System Gain 7.3.2 System Gain (Loss) Relative to UTP/STP Cable Length The recommended minimum length of UTP/STP cable is 20 meters (66 ft) and the recommended maximum length is 50 meters (165 ft). If the UTP/STP cable is less than 20 meters (66 ft), system performance may not meet specifications; the absolute minimum cable length is 10 meters (33 ft). If the UTP/STP cable is longer than 50 meters (165 ft), the gain of the system will decrease, as shown in Table 7-23.
Designing an LGCell Solution 7.4 Link Budget Analysis A link budget is a methodical way to account for the gains and losses in an RF system so that the quality of coverage can be predicted. The end result can often be stated as a “design goal” in which the coverage is determined by the maximum distance from each RAU before the signal strength falls beneath that goal. One key feature of the link budget is the maximum power per carrier discussed in Section 7.1.
Link Budget Analysis 7.4.1 Elements of a Link Budget for Narrowband Standards The link budget represents a typical calculation that might be used to determine how much path loss can be afforded in an LGCell design. This link budget analyzes both the downlink and uplink paths. For most configurations, the downlink requires lower path loss and is therefore the limiting factor in the system design.
Designing an LGCell Solution Table 7-25 Consideration Thermal Noise Link Budget Considerations for Narrowband Systems (continued) Description This is the noise level in the signal bandwidth (BW). Thermal noise power = –174 dBm/Hz + 10Log(BW). Protocol Signal Bandwidth Thermal Noise TDMA 30 kHz –129 dBm CDMA 1.
Link Budget Analysis 7.4.2 Narrowband Link Budget Analysis for a Microcell Application Narrowband Link Budget Analysis: Downlink Line Downlink Transmitter a. BTS transmit power per carrier (dBm) b. Attenuation between BTS and LGCell (dB) 33 –30 c. Power into LGCell (dBm) 3 d. LGCell gain (dB) 0 e. Antenna gain (dBi) 3 f. Radiated power per carrier (dBm) 6 Airlink g. Multipath fade margin (dB) h. Log-normal fade margin with 8 dB std. deviation, edge reliability 90% (dB) i.
Designing an LGCell Solution Narrowband Link Budget Analysis: Uplink Line Uplink Receiver a. BTS noise figure (dB) 4 b. Attenuation between BTS and LGCell (dB) –10 c. LGCell gain (dB) d. LGCell noise figure (dB) 27 0 e. System noise figure (dB) 27.2 f. Thermal noise (dBm/30 kHz) –129 g. Required C/I ratio (dB) h. Antenna gain (dBi) i. Receive sensitivity (dBm) 12 3 –92.8 Airlink j. Multipath fade margin (dB) 6 k. Log-normal fade margin with 8 dB std.
Link Budget Analysis 7.4.3 Elements of a Link Budget for CDMA Standards A CDMA link budget is slightly more complicated because the spread spectrum nature of CDMA must be considered. Unlike narrowband standards such as TDMA and GSM, CDMA signals are spread over a relatively wide frequency band. Upon reception, the CDMA signal is de-spread. In the de-spreading process the power in the received signal becomes concentrated into a narrow band, whereas the noise level remains unchanged.
Designing an LGCell Solution the mobiles under close-loop power control is similar to the power level transmitted under open-loop power control. The open-loop power control equation is PTX + PRX = –73 dBm (for Cellular, IS-95) PTX + PRX = –76 dBm (for PCS, J-STD-008) where PTX is the mobile’s transmitted power and PRX is the power received by the mobile.
Link Budget Analysis Table 7-27 Additional Link Budget Considerations for CDMA Systems Consideration Description Process Gain The process of de-spreading the desired signal boosts that signal relative to the noise and interference. This gain needs to be included in the link budget. In the following formulas, PG = process gain: PG = 10log10(1.25 MHz / 9.6 Kbps) = 21 dB rate set 1 PG = 10log10(1.25 MHz / 14.
Designing an LGCell Solution 7.4.4 Spread Spectrum Link Budget Analysis for a Microcell Application Spread Spectrum Link Budget Analysis: Downlink Line Downlink Transmitter a. BTS transmit power per carrier (dBm) 30.0 b. Voice activity factor 50% c. Maximum composite power (dBm) 40.0 d. Attenuation between BTS and LGCell (dB) –30 e. Power per carrier into LGCell (dBm) 3.0 f. Composite power into LGCell (dBm) 10.0 g. LGCell gain (dB) 0.0 h. Antenna gain (dBi) 3.0 i.
