SAS, SATA, and SCSI RAID Controllers Installation and User’s Guide
● 2 Copyright ©2006 Adaptec, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written consent of Adaptec, Inc., 691 South Milpitas Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035. Trademarks Adaptec, Adaptec Storage Manager, SCSISelect, SATASelect, SerialSelect and the Adaptec logo are trademarks of Adaptec, Inc.
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● 5 Regulatory Compliance Statements Federal Communications Commission Radio Frequency Interference Statement WARNING: Changes or modifications to this unit not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment. This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC rules.
Contents About This Guide What You Need to Know Before You Begin ................................................... 12 Terminology Used in this Guide ...................................................................... 12 How to Find More Information....................................................................... 12 Kit Contents and System Requirements Kit Contents ...................................................................................................... 14 System Requirements........
Contents ● 7 Disk Drives for SCSI Controllers ............................................................... 27 Selecting Cables ................................................................................................. 28 SAS Cables................................................................................................... 28 SATA Cables................................................................................................ 29 SCSI Cables ..........................................
Contents ● 8 Installing the Driver on an Existing Operating System Before You Begin............................................................................................... 50 Creating a Driver Disk ...................................................................................... 50 Installing on Windows...................................................................................... 51 Installing on Red Hat or SUSE Linux ..............................................................
Contents ● 9 Understanding RAID Understanding Drive Segments ....................................................................... 70 Nonredundant Arrays (RAID 0) ...................................................................... 70 RAID 1 Arrays ................................................................................................... 71 RAID 1 Enhanced Arrays.................................................................................. 71 RAID 10 Arrays ..............................
Contents ● 10 Using the Adaptec Flash Utility System Requirements........................................................................................ 98 Before You Begin............................................................................................... 98 Obtaining the Firmware ............................................................................. 98 Creating the Firmware Floppy Disks ......................................................... 99 Running the Menu-based AFU ..........
1 About This Guide In this chapter... What You Need to Know Before You Begin .......................................................................... 12 Terminology Used in this Guide............................................................................................ 12 How to Find More Information ............................................................................................ 12 This Installation and User’s Guide explains how to install your Adaptec® RAID controller.
Chapter 1: About This Guide ● 12 What You Need to Know Before You Begin You should be familiar with computer hardware, data storage, RAID technology, and the input/output (I/O) technology—Small Computer System Interface (SCSI), SAS, or Serial ATA (SATA)—used by your controller. (For an introduction to SAS, see page 62.
Kit Contents and System Requirements 2 In this chapter... Kit Contents............................................................................................................................ 14 System Requirements ............................................................................................................. 14 This chapter lists the contents of your Adaptec RAID controller kit and the system requirements that must be met for you to successfully install and use your controller.
Chapter 2: Kit Contents and System Requirements ● 14 Kit Contents ● Adaptec RAID controller ● RAID Installation CD (bootable), including controller drivers, and this Guide ● Adaptec Storage Manager Installation CD (not bootable), including user guides for Adaptec Storage Manager and the ARCCONF command line utility ● Cables (type and quantity vary—for cable information about your controller, visit the Adaptec Web site at www.adaptec.com.
About Your RAID Controller 3 In this chapter... About the Adaptec 4800SAS .................................................................................................. 19 About the Adaptec 4805SAS .................................................................................................. 20 About the Adaptec 2420SA .................................................................................................... 21 About the Adaptec 2820SA ...................................................
Chapter 3: About Your RAID Controller ● 16 Standard RAID Controller Features ● Flash ROM for updates to controller firmware, BIOS, and the Adaptec RAID Configuration utility ● Disk drive hot-swapping ● Event logging and broadcasting including email and SNMP messages ● Multiple options for creating and managing RAID arrays—A full software application (Adaptec Storage Manager), a BIOS-based utility, a command line utility, and a DOS utility.
Chapter 3: About Your RAID Controller ● ● 17 Dual Drive Failure Protection (RAID 601)—A RAID 60 array is similar to a RAID 50 array except that it includes four independent sets of parity data instead of two. Adding Enhanced Features As your storage needs change, you can enhance data protection and improve performance by upgrading your Adaptec controller with extra features.
Chapter 3: About Your RAID Controller About the Adaptec 4000 The Adaptec 4000 is a low-profile SAS Zero Channel RAID controller with these features: Mode 0 Flash connector LED connector I2C connector PCI-X connector Mounting bracket Bus compatibility PCI-X, 3.
Chapter 3: About Your RAID Controller ● 19 About the Adaptec 4800SAS The Adaptec 4800SAS is a SAS RAID controller with these features: Charge LED (for battery backup module) Alarm connector Mode 0 Flash connector Two 4-wide internal SAS connectors Mounting bracket Activity LED connector (top 2 left/right pins) 1 external SAS connector Battery connector PCI-X connector Diag LED Activity LED Power LED Back side of Controller 1 Bus compatibility PCI-X, 3.
