power cable. Fuse is held in the cover of the receptacle.
Connecting a Test Set for Network Analyzer Mode To use the network analyzer mode of the analyzer, a test set is required to measure the transmission and re ection characteristics of the device under test (DUT). You can use either the 87512A/B transmission/re ection (T/R) test set or the 85046A/B S-parameter test set. The 87512A/B T/R test set measures re ection and transmission in the forward direction only.
Note NNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN When you use the 87512B, press 4Cal5 MORE SET Z0 . Then press 475 455 4215 to set the characteristic impedance (Z0 ) to 75 . Connecting an S-parameter Test Set Figure 1-4. Connecting an S-parameter Test Set 1. Place the analyzer on the S-parameter test set. 2. Connect the TEST SET-I/O INTERCONNECT interface on the rear panel of the analyzer and the NETWORK ANALYZER-I/O INTERCONNECT interface of the test set using the cable furnished with the test set. 3.
Connecting an Active Probe The active probe allows you to analyze an in-circuit signal or device that has no port for connecting to the test set. The active probe can be used for both spectrum and network measurements. The analyzer can use the following active probes: 85024A High Frequency Probe (300 kHz to 3 GHz) 41800A Active Probe (5 Hz to 500 MHz) 41802A 1 M Input Adapter (5 Hz to 100 MHz) 51701A Active Probe (DC to 2.
For Network Analyzer Mode Using One Active Probe Figure 1-6. Network Analyzer Mode (One Active Probe) 1. 2. 3. 4. Connect the power splitter to the RF OUT port. Connect one output from the power splitter to the R input. Connect the other output of the power splitter to the DUT. Connect the active probe to the B input and plug the probe plug into the PROBE POWER connector. 5. If necessary, terminate the DUT with a load.
Using Two Active Probes Figure 1-7. Network Analyzer Mode (Two Active Probes) 1. 2. 3. 4. 1-16 Installation and Setup Guide Connect one active probe to the R input. Connect the other active probe to the B input. Connect the RF OUT port to the DUT. If necessary, terminate the DUT with a load.
Using a Transmission/Re ection Test Set Figure 1-8. Using a Transmission/Re ection Test Set 1. Connect the 87512A/B T/R test set. 2. Connect the active probe to the B input. 3. If necessary, terminate the DUT with a load. Connecting a Keyboard An mini-DIN keyboard can be connected to the mini-DIN connector on the rear panel of the analyzer. The mini-DIN keyboard provides an easier way to enter characters for the le names, display titles, and Instrument BASIC programs.
Figure 1-9. Connecting a Keyboard Setting Up a 75 Measurement For Spectrum Analyzer Mode Note This operation requires the option 1D7 50 to 75 Input Impedance Conversion. For detail information about option 1D7, see chapter 9 of the Function Reference manual. 1. Attach the 11852B Option C04 50 N(m)/75 N(f) minimum loss pad to the S input. This minimum loss pad is furnished with the option 1D7. 2. Press 4Cal5. 3. Press INPUT Z . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 4.
2 Spectrum Analyzer Tour In this chapter, you explore the spectrum analyzer mode of operation. Before starting this tour, verify the analyzer is correctly installed (see chapter 1, \Installation and Setup Guide," if you need additional information). Before You Leave On The Tour On this tour, you will learn how to make a basic spectrum analyzer measurement by measuring the CAL OUT signal of the analyzer. Overview The following is a short summary of the tour: 1.
Required Equipment To perform all the steps in this tour, you must have the following equipment: 4396B Network/Spectrum Analyzer N to BNC Adapter (50 )* BNC cable* 3.5 inch 2HD (or 2DD) Blank Disk * Furnished with the analyzer. Figure 2-1.
Step 1: Preparing for a Measurement Turning ON the analyzer Verify the power source setting is correct before you turning ON the analyzer. If necessary, see chapter 1, \Installation and Setup Guide." Press the LINE switch The power on self-test takes about 10 seconds. If the analyzer is operating correctly, the following information is displayed on the LCD: Connecting the Test Signal Source In this tour, you use the front-panel CAL OUT signal as the test signal (20 MHz at -20 dBm).
Step 2: Setting Up the Analyzer In this step, you will set the following parameters: Active channel Channel 2 Analyzer type Spectrum analyzer mode Input S input Frequency Range 0 Hz to 80 MHz Setting the Active Channel The analyzer has two measurement channels. This allows you to have two di erent measurement setups. Other selections you make on the front panel a ect only the active channel. To set the active channel to channel 2: In the ACTIVE CHANNEL block, press 4Chan 25.