Link Budget Analysis • b and c: see notes in Table 7-27 regarding power per carrier, downlink • e=a+d • f=c+d • i=e+g+h • j=f+g+h • p = –k + l + m + n + o • s=q+r • v=s+t+u • w=p+v • x=j–w • y = j (downlink) + m (uplink) + P where P = Ptx + Prx = –73 dB for Cellular –76 dB for PCS PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. E Help Hot Line (U.S.
Designing an LGCell Solution Spread Spectrum Link Budget Analysis: Uplink Line Uplink Receiver a. BTS noise figure (dB) b. Attenuation between BTS and LGCell (dB) 3.0 –30.0 c. LGCell gain (dB) d. LGCell noise figure (dB) 23.0 0.0 e. System noise figure (dB) 33.4 f. Thermal noise (dBm/Hz) –174.0 g. Noise rise 75% loading (dB) h. Receiver interference density (dBm/Hz) i. Information rate (dB/Hz) j. Required Eb/(No+lo) 5.0 k. Handoff gain (dB) 0.0 l. Antenna gain (dBi) 3.0 m.
Link Budget Analysis • e: enter the noise figure and gain of each system component (a, b, c, and d) into the standard cascaded noise figure formula Fsys = F1 + F2 – 1 G1 + F3 – 1 G1G2 + .... where F = 10 (Noise Figure/10) G = 10(Gain/10) (See Rappaport, Theodore S. Wireless Communications, Principles, and Practice. Prentice Hall PTR, 1996.) • h=e+f+g • m = h + i + j –k – l • r=n+o+p+q • t=s–r • u=t–m PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. E Help Hot Line (U.S.
Designing an LGCell Solution 7.4.5 Considerations for Re-Radiation (over-the-air) Systems The LGCell can be used to extend the coverage of the outdoor network by connecting to a roof-top donor antenna that is pointed toward an outdoor base station. Additional considerations for such an application of the LGCell are: • Sizing the gain and output power requirements for a bi-directional amplifier (repeater).
Connecting a Main Hub to a Base Station 7.5 Connecting a Main Hub to a Base Station The first consideration when connecting LGCell Main Hubs to a base station is to ensure there is an equal amount of loss through cables, combiners, etc. from the base station to the Main Hubs. For this example, assume that the base station will have simplex connections, one uplink and one downlink. Each of these connections will need to be divided to equilibrate power for each Main Hub.
Designing an LGCell Solution 7.5.1 Attenuation Figure 7-3 shows a typical setup wherein a duplex base station is connected to an LGCell. For a simplex base station, eliminate the circulator and connect the simplex ports of the base station to the simplex ports of the Main Hub. Add attenuators to regulate the power appropriately.
Connecting a Main Hub to a Base Station 7.5.2 Uplink Attenuation The attenuation between the LGCell’s REVERSE port and the base station does two things: 1. It attenuates the noise coming out of the LGCell. 2. It attenuates the desired signals coming out of the LGCell.
Designing an LGCell Solution 7.5.2.1 Uplink Attenuation Exception: CDMA In CDMA systems, the power transmitted by the mobile is determined by the characteristics of both the uplink and downlink paths. The power transmitted by the mobile should be similar in open-loop control (as determined by the downlink path) as during closed-loop control (as determined by the uplink and downlink paths).
Designing for a Neutral Host System 7.6 Designing for a Neutral Host System Designing the LGCell for a neutral host system uses the same design rules previously discussed. Since a neutral host system typically uses multiple systems in parallel, we find it best to design for the worst case system so that there will not be holes in the covered area and the economies of a single installation can be achieved. For example, as indicated Section 7.
Designing an LGCell Solution 7.6.
SECTION 8 Installation Requirements and Safety Precautions This section contains the following subsections: • Section 8.1 Installation Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2 • Section 8.1.1 Cable and Connector Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2 • Section 8.1.2 Neutral Host System Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2 • Section 8.1.3 Distance Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3 • Section 8.
Installation Requirements and Safety Precautions 8.1 8.1.1 Installation Requirements Cable and Connector Requirements The LGCell equipment operates over standard TIA/EIA 568-A specification, Category 5 (Cat-5) unshielded twisted pair (UTP) or shielded twisted pair (STP) and standard 62.5µm/125µm multimode fiber cable (MMF), at a wavelength of 1310 nanometers (nm). These cables are widely used industry standards for Local Area Networks (LANs).
Installation Requirements 8.1.3 Distance Requirements The following table shows the distances between LGCell components and related equipment. Table 8-1 LGCell Distance Requirements Equipment Combination Cable Type Distance Repeater to Main Hub Coaxial; N male connectors 3–6 m (10–20 ft) typical Coaxial; N male connectors 3–6 m (10–20 ft) typical 62.5µm/125µm 1 km (3300 ft) Base Station to Main Hub Main Hub to Expansion Hub Additional Information Limited by loss and noise.