Chapter 3: About Your RAID Controller ● 20 About the Adaptec 4805SAS The Adaptec 4805SAS is a SAS RAID controller with these features: Charge LED (for battery backup module) Alarm connector Mode 0 Flash connector Two 4-wide internal SAS connectors Mounting bracket Activity LED connector (top 2 left/right pins) 1 external SAS connector Battery connector PCIe connector Diag LED Activity LED Phy Activity LED Power LED 7 6 54 3 21 0 Back side of Controller 1 Bus compatibility PCIe x8 I/O proces
Chapter 3: About Your RAID Controller ● 21 About the Adaptec 2420SA The Adaptec 2420SA is a SATA II RAID controller with these features: Activity LED connector SATA ports 3 2 1 0 Mode 0 Flash connector Battery connector LED connector I2C connector PCI-X jumper PCI-X connector Mounting bracket Activity LED Phy 3 2 1 0 3,3V LED IRQ LED SUM Activity LED Charge LED (for battery backup module) Diag LEDs Back side of Controller Bus compatibility PCI-X, 3.
Chapter 3: About Your RAID Controller ● 22 About the Adaptec 2820SA The Adaptec 2820SA is a SATA II RAID controller with these features: SATA ports 2 1 0 5 4 3 6 7 Activity LED connector Mode 0 Flash connector Battery connector LED connectors I2C connector PCI-X jumper PCI-X connector Mounting bracket Activity LED Phy 7 6 5 SUM Activity LED 4 3 3,3V LED IRQ LED 2 1 0 Charge LED (for battery backup module) Diag LEDs Back side of Controller Bus compatibility PCI-X, 3.
Chapter 3: About Your RAID Controller ● 23 About the Adaptec 2130SLP The Adaptec 2130SLP is a low-profile SCSI controller with these features: Mode 0 Flash connector Activity LED 1 internal HD SCSI connector Mounting bracket Battery connector 1 external VHDCI SCSI connector PCI/PCI-X connector Bus compatibility PCI / PCI-X, 3.
Chapter 3: About Your RAID Controller ● 24 About the Adaptec 2230SLP The Adaptec 2230SLP is a low-profile SCSI controller with these features: Mode 0 Flash connector Battery connector Activity LED 2 internal HD SCSI connectors 2 external VHDCI SCSI connectors PCI/PCI-X connector Mounting bracket Bus compatibility PCI / PCI-X, 3.
Getting Started 4 In this chapter... Choosing a RAID Level.......................................................................................................... 26 Selecting Disk Drives.............................................................................................................. 27 Selecting Cables ...................................................................................................................... 28 Installation Options ..............................................
Chapter 4: Getting Started ● 26 Choosing a RAID Level This section provides a brief overview of the RAID levels supported by your Adaptec RAID controller, including the minimum and maximum number of disk drives required by each. ● RAID 0 (Non-redundant Array)—Stripes data across multiple disk drives. Improved performance but no redundancy (see page 70). ● RAID 1 Array—Created from two disk drives where one disk drive is a mirror of the other (the same data is stored on each disk drive).
Chapter 4: Getting Started ● 27 Selecting Disk Drives When selecting disk drives for your RAID array, ensure that all the disk drives have the same performance level. You can use different-sized disk drives in the array, but the array will be limited to the capacity of the smallest and slowest disk drive. For more information, refer to the Adaptec Storage Manager User’s Guide for Internal RAID Storage or online Help.
Chapter 4: Getting Started ● 28 Selecting Cables This section describes the cable options and requirements for your Adaptec controller: ● For SAS cables, see this page. ● SATA cables, see page 29. ● SCSI cables, see page 29. SAS Cables You need one SAS cable for each disk drive you are connecting to your Adaptec SAS RAID controller. Depending on your requirements, you can use any of these cables: External cable (SFF-8470 to SFF-8470)—Connects to an external SAS enclosure.
Chapter 4: Getting Started ● 29 Internal mini-SAS to SATA fan-out (SFF-8087 to 4x SATA)— Connects to four SATA disk drives. Cable connectors are keyed so that you can’t insert them incorrectly. Adaptec recommends using only Adaptec SAS cables. For more information or to purchase cables, visit the Adaptec Web site at www.adaptec.com. SATA Cables You need one straight connector to straight connector SATA cable for each disk drive you are connecting to your Adaptec SATA RAID controller.
Chapter 4: Getting Started ● 30 Installation Options When you install your Adaptec controller, you can choose to create a bootable array and then install your operating system and the controller driver on that array. Alternatively, you can complete a standard installation, where the controller driver is installed on an existing operating system. Basic Installation Steps This section describes the installation process. Follow the steps for the installation option you’ve chosen.
Installing the Controller and Disk Drives 5 In this chapter... Before You Begin .................................................................................................................... 32 Installing the Controller......................................................................................................... 32 Connecting Disk Drives to SAS RAID Controllers............................................................... 33 Connecting Disk Drives to SATA RAID Controllers ..............