Setting the Analyzer Type To use the spectrum analyzer mode, you must set the analyzer type to the spectrum analyzer mode after selecting an active channel. In the MEASUREMENT block, press 4Meas5. FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF Press ANALYZER TYPE . FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF Press SPECTRUM ANALYZER . Note Changing the analyzer type presets the analyzer for the active channel.
Selecting the Input The analyzer has four inputs; S, R, A, and B. In most spectrum measurements, the S input is used. The R, A, and B inputs can also be used for a spectrum measurement, but the dynamic range of these inputs is 20 dB worse than the S input and the attenuator is not variable. Therefore, to get the most accurate results, you should use the S input for spectrum measurements. In the spectrum analyzer mode, the S input is selected by default.
Press 4215. Press 4Stop5. Press 485 405. Press 4M/ 5.
Step 3: Making a Measurement Reading the Peak Level Using the Marker Let's try to read peak signal level by using the marker: Press 4Search5. FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF Press SEARCH:PEAK . Read the marker value shown at the upper right of grid. 2-8 Spectrum Analyzer Tour Marker appears on trace. Marker moves to the top of the CAL OUT signal.
Setting the Resolution Bandwidth to See Low Level Signals To see lower level signals that are approximately the same level as the noise oor level, use a narrow resolution bandwidth (rbw) setting. Before you set the RBW, set the maximum peak level as the reference level. This increases the visibility of the lower level signal. This technique is useful when you are measuring two signals and one is very close to the noise level. Press 4Scale Ref5. Press MKR!REFERENCE .
Press 4Bw/Avg5. Press 4+5 to narrow RBW setting to 3 kHz.
Searching for Harmonics Using the Search Function You can easily readout a harmonics' frequency and level by using the peak search function: Press 4Search5. FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF Press NEXT PEAK . FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF Press SEARCH:PEAK . The marker moves to the third harmonic. To move the marker to the second harmonic, FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF press NEXT PEAK again.
Step 4: Saving and Recalling Analyzer Settings You can store the settings or measurement data on a 3.5 inch disk using the analyzer's disk drive. In this tour, you save and recall the settings that you selected previously in this tour. Preparing the Disk To use a disk, you must rst initialize it by performing the following steps: Verify the disk is not write protected. Insert the disk into the disk drive Press 4Save5. Press FILE UTILITIES .
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF Press INITIALIZE DISK: YES . Note The message, \INITIALIZE DISK In Progress," is displayed. After the disk is initialized, this message is turned o . The analyzer can use either a LIF (Logical Interchange Format) or a DOS (Disk Operating System) format disk. Saving Analyzer Settings In the following example, use \SATOUR" as the le name of the analyzer settings you want to save. Press 4Save5. FFFFFFFFFFFFFF Press STATE .
Note 2-14 Spectrum Analyzer Tour The le name for a LIF format can be up to 10 characters long. However, with the analyzer, the last 2 characters are reserved for a su x. Therefore, you can enter a le name of up to 8 characters. Either upper or lower case is recognized in the LIF format. A le name for a DOS format consists of a le name and an extension. The le name can be up to 8 characters long and the extension contains up to 3 characters. A period separates the extension from the le name.
FFFFFFFFFFFF To complete the le name entry, press DONE . Verify the disk access indicator lights (this shows that the analyzer is saving the settings to the disk). Recalling the Analyzer Settings You can recall the le containing the saved analyzer settings anytime you want. This is true, even if you change the current analyzer settings. In this example, you will preset the analyzer and then recall the settings in the SATOUR le. Presetting Press 4Preset5. The analyzer is set to the preset conditions.
Recalling the SATOUR le. Press 4Recall5. The disk access lamp lights. The stored FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF le is listed in the softkey label area. Press SATOUR_S to recall the analyzer settings that you saved. Note Su x, \_S," means the analyzer settings are saved. If you save the analyzer settings in a DOS format, an extension, \.sta," is appended to the le name. After the disk access lamp goes out, all analyzer settings that you set are recalled. You can verify them on the display.
3 Network Analyzer Tour In this chapter, you explore the network analyzer mode of operation. Before starting this tour, verify the analyzer is correctly installed (see chapter 1, \Installation and Setup Guide," if you need additional information). Before You Leave On The Tour On this tour, you will learn how to make a basic network analyzer measurement by measuring the transmission characteristics of a bandpass lter. Overview The following is a short summary of the tour: 1.