Installation Requirements and Safety Precautions 8.2 8.2.1 Safety Precautions Underwriters Laboratory Installation Guidelines Use the following guidelines when installing the LGCell: 1. Do not exceed the maximum ambient air temperature of 45°C during operation. Provide sufficient airflow and cooling within the rack to prevent heat build-up from exceeding this limit. 2. Be careful when servicing these products. If you are removing the system from the rack, turn it off and remove the power cord first.
Safety Precautions 8.2.2 General Safety Precautions The following precautions apply to LGCell products. • LGCell has no user-serviceable parts. Faulty or failed units are fully replaceable through LGC Wireless. Please contact us at: 1-800-530-9960 (U.S. only) +1-408-952-2400 (International) +44(0) 1223 597812 (Europe) • Never input an RF signal to the Main Hub’s duplex or simplex ports that is higher than those defined in Section 7.1 on page 7-3 because the Main Hub could be damaged.
Installation Requirements and Safety Precautions 8.2.3 Fiber Port Safety Precautions The following are suggested safety precautions for working with LGCell fiber ports. For information about LGCell compliance with safety standards, see Appendix B. WARNING: Observe the following warning about viewing fiber ends in ports. Do not stare with unprotected eyes at the connector ends of the fibers or the ports of the hubs.
SECTION 9 Installing the LGCell This section contains the following: • Section 9.1 Inspecting Shipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2 • Section 9.2 Installing the Main Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3 • Section 9.3 Installing the Expansion Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-20 • Section 9.4 Installing the Remote Access Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installing the LGCell 9.1 Inspecting Shipment Follow this procedure before installing LGCell equipment: 9-2 1. Verify the number of packages received against the packing list. 2. Check all packages for external damage; report any external damage to the shipping carrier. If there is damage, a shipping carrier agent should be present before unpacking and inspecting the contents because damage caused during transit is the responsibility of the shipping agent. 3.
Installing the Main Hub 9.2 9.2.1 Installing the Main Hub Main Hub Installation Checklist Installation Requirement Consideration Floor Plans Installation location of equipment clearly marked Main Hub Same frequency and protocol as Expansion Hub(s) AC power available Power cord is 2 m (6.5 ft) long • 117V AC, 0.3 amp @ 60 Hz • 230V AC, 0.15 amp @ 50 Hz Rack space available 4.4 cm (1.75 in.) high Clearance for air circulation 7.6 cm (3 in.
Installing the LGCell Installation Requirement Consideration Distances Main Hub is within 3–6m (10–20 ft) of connecting repeater Main Hub is within 3–6m (10–20 ft) of connecting base station If longer distance, determine the loss of the cable used for this connection and adjust the RF signal into the Main Hub accordingly. This can be done by readjusting the power from the base station, or by changing the attenuation value between the base station/repeater and the Main Hub.
Installing the Main Hub 9.2.3 Main Hub Installation Procedures Procedures in this section: • Installing the Main Hub in a Rack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5 • Connecting Power and Powering Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6 • Installing an Optional Cable Manager in a Rack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6 • Connecting the MMF cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installing the LGCell Connecting Power and Powering Up After mounting the Main Hub in the rack, connect AC power. You may use multiple outlet surge protectors for multiple Main Hubs. 1. Connect the AC power cord to the Main Hub (labeled 1 on the following figure). 2. Plug the power cord into an outlet providing AC power. TO EXPANSION HUB PORTS LINK STATUS SYNC DOWN 1 3.
Installing the Main Hub Connecting the MMF cables Before connecting the MMF cables, confirm that the optical loss does not exceed 3 dB optical. If fiber distribution panels are used, confirm that the total optical loss of fiber cable, from the Main Hub through distribution panels and patch cords to the Expansion Hub, does not exceed 3 dB optical. Connect all MMF cables (two per port) to the MMF ST female optical connectors (labeled DOWN and UP) on the Main Hub front panel. Use any available Main Hub port.
Installing the LGCell Check the Main Hub Functionality LEDs The unit functionality LEDs (POWER and SYNC) should be green. If not, cycle the power to reset the Main Hub. Check the Main Hub MMF Port LEDs The MMF port LEDs (LINK STATUS and SYNC) should be red. This indicates that the other end of the MMF cable is not yet connected to the Expansion Hub ports. NOTE: Refer to Section 10 for troubleshooting LEDs. NOTE: You do not have to use all of the MMF ports on the Main Hub.