Chapter 5: Installing the Controller and Disk Drives ● 32 Before You Begin ● Read Safety Information on page 104. ● Familiarize yourself with your Adaptec RAID controller’s physical features and the RAID levels that it supports (see page 15). ● Ensure you have the right quantity of disk drives for the RAID level you want to use for your arrays (see page 27). ● Ensure that you have the proper cables for your controller and disk drives (see page 28).
Chapter 5: Installing the Controller and Disk Drives ● 33 6 Optional—Connect your RAID controller’s I2C connector (not available on all models) to an I2C connector on an internal backplane or enclosure, using an I2C cable. 7 Prepare and install your internal disk drives, following the instructions for your type of controller: ● For SAS RAID controllers, see page 33. ● For SATA RAID controllers, see page 35. ● For SCSI RAID controllers, see page 35.
Chapter 5: Installing the Controller and Disk Drives 2 ● 34 Use internal SAS or mini-SAS cables to attach the disk drives to the controller. SAS fan-out cable SAS/SATA disk drives 4-wide internal SAS connector External SAS connector Single-port connector External SAS cable 3 When all internal disk drives have been installed and attached to the controller, close your computer cabinet, reattach the power cord, then continue with Connecting External Devices on page 35.
Chapter 5: Installing the Controller and Disk Drives ● 35 Connecting Disk Drives to SATA RAID Controllers 1 Install your SATA disk drives, following the instructions in your system’s documentation. There are no jumpers or switches to set on the SATA controller or disk drives. 2 Connect each disk drive to a SATA port on the controller using a recommended SATA cable. For cable information, see About Your RAID Controller on page 15.
Chapter 5: Installing the Controller and Disk Drives ● 36 Next Steps If you are installing the controller driver and an operating system onto a bootable array, continue with Creating a Bootable Array on page 37. If you are completing a standard installation onto an existing operating system, continue with Installing the Driver on an Existing Operating System on page 49.
Creating a Bootable Array 6 In this chapter... Setting the Boot Controller.................................................................................................... 38 Creating an Array ................................................................................................................... 38 Making Your Array Bootable .................................................................................................
Chapter 6: Creating a Bootable Array ● 38 Setting the Boot Controller Note: If your system won’t contain more than one bootable controller, skip to the next section, Creating an Array. Your Adaptec RAID controller supports bootable disk drives and bootable arrays. To enable your system to boot from either a disk drive or an array connected to your controller: 1 Enter the system setup. 2 Navigate to the drive boot sequence. 3 Move the boot controller to the top of the list.
Chapter 6: Creating a Bootable Array 5 ● 39 Select at least three disk drives for the array, press Insert for each selected disk drive, then press Enter. ! Caution: During initialization, all data is deleted from the disk. Before continuing, back up any data you want to keep. 6 Press Y, then press Enter. The selected disk drives are initialized, then the ACU screen appears. 7 Select Create Array, then press Enter.
Chapter 6: Creating a Bootable Array ● 40 Creating an Array with Adaptec Storage Manager This section describes how to use the Adaptec Storage Manager configuration wizard to build a RAID 5 array. Note: You will need the Adaptec Storage Manager Installation CD to complete this task. To create a RAID 5 array: 1 Insert the Adaptec Storage Manager Installation CD into your CD drive, then restart your computer. 2 When prompted, select the language you want, then press Enter.
Chapter 6: Creating a Bootable Array 7 ● 41 Review the information that is displayed. Note: In DAS environments, Adaptec Storage Manager uses the term logical drives when referring to arrays (see page 12). In this example, Adaptec Storage Manager has used thirteen equal-sized disk drives to automatically create one logical drive with RAID 5 and a hot spare.
Installing the Driver and an Operating System 7 In this chapter... Before You Begin .................................................................................................................... 43 Creating a Driver Disk ........................................................................................................... 43 Installing with Windows ........................................................................................................ 44 Installing with Red Hat Linux .........
Chapter 7: Installing the Driver and an Operating System ● 43 Before You Begin ● Install and connect your Adaptec RAID controller and internal disk drives (see page 31). ● Create a bootable array (see page 37). ● Create a driver disk (see the following section). Creating a Driver Disk Note: You will need a floppy disk to complete this task. To create a driver disk: 1 Set your system BIOS so that your computer boots from the CD drive. (For instructions, refer to your computer’s documentation.
Chapter 7: Installing the Driver and an Operating System ● 44 Installing with Windows Note: You will need your Windows Installation CD to complete this task. To install the Adaptec RAID controller driver while installing Windows: 1 Insert your Windows CD, then restart the computer. 2 Follow the on-screen instructions to begin the Windows installation. 3 When prompted to install a third-party driver, press F6. Note: When F6 is active, a prompt appears at the bottom of the screen for only 5 seconds.
Chapter 7: Installing the Driver and an Operating System ● 45 Installing with SUSE Linux To install the Adaptec RAID controller driver while installing SUSE Linux: 1 Insert the first SUSE Installation CD. 2 Restart your computer. 3 When the SUSE installation selection screen appears, choose the type of installation you want, then press the F6 key to indicate the use of a driver disk. (If F6 is not shown on the screen, you may have an older version of SUSE; press the Alt key instead.