Required Equipment To perform all the steps in this tour, you must have the following equipment: 4396B Network/Spectrum Analyzer Measurement Device: This tour assumes the device under test (DUT) is a 70 MHz bandpass lter THRU (BNC female-to-female connector) Two BNC cables Test Set (use either of the following) Transmission/Re ection (T/R) Test Set Two N-to-BNC adapters S-Parameter Test Set Two APC7-to-N adapters Two N-to-BNC adapters HP DeskJet Printer * Parallel Interface Cable * * If you do not have an
Step 1: Preparing for the Measurement You must set up the test set before you turn ON the analyzer. The setup procedure for the test set is described in \Connecting a Test Set for Network Analyzer Mode" in Chapter 1. Turning ON the Analyzer Press the LINE switch. The power on self-test takes about 10 seconds. Connecting the DUT Connect the DUT as shown in Figure 3-2 or Figure 3-3. Figure 3-2.
Figure 3-3.
Step 2: Setting up the Analyzer Before you start the measurement, you must set up the analyzer to t your measurement requirements. For example, you must set the frequency range of the measurement.
Setting the Analyzer Type To use the analyzer in the network analyzer mode, you must set the analyzer type to the network analyzer mode after selecting the active channel. In the MEASUREMENT block, press 4Meas5. FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF Press NETWORK ANALYZER . 3-6 Network Analyzer Tour FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF Press ANALYZER TYPE .
Selecting the Input The analyzer uses three inputs for network measurements (R, A, and B). Usually, the R input accepts the RF OUT signal directly, the A input receives the re ection signal from the DUT, and the B input receives the transmission signal through the DUT. This example assumes you are using the T/R test set. Therefore, because you are going to measure the transmission characteristics of the DUT, select B/R to measure the ratio of B and R inputs.
Setting the Frequency Range To display the transmission characteristics of the 70 MHz bandpass lter, you should specify the frequency range for the measurement. In this example, set the analyzer to a 70 MHz center frequency with a 500 kHz span. 3-8 Network Analyzer Tour In the SWEEP block, press 4Center5. Press 475 405. Press 4M/ 5. In the SWEEP block, press 4Span5. Press 455 405 405. Press 4k/m5.
Performing the Automatic Scaling Often, the trace obtained after specifying the frequency range is too large or too small vertically for the grid. However, by using the automatic scaling function, you can obtain the optimum vertical setting automatically. In the MEASUREMENT block, Press 4Scale Ref5. FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF Press AUTO SCALE . The transmission characteristics trace of the lter is displayed as shown below: All the settings are displayed on the LCD. 1.
Step 3: Making a Calibration To ensure accurate measurement results, calibrate the analyzer before making a measurement. Calibration reduces error factor due to uncertainty. In this example, you perform the response calibration to cancel a frequency response error. A THRU (BNC female-to-female connector) is necessary to perform a response calibration for the transmission measurement. Performing a Response Calibration (for the Transmission Measurement) Press 4Cal5. FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF Press RESPONSE .
FFFFFFFFFFFF The THRU softkey label is underlined when the measurement is completed. FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF Press DONE: RESPONSE . Disconnect the THRU and reconnect the DUT. \Cor" is displayed on the left side of the display to show that the frequency response error is corrected. The measured value is now corrected for the frequency response error. Note If the trace is changed, it requires an adjustment of the scale.
Step 4: Reading a Measurement Result You may want to readout the measured values on the displayed trace. You can use the marker function for this purpose. The marker shows the frequency and response value at the marker point. Reading a Measured Value by Using Marker In the MARKER block, press 4Marker5. Verify a marker appears on the trace. Turn the knob to the right to move the marker toward the right. Read the values at the right top of the display.
FFFFFFFFF In the MARKER block, press 4Search5. Press MAX . The marker immediately moves to the maximum point on the displayed trace. Read the frequency and response values displayed at the upper right of the display.
Step 5: Printing Out the Measurement Result You may want a hardcopy of the measured results for a permanent record of the measurement. The analyzer can print out the data as a snapshot of the display or as a list of values without using any external controller. Con guring and Connecting a Printer Locate the parallel interface connector on the back of the analyzer. Note For more information about printer, see the chapter 9 of the Function Reference manual.