Installing the Main Hub 9.2.4 Interfacing LGCell to Base Stations WARNING: Exceeding the maximum input power could cause failure of the Main Hub (refer to Section 7.1 on page 7-3 for maximum power ratings). Attenuators may be required to limit the maximum composite power into the Main Hub. Connecting a Main Hub to a Roof-top Antenna LGC Wireless recommends that you use a lightning arrestor or surge protector in a roof-top antenna configuration.
Installing the LGCell Connecting a Main Hub to an In-Building Base Station Connecting a Simplex Base Station to a Main Hub: 1. Connect an N-male to N-male coaxial cable to the transmit simplex connector on the base station. 2. Connect the other end of the N-male to N-male coaxial cable to the FORWARD simplex connector on the Main Hub. 3. Connect an N-male to N-male coaxial cable to the receive simplex connector on the base station. 4.
Installing the Main Hub Connecting a Duplex Base Station to a Main Hub: When connecting to a duplex base station, it is recommended that you use a circulator and connect to the simplex ports on the Main Hub. You can insert attenuators between the base station and circulator, and between the circulator and Main Hub as needed; refer to Section 7.5.1 on page 7-42 for more information. 1. Connect an N-male to N-male coaxial cable to the duplex connector on the base station. 2.
Installing the LGCell Using the Duplex Port to Increase Gain on the Uplink Because some types of LGCells have duplex ports with gains of 0, 30, or 40 dB, depending on the frequency and protocol, you can use the simplex forward port for the downlink signals and the duplex port for the uplink signals when gain on the uplink is desired. Duplex port gain is shown in the table in Figure 9-3. Connecting a Duplex Base Station to the LGCell Duplex/Simplex Ports: 1.
Installing the Main Hub Connecting a Simplex Base Station to the LGCell Duplex/Simplex Ports: 1. Connect an N-male to N-male coaxial cable to the transmit connector on the base station. 2. Connect the other end of the N-male coaxial cable to the FORWARD simplex connector on the Main Hub. 3. Connect an N-male to N-male coaxial cable to the receive connector on the base station. 4. Connect the other end of the N-male coaxial cable to the DUPLEX connector on the Main Hub.
Installing the LGCell 9.2.4.1 Connecting Multiple LGCell Systems to a Base Station You can use power combiners/dividers as dividers to connect multiple LGCells in order to increase the total number of RAUs in a system. You can use power combiners/dividers to combine base station channels in order to increase the number of RF carriers the system transports. Connecting Two LGCells to a Base Station Connecting two LGCells increases the total number of supportable RAUs from 16 to 32.
Installing the Main Hub Connecting Two LGCells to a Base Station 1. Connect the DUPLEX, FORWARD, or REVERSE connector of one of the Main Hubs to an input/output port on the power combiner/divider using an N-male to N-male coaxial cable jumper. 2. Connect the DUPLEX, FORWARD, or REVERSE connector of the second Main Hub to the second input/output port on the power combiner/divider using an N-male to N-male coaxial cable jumper. 3.
Installing the LGCell 9.2.5 Reporting LGCell Alarms to a Base Station Report LGCell alarms to the base station by connecting the DIAGNOSTIC 1 port (see “9-pin D-sub Connector” on page 3-7) on the Main Hub’s rear panel to the base station’s alarm port. Connecting a Single LGCell System’s Alarms to a Base Station • Make a custom cable for this connection. See “9-pin D-sub Connector” on page 3-7 for the Main Hub’s alarm connector pin assignment.
Installing the Main Hub Figure 9-6 5-port Daisy-Chain Alarm Cable 1 meter (3 feet) DB-9 male J2 Pin 7 Pin 9 X LGCell Main Hub DIAGNOSTIC 1 Port J3 Pin 7 Pin 9 X LGCell Main Hub DIAGNOSTIC 1 Port J4 Pin 7 Pin 9 X LGCell Main Hub DIAGNOSTIC 1 Port J5 Pin 7 Pin 9 X LGCell Main Hub DIAGNOSTIC 1 Port J6 J1 7 Pin 7 Pin 9 X LGCell Main Hub DIAGNOSTIC 1 Port J7 Pins 7 and 9 Base Station (an adapter cable may be required) Pin 7 9 DB-9 male Pins 7 and 9 DB-9 male Pins 7 and 9 Option 1:
Installing the LGCell To connect 5 LGCell systems to a base station’s alarms: • Connect the alarm cable’s J2 through J6 connectors to the DIAGNOSTIC 1 port on five Main Hubs. The J7 connector is unused and is left unterminated. To connect more than 5 LGCell systems to a base station’s alarms: 1. 2. 3. 9-18 Connect the first alarm cable’s J2 through J5 connectors to the DIAGNOSTIC 1 port on four Main Hubs.