Chapter 7: Installing the Driver and an Operating System 8 ● 46 From the lower window menu, select Continue, then press Enter. If the driver installation process fails, the server console is displayed so you can see the cause of the failure. To modify disk partitions, apply hot fixes, or perform volume maintenance, refer to your NetWare documentation. 9 Continue with Managing Your Storage Space on page 55.
Chapter 7: Installing the Driver and an Operating System ● 47 Installing with UnixWare Note: You will need your UnixWare Installation CD to complete this task. To install the driver when installing UnixWare: 1 Insert the UnixWare Installation CD. 2 Restart your computer. 3 Follow the on-screen instructions to begin the UnixWare installation. 4 When prompted to load more HBA drivers, insert the driver disk, then select Yes. (To load more HBA drivers, repeat this step.
Chapter 7: Installing the Driver and an Operating System ● 48 If the driver fails to load, run lsdev and check for the floppy disk drive. Then, try again with the appropriate device. 7 Type boot. 8 Complete the FreeBSD installation, following the instructions included with your operating system. 9 Reboot your computer, then remove the driver disk. 10 Repeat Steps 3 through 7 the first time you boot the operating system to load the drivers again for the initial bootup.
Installing the Driver on an Existing Operating System 8 In this chapter... Before You Begin .................................................................................................................... 50 Creating a Driver Disk ........................................................................................................... 50 Installing on Windows ...........................................................................................................
Chapter 8: Installing the Driver on an Existing Operating System ● 50 Before You Begin Before you begin, install and connect your Adaptec RAID controller and internal disk drives (see page 31). You must also create a driver disk (see page 43) before you begin installing the controller driver. Creating a Driver Disk Note: You will need a floppy disk to complete this task. To create a driver disk: 1 Set your system BIOS so that your computer boots from the CD drive.
Chapter 8: Installing the Driver on an Existing Operating System ● 51 Installing on Windows To install the driver on Windows: 1 Start or restart Windows. The Found New Hardware Wizard opens and searches for the driver. 2 Insert the driver disk, select Floppy drive, then click Next. 3 Click Next, then click Next again. 4 Follow the on-screen instructions to complete the driver installation. 5 Remove the driver disk and restart your computer.
Chapter 8: Installing the Driver on an Existing Operating System 8 At the Driver Name menu, press the Insert key. 9 Insert the driver disk, press the Insert key, then press F3. ● 52 10 At the A:\ prompt, press Enter. The driver installs. 11 At the Additional Driver Option menu, select Return to driver summary, then press Enter. 12 At the Driver type menu, select Load on Additional Driver Options. 13 After the driver loads, select Continue. 14 Continue with Managing Your Storage Space on page 55.
Chapter 8: Installing the Driver on an Existing Operating System ● 53 Installing on UnixWare To install the driver on UnixWare: 1 Start your computer, then insert the driver disk. 2 Begin the driver package installer: pkgadd -d diskette1 3 At the installer prompt, type go. 4 Select 1 for the aacraid package. 5 When the installation is complete, select q to quit the installer. 6 Reboot your computer and remove the driver disk. 7 Continue with Managing Your Storage Space on page 55.
Chapter 8: Installing the Driver on an Existing Operating System 5 Reboot your computer, then remove the driver disk. Note: Currently, Adaptec Storage Manager is not supported on FreeBSD. To create and manage arrays, use the ARC utility. See page 57 for more information.
Managing Your Storage Space 9 In this chapter... About Adaptec Storage Manager........................................................................................... 56 About the Adaptec RAID Controller Configuration Utility ................................................ 56 About the Adaptec RAID Configuration Utility................................................................... 57 About the Adaptec Flash Utility .................................................................................
Chapter 9: Managing Your Storage Space ● 56 About Adaptec Storage Manager Note: Currently, Adaptec Storage Manager is not supported on FreeBSD. To create and manage arrays, use theARC utility. See page 57 for more information. Adaptec Storage Manager is a full-featured software application that helps you build a storage space for your online data, using Adaptec RAID controllers and disk drives.
Chapter 9: Managing Your Storage Space ● 57 About the Adaptec RAID Configuration Utility The Adaptec RAID Configuration (ARC) utility is a BIOS-based utility that you can use to create and manage controllers, disk drives and other devices, and arrays. The ARC utility comprises these tools: ● Array Configuration Utility (ACU)—For creating and managing arrays, and initializing and rescanning disk drives. (ACU for DOS is also available. See page 86.
Solving Problems 10 In this chapter... Troubleshooting Checklist ..................................................................................................... 59 Silencing the Alarm ................................................................................................................ 59 Recovering from a Disk Drive Failure ................................................................................... 59 Resetting the Controller.......................................................
Chapter 10: Solving Problems ● 59 Troubleshooting Checklist If you encounter difficulties installing or using your Adaptec RAID controller, check these items first: ● With your computer powered off, check the connections to each disk drive, power supply, LED connector, and so on. Try disconnecting and reconnecting disk drives from the Adaptec RAID controller. ● Check that your Adaptec RAID controller is installed in a compatible expansion slot (PCI, PCI-X, or PCIe).