4 Spectrum Measurement Examples This chapter contains the following spectrum measurement examples: Harmonic distortion measurement Carrier/noise ratio (c/n) measurement Tracking a drifting signal Network measurement with spectrum monitor Amplitude modulation (am) signal measurement Frequency modulation (fm) signal measurement Burst signal measurement Basic Setup To measure the spectrum of a test signal, use the S input as shown in Figure 4-1. Figure 4-1.
Harmonic Distortion Measurement The analyzer can simultaneously display the di erence values between the fundamental and harmonics up to the seventh harmonic. The test signal used in this example is the output of an ampli er with a 20 MHz sine wave input signal. Test Signal and Test Device The following test signal and device are used in this example. Input Test Signal Frequency: 100 MHz Test Device Ampli er Measurement Setup Connection Set up the analyzer as shown in Figure 4-2. Figure 4-2.
Analyzer Settings Press 4Preset5. Then set the analyzer's controls as follows: Desired Settings Key Strokes Active Channel Select channel 1 Block 4Chan 15 Measurement Block Select Spectrum Analyzer Press 4Meas5 ANALYZER TYPE SPECTRUM ANALYZER Select S input 4Meas5 SPECTRUM:S Sweep Block Start frequency 50 MHz Press 4Start5 50 4M/ 5 Stop frequency 1.8 GHz Press 4Stop5 1.
C/N Measurement Test Signal Measurement Setup C/N is the ratio of the carrier to the noise. The analyzer can measure noise level directly and read out the C/N using the marker functions. Do the \Harmonic Distortion Measurement" before doing this measurement. This example uses the same test signal used in the \Harmonic Distortion Measurement" example. Connection This example assumes that the connections and instrument settings made in the \Harmonic Distortion Measurement" example are still in e ect.
6. Press 4Marker5 PRESET MKRS when you are nished with this measurement. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Tracking a Drifting Signal When measuring a drifting signal, the analyzer can lose the signal. However, the analyzer can track a drifting signal by changing the sweep parameter values sweep by sweep. Test Signal Measurement Setup The following test signal is used in this example. Frequency: 900 MHz (not stable) Connection Connect the test signal to the S input. Analyzer Settings 1.
Tracking an Unstable Signal In this example, the signal is drifting. 1. Press 4Display5 DUAL CHAN on OFF to ON off . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 2. Press 4Chan 15. 3. Press 4Marker5 to turn the marker on. 4. Use the knob to bring the marker close to the signal you want to track. 5. Press 4Search5 SIGNAL TRK on OFF to turn the signal track on.
Network Measurement with Spectrum Monitor During a network measurement, crosstalk or leakage (such as noise) from an adjacent circuit can change the measurement results. To detect the e ect of these spurious inputs, the analyzer can monitor the spectrum of the input signal at the R, A, and B inputs. Figure 4-7. In uence on Network Measurement by Leakage from an Adjacent Circuit Measurement Setup In this example, the network measurement circuit has leakage from an adjacent signal source.
Analyzer Settings Press 4Preset5.
The measurement result shows an unknown peak at 240 MHz. Monitoring the Leakage Signal at the B Input Using the Spectrum Monitor During the spectrum measurement sweep, the network measurement is turned o . To monitor the input signal at the B input: 1. Press 4Chan 25. 2. Press 4Meas5 ANALYZER TYPE SPECTRUM ANALYZER B . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNN 3. Press 4Center5 250 4M/ 5. 4. Press 4Span5 200 4M/ 5. Figure 4-10.
AM Signal Measurement In this example, the following parameters for AM signal measurement are derived: Carrier amplitude (Ec ) and frequency (fc ) Modulating frequency (fm ) and modulation index (m) Test Signal The following test signal is used in this example: AM Signal Frequency (fc ): 100 MHz Modulating signal frequency (fm ): 10 kHz Modulation index (m): 15% Measurement Setup Connection Connect the test signal source to the S input. Analyzer Settings Press 4Preset5.
Figure 4-12. Carrier Amplitude and Frequency of AM Signal The marker shows that the carrier amplitude (Ec ) is 019.949 dBm and frequency (fc ) is 100 MHz. Modulating Frequency and Modulation Index Measurement Using 1Marker 3. Press 4Marker5 1MODE MENU 1MKR . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNN 4. Press 4Search5 SEARCH:PEAK NEXT PEAK to search for a sideband. The o set value from the carrier is displayed as the marker sweep parameter value shown in Figure 4-13.