Installing the Main Hub 9.2.6 Installing Main Hubs in a Neutral Host System Installing Main Hubs in a neutral host system is the same as described in Section 9.2.3 on page 9-5. We recommend mounting all neutral host system Main Hubs in the same rack(s), grouped by frequency or carrier. For example, group the Main Hubs for the iDEN carrier(s) together, then the 800 MHz Cellular carrier(s), and so on. Connecting to base stations and repeaters is the same as described in Section 9.2.
Installing the LGCell 9.3 Installing the Expansion Hub 9.3.1 Expansion Hub Installation Checklist Installation Requirement Consideration Floor Plans Installation location of equipment clearly marked Expansion Hub Same frequency and protocol as Main Hub AC power available Power cord is 2 m (6.5 ft) long • 117V AC, 0.70 amp @ 60 Hz • 230V AC, 0.35 amp @ 50 Hz Rack space or wall mount location available 4.4 cm (1.75 in.) high, 1U; Clearance: 3 in.
Installing the Expansion Hub 9.3.3 Expansion Hub Installation Procedures Procedures in this section: • Installing the Expansion Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-21 • Connecting Power and Powering Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-23 • Connect the MMF cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-24 • Check the Expansion Hub Unit Functionality LEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installing the LGCell Refer to the following figure for wall mounting options. 3. Drill the screw holes in the wall and insert the anchors. 4. Attach the Expansion Hub to the wall with the screws. CAUTION:Mounting the Expansion Hub facing up exposes the connectors to falling dust and debris. Mounting it facing down exposes the fan to falling dust and debris. 9-22 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev.
Installing the Expansion Hub Connecting Power and Powering Up After mounting the Expansion Hub, connect the AC power. 1. Connect the AC power cord to the Expansion Hub (labeled 1 on the following figure). 2. Plug the power cord into an outlet providing AC power. LINK STATUS SYNC 3. PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. E ANTENNA PORTS DOWN UP SYNC POWER MAIN HUB PORT LGCellTM Expansion Hub AC POWER Flip the Expansion Hub’s power switch from position 0 to position 1 (labeled 2 on the figure.
Installing the LGCell Connect the MMF cables Before connecting the MMF cables, confirm that the optical loss does not exceed 3 dB optical. If fiber distribution panels are used, confirm that the total optical loss of fiber cable, from the Main Hub through distribution panels and patch cords to the Expansion Hub, does not exceed 3 dB optical. Connect all MMF cables from the Main Hub to the Expansion Hub(s).
Installing the Expansion Hub Check the Expansion Hub Unit Functionality LEDs The unit functionality LEDs (POWER and SYNC) should be green if the Main Hub is on. Check the Expansion Hub MMF Port LEDs The MMF port LEDs (LINK STATUS and SYNC) should be red. This indicates that the UTP/STP cable is not yet connected to the Remote Access Unit(s). Check the Main Hub MMF Port LEDs The MMF port LEDs (LINK STATUS and SYNC) should be green. NOTE: Refer to Section 10 for troubleshooting LEDs.
Installing the LGCell Connect UTP/STP cables from the RAUs Before connecting the UTP/STP cables, confirm that they meet TIA/EIA 568-A specifications. Connect all UTP/STP cables coming from the RAUs to any available RJ-45 connector on the Expansion Hub, as shown in the following figure. Make sure you connect RAUs that are of the correct frequency and protocol.
Installing the Expansion Hub 9.3.4 Installing Expansion Hubs in a Neutral Host System Installing neutral host system Expansion Hubs is the same as described in Section 9.3.3 on page 9-21. If rack-mounting the Expansion Hubs, we recommend mounting all neutral host system hubs in the same rack(s) or location, grouped by frequency or carrier. For example, group the Expansion Hubs for the iDEN carrier(s) together, then the 800 MHz Cellular carrier(s), and so on. PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. E Help Hot Line (U.
Installing the LGCell 9.4 Installing the Remote Access Unit 9.4.
Installing the Remote Access Unit 9.4.3 RAU Installation Procedures Procedures in this section: • Mounting RAUs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-29 • Connecting the Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-30 • Installing Passive Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-30 • Connecting the UTP/STP Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installing the LGCell Installing Passive Antennas Refer to the manufacturer’s installation instructions to install passive antennas. Passive antennas are usually installed below the ceiling. If they are installed above the ceiling, the additional loss due to the ceiling material must be considered when estimating the antenna coverage area. Considerations: • Use coaxial cable with the least amount of loss possible. • Keep iDEN and 800 MHz cellular antennas 6 to 8 meters (20 to 26 ft) apart.