Chapter 10: Solving Problems ● 60 Failed Disk Drive Protected by a Hot Spare When an array is protected by a hot spare, if a disk drive in that array fails the hot spare is automatically incorporated into the array and takes over for the failed drive. To recover from the failure: 1 Remove and replace the failed disk drive (following manufacturer’s instructions).
Chapter 10: Solving Problems ● 61 Multiple Failures in the Same Array Except in RAID 6 and RAID 60 arrays (see page 69), if more than one disk drive fails at the same time in the same array, the data can’t be recovered. Correct the cause of the failure or replace the failed disk drives. Then, restore your data (if available). Note: In some instances, RAID 10 and RAID 50 arrays may survive multiple disk drive failures, depending on which disk drives fail.
Introduction to Serial Attached SCSI A In this appendix... Terminology Used in This Chapter ....................................................................................... 63 What is SAS? ........................................................................................................................... 63 How Do SAS Devices Communicate? ................................................................................... 64 What’s a Phy? .....................................................
Appendix A: Introduction to Serial Attached SCSI ● 63 Terminology Used in This Chapter For convenience, SAS HBAs and SAS RAID controllers are referred to generically in this chapter as SAS cards. HBAs, RAID controllers, disk drives, and external disk drive enclosures are referred to as end devices and expanders are referred to as expander devices. For convenience, this chapter refers to end devices and expander devices collectively as SAS devices.
Appendix A: Introduction to Serial Attached SCSI ● 64 How Do SAS Devices Communicate? SAS devices communicate with each other through links. A link is a physical connection between two phys. As shown in the following figure, SAS devices contain ports (see page 65), ports contain phys, and each phy contains one transmitter and one receiver—one transceiver. A phy can belong to one port only.
Appendix A: Introduction to Serial Attached SCSI ● 65 What’s a SAS Port? Note: Because the physical link between SAS devices is from phy to phy, rather than port to port, a “port” is more of a virtual concept, different from what is normally considered a port on other types of RAID controllers and storage devices. A port is one or more phys. A narrow port contains one phy. A wide port typically contains four phys.
Appendix A: Introduction to Serial Attached SCSI ● 66 How are Disk Drives Identified in SAS? In the BIOS and in the management utilities (see page 55), disk drives are identified with numbers in this format: XX:YY:ZZ where XX is the disk drive count number, YY is the enclosure number, and ZZ is the slot number (within the enclosure). If the disk drive is not installed in an enclosure, a double dashes (--) appear instead of YY and ZZ (for instance, 01:--:--).
Appendix A: Introduction to Serial Attached SCSI ● 67 SAS Expander Connections A SAS expander device literally expands the number of end devices that you can connect together. Expander devices, typically embedded into a system backplane (see page 66), support large configurations of SAS end devices, including SAS cards and SAS and SATA disk drives. With expander devices, you can build large and complex storage topologies. There are two types of SAS expanders: fanout expanders and edge expanders.
Appendix A: Introduction to Serial Attached SCSI ● 68 How is SAS Different from Parallel SCSI? In summary, although SAS and parallel SCSI both use the SCSI command set, how they move data from one place to another is very different. To support point-to-point serial data transport, SAS introduces new types of connectors, cables, connection options, and terminology. Generally speaking, SAS is faster and more flexible than parallel SCSI, and provides more options for building your storage space.
Understanding RAID B In this appendix... Understanding Drive Segments............................................................................................. 70 Nonredundant Arrays (RAID 0) ........................................................................................... 70 RAID 1 Arrays ........................................................................................................................ 71 RAID 1 Enhanced Arrays...........................................................
Appendix B: Understanding RAID ● 70 Understanding Drive Segments A drive segment is a disk drive or portion of a disk drive that is used to create an array. A disk drive can include both RAID segments (segments that are part of an array) and available segments. Each segment can be part of only one logical device at a time. If a disk drive is not part of any logical device, the entire disk is an available segment.
Appendix B: Understanding RAID ● 71 RAID 1 Arrays A RAID 1 array is built from two disk drives, where one disk drive is a mirror of the other (the same data is stored on each disk drive). Compared to independent disk drives, RAID 1 arrays provide improved performance, with twice the read rate and an equal write rate of single disks. However, capacity is only 50 percent of independent disk drives.
Appendix B: Understanding RAID ● 72 RAID 10 Arrays A RAID 10 array is built from two or more equal-sized RAID 1 arrays. Data in a RAID 10 array is both striped and mirrored. Mirroring provides data protection, and striping improves performance. Drive segment size is limited to the size of the smallest disk drive in the array.
Appendix B: Understanding RAID ● 73 RAID 5 Arrays A RAID 5 array is built from a minimum of three disk drives, and uses data striping and parity data to provide redundancy. Parity data provides data protection, and striping improves performance. Parity data is an error-correcting redundancy that’s used to re-create data if a disk drive fails. In RAID 5 arrays, parity data (represented by Ps in the next figure) is striped evenly across the disk drives with the stored data.