FM Signal Measurement This example describes how to derive the frequency deviation (1fpeak ) value. Test Signal The following test signals are used in this example: Wide band FM Signal Carrier frequency: 100 MHz. Modulating frequency: 1 kHz. Frequency deviation: 1 MHz. Narrow band FM Signal Carrier frequency: 100 MHz. Modulating frequency: 1 kHz. Frequency deviation: 5 kHz. Measurement Setup Connection Connect the test signal to the S input. Analyzer Settings Press 4Preset5.
Figure 4-14. Wide Band FM Signal Measurement The frequency deviation (1fpeak ) can be derived from the following equation: j1Mkrj 1fpeak = 2 where 1Mkr is the marker sweep parameter value shown in Figure 4-14. In this example, the frequency deviation is about 981 kHz. Press 4Marker5 PRESET MKRS when you are nished with this measurement.
Figure 4-15. Zooming Carrier Signal of FM Signal NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Press 4Display5 DUAL CHAN ON off to on OFF and then 4Chan 15 when you are nished with this measurement. Narrow Band FM Signal Measurement 1. Change the test signal source to the narrow band FM signal. 2. Press 4Chan 15 4Span5 100 4k/m5 4Bw/Avg5 10 4k/m5. The spectrum of the narrow band FM signal is displayed. 3. Press 4Scale Ref5 010 4215. Figure 4-16.
7. Press DATA HOLD [MAX] MIN and then wait for a few sweeps until the trace is stable. The minimum envelope is displayed. 8. Press 4Marker5 MKR ON [DATA] to [MEMORY] . Then turn the knob to move the marker to the desired position to measure the frequency deviation. 9. Press 1MODE MENU FIXED 1MKR . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 10.
Burst Signal Measurement This measurement requires that option 1D6 be installed in the analyzer. A summary of how to determine gate delay and gate length settings for di erent signals is contained at the end of this example. Test Signal The following test signal is used in this example: Pulse period (pri) = 100 s (pulse repetition frequency prf is 10 kHz ) Duty ratio is 80% ( pulse width is 80 s) RF frequency is 960 MHz Measurement Setup Connection Setup the analyzer as shown in Figure 4-19.
Gated Sweep for Burst Signal Measurement Figure 4-20. Burst Signal Measurement Result Using Normal Sweep 1. Press 4Trigger5 TRIGGER:[FREE RUN] GATE [LEVEL] EDGE to select the trigger mode to the edge mode. 2. Press GATE DELAY 30 4M/ 5 for setup time of the RBW. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 3. Press GATE LENGTH 30 4M/ 5.
4. Press 4Meas5 ANALYZER TYPE SPECTRUM ANALYZER . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 5. Press 4SPAN5 ZERO SPAN . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 6. Press TRIGGER:[GATE] EXTERNAL . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 7. Press 4SWEEP5 SAMPLING NORM rept to norm REPT to change the sampling mode to the repetitive sampling mode. 8. Press NUMBER of POINTS 101 4215. Then press SWEEP TIME 550 4M/ 5.
5 Network Measurement Examples This chapter contains the following network measurement examples: Transmission Measurement 3 dB bandwidth Ripple or atness Magnitude and phase characteristics Expanded phase characteristics Electrical length measurement Phase distortion measurement Deviation from linear phase Group delay Re ection measurement Return loss Re ection coe cient Standing wave ration (swr) S-parameters measurement Impedance and admittance measurement List sweep Sweep time reduction Dynamic range enh
Measuring Transmission Characteristics of a Filter Insertion loss and gain are ratios of the output to input signals. The following procedure measures the insertion loss and gain of a 836 MHz dielectric bandpass lter. This measurement can be used to obtain the key lter parameters. Measurement Setup Connection Set up the analyzer as shown in Figure 5-1. Figure 5-1. Transmission Measurement Setup Analyzer Settings Press 4Preset5.
2. Connect a THRU calibration standard between the measurement cables in place of the DUT. 3. Press THRU to perform a frequency response calibration data measurement. 4. Press DONE:RESPONSE . ( CORRECTION on OFF is automatically set to CORRECTION ON off .) NNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Measurement Replace the THRU standard with the DUT.
3 dB Bandwidth The analyzer calculates the bandwidth of the DUT between two equal power levels. In this example, it calculates the 03 dB bandwidth relative to the lter center frequency. 1. Press 4Marker5. Then use the rotary knob to move the marker to the center of the lter passband. 2. Press 4Search5 WIDTH [OFF] WIDTH on OFF to ON off .