Installing the Remote Access Unit Connecting the UTP/STP Cable Connecting UTP/STP to single band RAU: Before connecting the UTP/STP cables, confirm that they meet TIA/EIA 568-A specifications. Connect the UTP/STP cable coming from the Expansion Hub to the RJ-45 female jack on the RAU, as shown in the following figure. Connecting UTP/STP cable to dual band RAU: • For the 900/1800 dual band RAU: Connect the 900 MHz Expansion Hub cable to the top RJ-45 jack and the 1800 MHz cable to the bottom RJ-45 jack.
Installing the LGCell The RJ-45 jacks on both the vertical and horizontal style dual band RAUs are shown in the following figure.
Installing the Remote Access Unit 9.4.4 Installing Remote Access Units in a Neutral Host System When installing both iDEN and Cellular systems in parallel, either as dual-band or neutral host systems, special provision must be taken to assure that the individual RAUs do not interfere with each other.
Installing the LGCell 9-34 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev.
Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance SECTION 10 There are no user-serviceable parts in any of the LGCell components. Faulty or failed components are fullly replaceable through LGC Wireless. 10.1 Address 2540 Junction Avenue San Jose, California 95134-1902 USA Phone 1-408-952-2400 Fax 1-408-952-2410 Help Hot Line 1-800-530-9960 (U.S. only) +1-408-952-2400 (International) +44(0) 1223 597812 (Europe) Web Address http://www.lgcwireless.com e-mail service@lgcwireless.
Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance 10.2 Troubleshooting NOTE: LGCell has no user-serviceable parts. Faulty or failed units are fully replaceable through LGC Wireless. Sources of potential problems include: • Malfunction of one or more LGCell components • Faulty cabling/connector • Antenna, base station, or repeater problem • External RF interface NOTE: Faulty cabling is the cause of a vast majority of problems. All Cat-5 cable should be tested to TIA/EIA 568-A specifications.
Troubleshooting 10.2.1 Troubleshooting Guidelines The following table contains troubleshooting information that the diagnostic LEDs do not cover. Please check the table for a possible cause of a problem. Simple checks or minor adjustments might eliminate the problem and restore proper operation. Problem/Symptom Check No downlink signal output when all diagnostic LEDs are green Make sure that there is a reasonable amount of power at the input of the Main Hub.
Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance 10.2.2 Troubleshooting Using the LED Indicators 10.2.2.1 LED Indicator Description The LGCell Main Hub, Expansion Hubs, and RAUs have front panel LEDs which provide diagnostic information and operational status of each unit. Together they provide an efficient diagnostic display system, which help technicians find the fault if there is a malfunction. The LED indicators for each unit are described in the following table.
Troubleshooting 10.2.2.2 Diagnostic Procedures Use the following table when diagnosing system problems. For troubleshooting, you can copy the blank table on page 10-8 and use it to record the LED colors on the Main Hub, the particular Expansion Hub indicating a fault, and the RAUs connected to it. This is necessary because the Main Hub, Expansion Hubs, and RAUs typically are geographically distributed. To determine where the fault might be: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Go to the Main Hub and record the LEDs.
Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance Notes: 1. System is functioning properly. 2. The Expansion Hub is off. Make sure the power cord is connected to a live AC power jack and that the Expansion Hub power switch is in the on (1) position. 3. Power is being delivered to the RAU but it is not turning on. 4. a. Check that the UTP/STP cable has been properly crimped and passes a standard TIA/EIA 568-A Cat-5 compliance test. b. If the cable is not the problem, replace the RAU.
Troubleshooting 7. 8. The Expansion Hub is not properly receiving the synchronization signal from the Main Hub. Too much loss on downlink MMF. Might be due to MMF pairs not attached to the proper connector. a. Check that the “down” cable end is in the DOWN port connector on both the Main Hub and on the Expansion Hub. Same for the “up” cable end and connectors for the UP port. b. If the problem persists, check the integrity of the MMF cable using an Optical Time Domain Reflectometer.
Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance Use the following blank table to record LEDs as you troubleshoot. Remote Alarm Contacts Visual Alarm LEDs Main Hub Port Link Status 10-8 Expansion Hub Functionality Sync Sync Power Port Link Status RAU DB-9 Connector Functionality Sync Sync Power Power Sync LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual Major Alarm Contact Error Latch Contact PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev.
Technical Assistance 10.3 Technical Assistance Call our help hot line for technical assistance: 1-800-530-9960 (U.S. only) +1-408-952-2400 (International) +44(0) 1223 597812 (Europe) Leave your name and phone number and an LGC Wireless customer service representative will return your call within an hour.
Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance 10-10 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev.