Appendix B: Understanding RAID ● 74 RAID 5EE Arrays A RAID 5EE array—also known as a hot space—is similar to a RAID 5 array except that it includes a distributed spare drive and must be built from a minimum of four disk drives. Unlike a hot spare, a distributed spare is striped evenly across the disk drives with the stored data and parity data, and can’t be shared with other logical disk drives. A distributed spare improves the speed at which the array is rebuilt following a disk drive failure.
Appendix B: Understanding RAID ● 75 RAID 50 Arrays A RAID 50 array is built from six to forty-eight disk drives configured as two or more RAID 5 arrays, and stripes stored data and parity data across all disk drives in both RAID 5 arrays. (For more information, see RAID 5 Arrays on page 73.) Note: Because they support four disk drives only, the Adaptec 2420SA RAID controller can’t support RAID 50 arrays. The parity data provides data protection, and striping improves performance.
Appendix B: Understanding RAID ● 76 RAID 6 Arrays A RAID 6 array—also known as dual drive failure protection—is similar to a RAID 5 array because it uses data striping and parity data to provide redundancy. However, RAID 6 arrays include two independent sets of parity data instead of one. Both sets of parity data are striped separately across all disk drives in the array. RAID 6 arrays provide extra protection for your data because they can recover from two simultaneous disk drive failures.
Appendix B: Understanding RAID ● 77 Selecting the Best RAID Level Use this table to select the RAID levels that are most appropriate for the logical drives on your storage space, based on the number of available disk drives and your requirements for performance and reliability.
Using the Adaptec RAID Configuration Utility C In this appendix... Introduction to the ARC Utility ............................................................................................ 79 Running the ARC Utility........................................................................................................ 79 Using the ACU to Create and Manage Arrays ...................................................................... 79 Using the -Select Utility to Modify Controller Settings ...........
Appendix C: Using the Adaptec RAID Configuration Utility ● 79 Introduction to the ARC Utility The ARC utility comprises these tools: ● The Array Configuration Utility (ACU)—For creating and managing arrays, and initializing and rescanning disk drives (see page 79). Note: Also available—ACU for DOS. See page 86. ● A -Select Utility—SerialSelect, SATASelect, or SCSISelect, for modifying your controller and disk drive settings (see page 81).
Appendix C: Using the Adaptec RAID Configuration Utility ● 80 Managing Existing Arrays To view or modify existing arrays, select Manage Arrays from the main ACU menu. From the Manage Arrays menu, you can: ● View the properties of an array. Note: Failed drives are displayed in a different text color. ● Make an array bootable (see Creating Bootable Arrays on page 80). ● Assign or remove hot spares. ● Delete an array.
Appendix C: Using the Adaptec RAID Configuration Utility ● 81 Secure Erasing Disk Drives When you perform a secure erase on a disk drive, all data on that disk drive is completely and irretrievably eradicated. Secure erase performs three distinct writing passes to the disk drive being erased—it does not just write zeros. Performing a secure erase takes up to six times longer than clearing (or zeroing) a disk drive.
Appendix C: Using the Adaptec RAID Configuration Utility ● 82 Modifying Your Controller’s Configuration Note: Default controller settings are suitable for most computers. Adaptec recommends that you do not change the default setting. To modify your controller’s settings, select Controller Configuration from the main -Select utility menu. The following table lists controller configuration options. Some options may not be available for your controller.
Appendix C: Using the Adaptec RAID Configuration Utility ● 83 SAS-specific Controller Settings In addition to the general settings listed on page 82, your Adaptec SAS controller has SASspecific settings that can be modified if required. (For more information about SAS, see page 62.) To modify SAS-specific settings, select PHY Configuration from the SerialSelect main menu. Note: Default settings are shown in bold type.
Appendix C: Using the Adaptec RAID Configuration Utility ● 84 SCSI-specific Controller Settings In addition to the general settings listed on page 82, your Adaptec SCSI controller has SCSIspecific settings that can be modified if required. To modify SCSI-specific settings, select SCSI Configuration from the SCSISelect main menu. SCSI Device Settings You can use SCSISelect to modify some of the settings on the SCSI devices connected to your SCSI controller.
Appendix C: Using the Adaptec RAID Configuration Utility ● 85 Formatting and Verifying Disk Drives You can use the disk utilities to low-level format or verify your disk drives. (New disk drives are low-level formatted at the factory and do not need to be low-level formatted again.) ! Caution: Before you format a disk drive, back up all data. Formatting destroys all data on a disk drive. To format or verify a disk drive: 1 Start the ARC utility (see page 79).
Using the Array Configuration Utility for DOS D In this appendix... Getting Started ....................................................................................................................... 87 Working in the ACU Using Menus........................................................................................ 87 Running the ACU Using Scripts............................................................................................