Ripple or Flatness Passband ripple (or atness) is the variation in insertion loss over a speci ed portion of the passband. 1. Press 4Display5 DUAL CHAN on OFF to ON off to display channel 2 below channel 1. 2. Press 4Sweep5 COUPLED CH ON off to on OFF . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 3. Press 4Search5 MAX . NNNNNNNNNNN 4. Press 4Marker!5 CROSS CHAN on OFF to ON off .
Measuring Phase Response A two input ratio measurement can also provide information about the phase shift of a network. The analyzer can translate this information into a related parameter, group delay. With the same connection, instrument settings, and calibration used in the previous example (see \Measurement Setup" in \Measuring Transmission Characteristics of a Filter"), make the following changes: 1.
Using the Expanded Phase Mode The analyzer can display phase beyond 6180 degrees. Press 4Format5 MORE EXPANDED PHASE . Then press 4Scale Ref5 AUTO SCALE . The phase is displayed with \no wrap" (see Figure 5-6). NNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Figure 5-6. Expanded Phase Mode NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Press 4Format5 PHASE when you are nished with this measurement.
Measuring Electrical Length The analyzer electronically implements a function similar to the mechanical \line stretchers" of earlier analyzers. The analyzer's electrical length correction function simulates a variable length lossless transmission line. This simulated line can be added or removed from a receiver's input to compensate for interconnecting cables or other connections. In this example, this function is used to measure the electrical length of a test device.
3. Press 4Scale Ref5 ELEC DELAY MENU MARKER!DELAY . The analyzer adds enough electrical length to match the group delay present at the marker frequency (group delay is discussed in the next measurement example). 4. Press 4Display5 DUAL CHAN on OFF to ON off to display the results before and after the adjustment. The results are shown in Figure 5-8. 5. To display the amount of electrical length added, press 4Scale Ref5 ELEC DELAY MENU ELECTRICAL DELAY .
Measuring Phase Distortion For many networks, the amount of insertion phase is not nearly as important as the linearity of the phase shift over a range of frequencies. The analyzer can measure this linearity and express it in two di erent ways: Directly (as deviation from linear phase). As group delay (a derived value). Measurement Setup This example assumes the measurement settings made in \Measuring Electrical Length" (the previous example) are still in e ect.
1F (commonly called the \aperture") is the frequency di erence that gives 1 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN To display group delay, press 4Format5 DELAY . If the trace needs to be rescaled, press 4Scale Ref5 and AUTO SCALE . The default aperture is very narrow, so the group delay measurement displayed is very noisy. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Figure 5-10. Group Delay Smoothing Group Delay Trace By setting a wide aperture, rapid changes in phase are averaged and have less a ect on the measurement.
Re ection Measurement When making a re ection measurement, the analyzer monitors the signal going to the DUT and uses it as the reference. It compares the re ected signal from the DUT to the reference signal. The ratio of the incident and re ected signals is the re ection coe cient of the DUT or, when expressed in decibels, the return loss. Re ection measurements require the connection of a directional device, such as a directional coupler, to separate the power re ected from the DUT.
return loss(dB) = 020 log( ) re ected power re ection coe cient = incident power = (magnitude only) = 0 (magnitude and phase) Measurement Setup Connection = S11 or S22 (magnitude and phase) 1+ SWR = 10 Set up the analyzer as shown in Figure 5-12. Figure 5-12. Re ection Measurement Setup Analyzer Settings Press 4Preset5.
1. Press 4Cal5 CALIBRATE MENU S11 1-PORT . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 2. Connect the OPEN standard to port 1. Then press (S11):OPEN . (The softkey label OPEN is underlined when the measurement is completed.) 3. Connect the SHORT standard to port 1. Then press SHORT . (The NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN softkey label SHORT is underlined when the measurement is completed.) 4.
magnitude format that varies from 0=1.00 at the top of the display (100% re ection) to 0.00 at the bottom of the display (perfect match). Standing Wave Ratio To display the re ection measurement data as standing wave ratio (swr), press 4Format5 SWR . The analyzer reformats the display in the unitless measure of SWR (with SWR = 1, a perfect match, at the bottom of the display). NNNNNNNNNNN Figure 5-14.