APPENDIX A Cables and Connectors This section provides information about cables, connectors, and accessories that an LGCell application might require. • Appendix A.1 Coaxial Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2 • Appendix A.2 Multimode Fiber Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2 • Appendix A.3 Category 5 UTP/STP Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cables and Connectors A.1 Coaxial Cable For Duplex RF Connections • Connects a Main Hub to a repeater or duplex base station • Provides bidirectional downlink and uplink transmission with one cable for duplex RF connections For Simplex RF Connections • Connects a Main Hub to a repeater or simplex base station • Provides unidirectional downlink and uplink signals on separate cables for simplex RF connections A.
Category 5 UTP/STP Cable A.3 Category 5 UTP/STP Cable • Connects the Expansion Hub to the RAU(s) • Transmits (downlink) and receives (uplink) cellular and PCS signals • Delivers electrical power to RAU(s) • Accommodates distances up to 50 meters (165 ft) • Cat-5 STP is recommended when configuring multiple systems LGC Wireless recommends plenum-rated Cat-5 UTP/STP cable and connectors NOTE: Only Cat-5 shielded twisted pair (STP) cable should be used for neutral host systems.
Cables and Connectors A.4 5-port Daisy-Chain Alarm Cable Use the 5-port Daisy-Chain Alarm Cable (PN 4022-5), shown in Figure , to increase the number of LGCells that are reporting their alarms to the base station.
Compliance Information APPENDIX B All LGCell systems comply with Optical Fiber Safety Standard IEC/EN60825-2. The LGCell distributed antenna system uses light emitting diodes (LEDs) and is rated as a Class 1 optical hazard system. It has an absolute maximum output power of –11.5 dBm at 1310 nanometers (nm). There are no restrictions on the location or use of an LGCell system. No special precautions are required if standard work practices are followed.
Compliance Information B.1.2 800 MHz iDEN Telecom: FCC ID: NOO-DAS8M-4IDEN-W B.1.3 EMC: FCC Class A, Part 15, Subpart B Safety: UL 1950 3rd edition and the cUL mark for Canada NEBS: This is a customer driven conformance certification and typically desired of equipment that is intended to be installed in a Central Office environment.
LGCell System Approval Status B.1.5 1900 MHz PCS Telecom: FCC: NOO-DAS19-4-X (FCC Part 24E) Distributed Antenna System (Repeater) Canada: 3077331163A for the “PCS 1900” (RSS-133, Issue 1) EMC: FCC: Class A, Part 15, Subpart B Industry Canada: Same as FCC Safety: UL 1950, 3rd Edition and the cUL mark for the Canadian equivalent. NEBS: This is a customer driven conformance certification and typically desired of equipment that is intended to be installed in a Central Office environment.
Compliance Information B.2 Declaration of Conformity to Type DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY We, LGC Wireless, of 2540 Junction Ave., San Jose, California, 95134-1902, declare under our sole responsibility that the product: LGCell, EGSM/GSM 900 Repeater, Model DAS9M-4E-W, to which this declaration relates, is in conformity with the following standards and/or other normative documents.
Declaration of Conformity to Type PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. E LGCell 4.
Compliance Information DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY We, LGC Wireless, of 2540 Junction Ave., San Jose, California, 95134-1902, declare under our sole responsibility that the product: LGCell, DCS 1800 Repeater, Model DAS18M-2, to which this declaration relates, is in conformity with the following standards and/or other normative documents.
IEC/EN 60825-2: Safe Use of Optical Fiber Communication Systems B.3 IEC/EN 60825-2: Safe Use of Optical Fiber Communication Systems Part 2 of IEC 60825 provides requirements and specific guidance for the safe use of optical fiber communications where optical power may be accessible at some distance from the optical source. In this part of IEC 825, light emitting diodes (LEDs) are included whenever the word “laser” is used. B.3.1 Description of LGCell System The LGCell is a distributed antenna system.
Compliance Information have received adequate training in laser safety and servicing of the system involved. Examples include optical cable ducts and switching centers. • 3.14 Location with Restricted Access: A location where access to the protective housing is restricted and not open to the public. Examples include industrial and commercial premises, PBX rooms, computer system rooms, and optical test sets.
IEC/EN 60825-2: Safe Use of Optical Fiber Communication Systems ing to IEC 825-1. However, the power output level of the LGCell system is so low that it always falls into the class 1 hazard level even under 100% modulation conditions. The absolute maximum allowed at 1300nm is +9.5 dBm. The absolute maximum accessible output of the LGCell fiber optic system is –11.5 dBm. Therefore there is no restriction as to location of use of the LGCell system and there is no labeling requirement. B.3.