Appendix D: Using the Array Configuration Utility for DOS ● 87 Getting Started Note: You need a bootable floppy disk to complete this task. The ACU for DOS runs from a floppy disk which you can create using the RAID Installation CD that came in your Adaptec RAID controller kit. To create the ACU floppy disk: 1 Insert your RAID Installation CD into the CD drive, then browse to this file: packages/firmware/controllermodel/acu.exe Where controllermodel is the model number of your Adaptec RAID controller.
Appendix D: Using the Array Configuration Utility for DOS ● 88 Running the ACU Using Scripts To work in the ACU using scripts: 1 Insert the ACU floppy disk (see page 87), then start or restart your computer. The computer boots to the DOS command line. 2 Type ACU on the command line, specify a script file, and specify either the /P or /R switches listed in the following table. (Don’t specify both.) You may also add one or both of the optional switches. Note: Command line syntax is not case sensitive.
Appendix D: Using the Array Configuration Utility for DOS ● 89 About Record Mode Note: You can also create a script file manually (see the following section). In Record Mode, the ACU writes a RAID controller’s existing array configuration to a specified script file, which lets you create the same configuration by running the ACU in Playback Mode (/P switch) with the resulting script. You can only record one RAID controller at a time with Record Mode.
Appendix D: Using the Array Configuration Utility for DOS ● 90 Array Definition Block Keywords The array definition block always begins with the keyword Array and ends with the keyword End. The other required array definition keywords are Drives and Type. Array definition keywords and descriptions are listed in this table. Keyword Required? Description Array Yes Indicates the start of an array definition block. No default. See page 90.
Appendix D: Using the Array Configuration Utility for DOS ● 91 End Keyword End is a required keyword, indicating the end of the block. HotspareDrives Keyword Hotspare Drives is an optional keyword, specifying the hot spares to assign to the array. The syntax for listing hot spares is the same as the Drives Keyword on page 90. If Hotspare Drives is not specified, no hot spares are assigned to the array.
Appendix D: Using the Array Configuration Utility for DOS ● 92 Method Keyword Method is an optional keyword, indicating which method to use when creating a redundant (RAID 1, 5, and 10) array. Possible values: ● Build (the default)—Perform a Build/Verify process on the array. Takes longer than Clear, but allows you to begin using the array immediately. ● Clear—Clear the array.
Appendix D: Using the Array Configuration Utility for DOS ● 93 Type Keyword Type is a required keyword, indicating the array type. There is no default value. The possible values: Volume, RAID0, RAID1, RAID5, RAID10, or RAID50. Depending on the RAID levels supported by your RAID controller, additional possible values are: RAID1E, RAID5EE, RAID6, RAID60.
Appendix D: Using the Array Configuration Utility for DOS ● 94 ControllerID Keyword ControllerID is an optional keyword to change the SCSI ID of the controller. Normally, the SCSI controller is assigned SCSI ID 7 on each of its channels. You can specify any ID value between 0 and 7. ! Caution: Do not change the SCSI ID of the controller unless directed to do so by Adaptec Technical Support. For example: ControllerID=7 End Keyword End is a required keyword, indicating the end of the block.
Appendix D: Using the Array Configuration Utility for DOS ● 95 Sample Scripts This MS-DOS command invokes the ACU and creates arrays on controller 1 based on the array keywords defined in the script file A:\RAID.ACU. It also configures Channel 0 and saves a log of the operation in the log file C:\RAID.LOG: A:\> ACU /P A:\RAID.ACU /L C:\RAID.LOG /C1 Sample Scripts for SCSI and SAS Controllers Note: For a sample script for a SATA controller, see page 96. This sample script file is a sample RAID.
Appendix D: Using the Array Configuration Utility for DOS ● 96 Sample Script for SATA Controllers This is a sample ACU file that will initialize all disk drives connected to the SATA controller and create a RAID 5 array with the disk drives on ports 0, 1, and 2. Controller= 0,5:7:0 Controller Name=Adaptec Adaptec 2820SA Subsystem ID=0x2A1 Firmware Version=V5.1-0[6792] Total Ports=8 Port 0 = 0:0:0 Maxtor 279.479GB 279.395GB Port 1 = 0:1:0 Maxtor 279.479GB 279.395GB Port 2 = 0:2:0 Maxtor 279.479GB 279.
Using the Adaptec Flash Utility E In this appendix... System Requirements ............................................................................................................. 98 Before You Begin .................................................................................................................... 98 Running the Menu-based AFU.............................................................................................. 99 Running the AFU from the Command Line........................
Appendix E: Using the Adaptec Flash Utility ● 98 System Requirements ● MS–DOS version 5.0 or later. Note: You can’t run the AFU from a DOS command prompt window under any version of Windows. ● At least 8 MB of extended memory. Compatibility Notes ● Supports HIMEM.SYS; compatible with other DOS drivers running under HIMEM.SYS (for example, SMARTDRV.SYS and SETVER.SYS). ● Does not support DOS extenders installed in memory, such as EMM386.SYS and DOS4GW.
Appendix E: Using the Adaptec Flash Utility ● 99 Creating the Firmware Floppy Disks Note: You will need at least two bootable MS-DOS floppy disks to complete this task. You can’t create a bootable floppy disk using Windows 2000. To create the firmware floppy disks: 1 Create a bootable MS–DOS floppy disk and copy these files to it: ● AFU.exe ● Axxxx01.ufi where xxx is the model number of your controller. Note: Most controller model numbers have a suffix (for example Adaptec 4800SAS).
Appendix E: Using the Adaptec Flash Utility 6 ● 100 Complete the flash operation and restart your computer before trying to use the RAID controller again. (You can not use your RAID controller while you are updating its flash.) Running the AFU from the Command Line Note: You can also run a menu-based AFU (see page 99). To run the AFU from the command line: 1 Power off your computer, insert the first AFU floppy disk, then power on your computer.
Appendix E: Using the Adaptec Flash Utility ● 101 These switches are available: ● /C —One or more RAID controller IDs representing the set of RAID controllers on which to perform the specified command. The default is 0; if the computer has multiple RAID controllers, the AFU defaults to controller 0 unless you specify otherwise.
Appendix E: Using the Adaptec Flash Utility ● 102 Verify Compares the contents of each of the flash components on a RAID controller to the corresponding image in a UFI file, and indicates whether they match. After using the VERIFY command, you must restart the computer. The command syntax for the VERIFY command is as follows: AFU VERIFY [/C] [/D ] You can also use the /C and /D switches. See Save on page 100 for more information.
Appendix E: Using the Adaptec Flash Utility ● 103 Updating the Flash Using the AFU Command Line 1 Create the firmware floppy disks (see page 99). 2 Power off your computer, insert the first AFU floppy disk, then power on your computer. If your computer isn’t set up to boot from the bootable floppy disk, enter the system setup utility to change the setting.
Safety Information F To ensure your personal safety and the safety of your equipment: ● Keep your work area and the computer clean and clear of debris. ● Before opening the system cabinet, unplug the power cord. Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) ! Caution: ESD can damage electronic components when they are improperly handled, and can result in total or intermittent failures. Always follow ESD-prevention procedures when removing and replacing components.
Technical Specifications G In this appendix... Environmental Specifications.............................................................................................. 106 DC Power Requirements...................................................................................................... 106 Current Requirements..........................................................................................................
Appendix G: Technical Specifications Environmental Specifications Ambient temperature without battery backup module 0 °C to 50 ° C Relative humidity 10% to 90%, noncondensing Altitude Up to 3,000 meters Note: Forced airflow is recommended, but not required. DC Power Requirements Ripple and noise 50 mV peak-to-peak (max) DC Voltage 5 V ± 5%, 3.3 V ± 10% Current Requirements Adaptec Model Maximum Current (A) Adaptec 4000 1.5 A @ 3.3 VDC; 0.75 A @ 5.0 VDC Adaptec 4800SAS 1.4 A @ 3.3 VDC; 2.
Index A ACU arrays 38 creating arrays 38, 79 creating bootable arrays 80 initializing disk drives 80 managing arrays 80 rescanning disk drives 80 secure erasing disk drives 81 stopping a secure erase 81 ACU for DOS 86 to 96 array definition block keywords 90 creating a floppy disk 87 menus 87 playback mode 88 record mode 89 sample scripts 95 script file syntax 89 scripts 88 switches 88 Adaptec customer support 3 Adaptec Flash Utility.
Index C cables 28 cards.
Index event log 85 expander connections 67 expander devices 63 external devices 35 K F keyed features 17 kit contents 14 failed disk drives 59 multiple arrays 60 multiple disk drives 61 RAID 0 arrays 60 without hot spare 60 feature keys 17 firmware 98 creating floppy disks 99 firmware upgrades 17 flashing controllers 61 floppy disks for firmware update 99 formatting disk drives 85 FreeBSD driver installation 53 OS installation 47 H hard disk, hard disk drive, hard drive.
Index Q QAS setting 84 R RAID 16, 17 non-redundant arrays 70 RAID 0 70 RAID 1 71 RAID 10 72 RAID 1E 16, 71 RAID 5 73 RAID 50 75 RAID 5EE 16, 74 RAID 6 16, 76 RAID 60 17, 76 RAID controllers. See controllers RAID levels 26 record mode 89 recovering from disk drive failure 59 Red Hat driver installation 51 OS installation 44 Redundant Array of Independent Disks.
Index SCSISelect 81 secure erasing disk drives 81 stopping a secure erase 81 -Select utilities 81 applying changes 81 exiting 81 modifying controller settings 82 opening 81 Serial ATA. See SATA Serial Attached SCSI. See SAS SerialSelect 81 Small Computer System Interface.
Adaptec, Inc. 691 South Milpitas Boulevard Milpitas, CA 95035 USA ©2006 Adaptec, Inc. All rights reserved. Adaptec and the Adaptec logo are trademarks of Adaptec, Inc. which may be registered in some jurisdictions. Part Number: CDP-00185-01-A, Rev.