S-Parameters Measurement S-parameters S11 and S22 are no di erent from the measurements made in the previous section. S11 is the complex re ection coe cient of the DUT's input. S22 is the complex re ection coe cient of the DUT's output. In both cases, all unused ports must be properly terminated. To display the trace on the polar chart, press 4Format5 POLAR . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN The results of a typical S11 measurement is shown in Figure 5-15.
Impedance Measurement The amount of power re ection from a device is directly related to the impedance values of both the device and the measuring system. In fact, each value of the re ection coe cient (0) uniquely de nes a device impedance. For example: 0=0 occurs when the device and test set impedance are the same. A short circuit has a re ection coe cient of 0=1 6 180 (=01). An open circuit has a re ection coe cient of 0=1 6 0 (=1).
Admittance Measurement 1. Press 4Format5 MORE ADMITTANCE CHART . The display shows the complex impedance of the DUT over the frequency range selected. 2. Use the knob to read the resistive and reactive components of the complex impedance at any point along the trace. The maker displays complex impedance readout. NNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Figure 5-17.
List Sweep The analyzer has a list sweep function that can sweep frequency according to a prede ned sweep segment list. Each sweep segment is independent. For the network analyzer mode, each segment can have a di erent number of sweep points, power level, and IF bandwidth value. For the spectrum analyzer mode, each segment can have a di erent number of points and RBW. A segment looks like a normal sweep setting. The list sweep function can combine up to 31 segments settings into 1 sweep.
Creating a Sweep List Perform the following procedure to create a list (see the graph below): NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 1. Press 4Sweep5 SWEEP TYPE MENU EDIT LIST . 2. To edit the list, press EDIT . 3. For segment 1: Press 4Start5 736 4M/ 5. Press 4Stop5 796 4M/ 5. Press NUMBER of POINTS 30 4215 SEGMENT DONE . 4. For segment 2: Press ADD . Press 4Stop5 876 4M/ 5. Press NUMBER of POINTS 120 4215 SEGMENT DONE . 5. For segment 3: Press ADD .
Dynamic Range Enhancement Figure 5-19 shows the sweep list modi ed from the list of the previous example to improve dynamic range. Segments 1 and 2 have a narrow IF bandwidth and a higher power level for the stopband of the lter. Segment 3 has a wide IF bandwidth and lower power level for passband. 1. Press 4Sweep5 SWEEP TYPE MENU EDIT LIST . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 2. To modify segment 1, press SEGMENT 1 4215 EDIT .
Filter Testing Using Limit Lines The analyzer has limit line/testing functions for go/no-go testing. The limit lines de ne upper and lower limits. The limit testing functions compare the measured data to the limit lines and indicate the result. The following example is a practical method for setting up limit lines to test a bandpass lter. Example of Limit Lines For Filter Testing This example creates limit lines to test a 70 MHz crystal bandpass lter. Analyzer Settings Press 4Preset5.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 1. Press 4System5 LIMIT MENU LIMIT LINE on OFF to ON off . 2. Press EDIT LIMIT LINE EDIT . 3. For segment 1: Press SWP PARAM VALUE 806 4M/ 5. Press UPPER LIMIT 055 4215. Press LOWER LIMIT 0120 4215 DONE . 4. For segment 2: Press ADD SWP PARAM 821 4M/ 5. Press UPPER LIMIT 01 4215. Press LOWER LIMIT 015 4215 DONE . 5. For segment 3: Press ADD SWP PARAM 851 4M/ 5 DONE . 6.
With a bit in the I/O port on the rear panel. With the GPIB commands OUTPLIMF?, OUTPLIMIL?, and OUTPLIMM?. Separated Limit Lines Figure 5-21 shows separated limit lines and an editing table example. This example can be used for lter testing that only requires insertion loss limits. Dummy limit values (+5000 for upper and 05000 for lower, for example) should be entered for the no limit areas. Figure 5-21. Separated Limit Lines Limits are only checked at each of the actual measured data points.
Gain Compression Measurement An important measure of active circuits is how well they handle a signal frequency with a varying input amplitude. By using the power sweep function in the network analyzer mode, measurements such as gain compression or automatic gain control slope can be made. Measurement Setup Connection Set up the analyzer as shown in Figure 5-22. Figure 5-22. Gain Compression Measurement Setup Analyzer Settings Press 4Preset5.
Performance Calibration Perform a power response calibration for this measurement as follows: 1. Press 4Cal5 CALIBRATION MENU RESPONSE . NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 2. Connect a THRU calibration standard between the measurement cables in place of the DUT (see Figure 5-22). 3. Press THRU to perform a power response calibration data measurement. 4. Press DONE:RESPONSE . ( CORRECTION on OFF is automatically set to CORRECTION ON off .
Absolute Output Level Measurement The analyzer can show the characteristics input level versus output level by using the absolute measurement capability in the network analyzer mode. 1. Press 4Sweep5 CHAN COUP on OFF to CHAN COUP ON off to couple the sweep parameters of both channels. 2. Press 4Marker5 MKR COUP on OFF to MKR COUP ON off to couple the marker between both channels. 3. Press 4Chan 25 4Meas5 B to select the absolute measurement at the B input. 4. Press 4Display5 DATA MATH [DATA] OFFSET .
A For More Information The User's Guide provides an overview of the analyzer and typical applications using the analyzer. You may need or want more information on the analyzer's features. The following table shows you where to nd that information: Calibration How to perform calibration for the network analyzer mode How to perform level calibration for the spectrum analyzer mode Softkey reference Principles of calibration Chapter 4 in the Task Reference.
Index 8 85046A/B S-parameter Test Set , 5-1 A accessory, A-1 active channel setting , 2-4, 3-5 ADMITTANCE CHART , 5-18 admittance measurement , 5-18 AM signal measurement , 4-10 analyzer settings recalling , 2-15 saving , 2-13 analyzer type setting to network , 3-6 setting to spectrum , 2-5 ANALYZER TYPE , 4-3, 5-2 aperture , 5-11 automatic scaling performing , 3-9 AUTO SCALE , 5-3, 5-6 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Instrument BASIC, A-1 Contents, 1-1 CORRECTION ON off , 5-2 COUPLED CH on OFF , 5-6 COUPLED CH ON off , 5-5 CROSS CHAN on OFF , 4-13, 5-5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN D NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DATA and MEMORY , 4-14 DATA HOLD [OFF] , 4-14 DATA MATH [DATA] , 5-27 DATA!MEMORY , 4-14 DELAY , 5-11
G gain compression measurement , 5-25 gate delay , 4-18 GATE DELAY , 4-17 gated sweep , 4-17 gate length , 4-18 GATE LENGTH , 4-17 GATE [LEVEL] , 4-17 go/no-go testing , 5-22 GPIB, A-1 group delay , 5-10 GROUP DELAY APERTURE , 5-11 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN H I K L hardcopy of LCD making , 3-14 harmonic distortion measurement , 4-2 harmonics searching , 2-1
M marker reading value , 3-12 marker , 2-8, 4-3 marker list , 4-3 marker noise form , 4-4 MARKER!DELAY , 5-8 memory, A-1 MKR COUP on OFF , 5-27 MKR LIST on OFF , 4-3 MKR NOISE FORM on OFF , 4-4 MKR ON [DATA] , 4-15 MKR ON [MEMORY] , 4-15 MKR!REFERENCE , 4-4, 5-5 MKR ZOOM , 4-13 modulating frequency , 4-10, 4-13 modulation index , 4-10 MULTIPLE PEAKS , 4-3 multiple peak search , 4-3 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
R RBW setting , 2-9 rbw setup time , 4-17 re ection coe cient , 5-12 re ection measurement , 5-12 repetitive sampling mode , 4-17 RESPONSE , 5-2 response calibration performing , 3-10 response calibration , 4-8 return loss , 5-12 RIGTH PEAK , 4-13 ripple , 5-5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN S sampling mode , 4-17 SAMPLING NORM rept , 4-18 4Save5 , 5-21, 5-24 SCALE/DEV , 5-5 search function using , 2-11 SEARCH:PEAK , 4-12 SEARCH:PEAKS ALL , 4-3 SEARCH TRK on OFF , 4-3 setup t
T NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN TARGET , 5-26 test signal source connecting , 2-3 THRU , 5-2 time domain measurement , 4-17 tracking 1marker, 4-3 TRACKING 1MKR , 4-3 tracking drifting signal , 4-5 transmission/re ection test set , 3-3 TRIGGER:[FREE RUN] , 4-17 trigger mode , 4-17 turning ON , 2-3, 3-3 NNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN V video bandwidth , 4-4 VIDEO BW , 4-4 W wide band fm signal , 4-12 WIDTH on OFF , 5-4 WIDTH VAL
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