B.4 Human Exposure to RF The following precautions apply to LGCell products. • LGCell has no user-serviceable parts. Faulty or failed units are fully replaceable through LGC Wireless. Please contact us at 1-800-530-9960. For international customers, please contact us at +1-408-952-2400. • Never input an RF signal to the Main Hub Duplex port that is higher than those defined on page 17 in Section 2, LGCell Equipment.
ports. Do not stare with unprotected eyes at the connector ends of the fibers or the ports of the hubs.Invisible infrared radiation is present at the front panel of the Main Hub and Expansion Hub. Do not remove the Fiber Port dust cover unless the port is in use. Do not stare directly into a Fiber Port. iv • Test fiber cables: When you use test fiber optical cables, connect the optical power source last and disconnect it first. • Fiber ends: Cover any unconnected fiber ends with an approved cap.
APPENDIX C Frequently Asked Questions • What is the LGCell Distributed Antenna System? The LGCell Distributed Antenna System (DAS) contains multiple low-power radiating elements that are deployed around indoor facilities to improve coverage and capacity. The unique, patented architecture of the LGCell DAS provides an inexpensive solution to the wireless operator or wirless network manager for coverage/capacity upgrades and private microcell applications.
Frequently Asked Questions • Can the LGCell support multiband operation? The LGCell provides a wide variety of single-band products, including the U.S. 800 MHz, European GSM 900, DCS 1800, Korean PCS 1800, U.S. PCS 1900 systems, and iDEN. You can use these systems together to provide multiband services. In addition, LGC has dual band 800/1900, 900/1800, and 1800/1800 LGCell systems available. Additionally, an LGCell neutral host configuration can simultaneously support multiple bands and protocols.
• Is the multimode fiber step or graded index fiber? Graded index. • Can the LGCell use 50µm/125µm multimode optical fiber? The LGCell is designed for use with 62.5µm/125µm fiber. Use of 50µm/125µm fiber results in higher optical losses and degraded performance. • How much space does the Main Hub and Expansion Hub use in a 19 in. rack? Both units use 1U of rack space. • Can I connect the LGCell alarms to a base station? Yes. Use the major alarm contacts only.
Frequently Asked Questions C-4 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev.
APPENDIX D Glossary Air Interface A method for formatting data and voice onto radio waves. Common air interfaces include AMPS, TDMA, CDMA, and GSM. AIN Advanced Intelligent Network. AINs allow a wireless user to make and receive phone calls while roaming outside the user’s “home” network. These networks, which rely on computers and sophisticated switching techniques, also provide many Personal Communications Service (PCS) features.
Glossary BTA Basic Trading Area. The U.S. and its territories are divided into 493 areas, called BTAs. These BTAs are composed of a specific list of counties, based on a system originally developed by Rand McNally. The FCC grants licenses to wireless operators to provide service within these BTAs and/or MTAs. (See MTA.) BTS Base Transceiver Station. A GSM term referring to the group of network devices that provide radio transmission and reception, including antennas. C/I Carrier to interference ratio.
CTIA Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association. The CTIA is an industry association made up of most of the wireless carriers and other industry players. It was formed in 1984 to promote the cellular industry and cellular technology. D-AMPS Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service. See IS-54. dB Decibel. A unit for expressing the ratio of two amounts of power. It is often used in wireless to describe the amount of power loss in a system (i.e., the ratio of transmitted power to received power).
Glossary Forward Channel Refers to the radio channel that sends information from the base station to the mobile station. (See Reverse Channel.) Frequency The number of times an electrical signal repeats an identical cycle in a unit of time, normally one second. One Hertz (Hz) is one cycle per second. Frequency re-use The ability to use the same frequencies repeatedly across a cellular system.
IS-136 Interim Standard-136. A U.S. TDMA cellular standard based on IS-54 that operates in the 800 MHz or 1900 MHz band. IS-553 Interim Standard-533. The U.S. analog cellular (AMPS) air interface standard. ITU International Telecommunications Union. The ITU is the principal international standards organization. It is charted by the United Nations and it establishes international regulations governing global telecommunications networks and services. Its headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland.
Glossary PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International Association. This acronym is used to refer to credit card sized packages containing memory, I/O devices and other capabilities for use in Personal Computers, handheld computers and other devices. PCS Personal Communications Service. A vague label applied to new-generation mobile communication technology that uses the narrow band and broadband spectrum recently allocated in the 1.9 GHz band. PDA Personal Digital Assistant.
Spectrum The range of electromagnetic frequencies. Spread Spectrum A method of transmitting a signal over a broad range of frequencies and then re-assembling the transmission at the far end. This technique reduces interference and increases the number of simultaneous conversations within a given radio frequency band. T-1 A North American commercial digital transmission standard. A T-1 connection uses time division multiplexing to carry 24 digital voice or data channels over copper wire.
Glossary D-8 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev.