® Part No.
3Com Corporation ■ 5400 Bayfront Plaza ■ Santa Clara, California ■ 95052-8154 © 3Com Corporation, 1995. All rights reserved. No part of this documentation may be reproduced in any form or by any means or used to make any derivative work (such as translation, transformation, or adaptation) without permission from 3Com Corporation.
CONTENTS ABOUT THIS GUIDE Introduction 1 How to Use This Guide 1 Conventions 2 LANplex 6000 Documentation 3 Documentation Comments 4 PART I 1 GETTING STARTED LANPLEX EXTENDED SWITCHING FEATURES About LANplex Extended Switching Using Menus to Perform Tasks 1-2 IP Menu 1-3 IPX Menu 1-4 AppleTalk Menu 1-5 2 1-1 INSTALLING EXTENDED SWITCHING SOFTWARE About Installing Software 2-1 Copying Software to a Hard Disk Copying to UNIX 2-2 Copying to DOS 2-3 Loading Software 2-4 2-1
PART II ABOUT ROUTING PROTOCOLS 3 ROUTING AND THE LANPLEX SYSTEM What is Routing? 3-1 LANplex in a Subnetted Environment 3-2 Integrating Bridging and Routing 3-3 Bridging/Routing Models 3-4 Traditional Bridging/Routing Model 3-4 LANplex Bridging/Routing Model 3-6 4 ROUTING WITH IP IP Routing and the OSI Model 4-1 The Elements of IP Routing 4-2 IP Addresses 4-2 Address Classes 4-3 The Subnet Part of the IP Address 4-3 Router Interfaces 4-4 Routing Table 4-5 Static Routes 4-6 Dynamic Routes Using RIP 4-6
Service Advertising Protocol (SAP) 5-10 Internetwork Service Information 5-10 SAP Packet Structure 5-11 Server Information Table 5-13 Server Information Maintenance 5-14 6 ROUTING WITH APPLETALK About AppleTalk 6-1 AppleTalk Network Elements 6-1 AppleTalk Networks 6-2 AppleTalk Nodes 6-2 Named Entities 6-2 AppleTalk Zones 6-3 Seed Routers 6-4 AppleTalk Protocols 6-4 Physical Connectivity 6-5 The Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP) End-to-End Services 6-6 Transport Layer Protocols 6-6 The Session Layer Protoc
Removing an ARP Cache Entry 7-10 Flushing the ARP Cache 7-10 Administering UDP Helper 7-11 Displaying UDP Helper Information 7-11 Defining a Port and IP Forwarding Address 7-12 Removing a Port and IP Forwarding Address 7-12 Setting the Hop Count Limit 7-13 Setting the BOOTP Relay Threshold 7-13 Enabling/ Disabling IP Forwarding 7-13 Setting the RIP Mode 7-14 Pinging an IP Station 7-15 Displaying IP Statistics 7-16 8 ADMINISTERING IPX ROUTING Administering Interfaces 8-2 Displaying IPX Interfaces 8-3 Defin
9 ADMINISTERING APPLETALK ROUTING Administering Interfaces 9-2 Displaying AppleTalk Interfaces 9-3 Defining an Interface 9-3 Removing an Interface 9-4 Administering Routes 9-4 Displaying the Routing Table 9-5 Flushing all Routes 9-6 Administering the AARP Cache 9-6 Displaying the AARP Cache 9-7 Removing an Entry in the Cache 9-8 Flushing All Cache Entries 9-8 Displaying the Zone Table 9-8 Configuring Forwarding 9-10 Configuring Checksum 9-10 Pinging an AppleTalk Node 9-11 Viewing Appletalk Statistics 9-11
ABOUT THIS GUIDE Introduction The LANplex 6000 Extended Switching User Guide provides information about the features included with the LANplex Extended Switching software. These features include IP, IPX, and AppleTalk routing. You will use this guide with the LANplex 6000 Administration Console User Guide when you work with the Administration Console.
2 ABOUT THIS GUIDE Conventions Table 1 and Table 2 list conventions that are used throughout this guide. Table 1 Notice Icons Icon Type Description Information Note Information notes call attention to important features or instructions. Caution Cautions alert you to personal safety risk, system damage, or loss of data. Warning Warnings alert you to the risk of severe personal injury. Table 2 Text Conventions Convention Description “Enter” vs.
LANplex 6000 Documentation 3 Table 2 Text Conventions (continued) Convention Description Keys When specific keys are referred to in the text, they are called out by their labels, such as “the Return key” or “the Escape key,” or they may be shown as [Return] or [Esc]. If two or more keys are to be pressed simultaneously, the keys are linked with a plus sign (+), for example: Press [Ctrl]+[Alt]+[Del]. Italics Italics are used to denote new terms or emphasis.
4 ABOUT THIS GUIDE ■ LANplex 6000 Administration Console User Guide Provides information about using the Administration Console to configure and manage your LANplex system. (Shipped with system/Part No. 801-00254-000) ■ LANplex 6000 Extended Switching User Guide Describes how the routing protocols are implemented in the LANplex system and provides information about using the Administration Console to configure and manage your routing protocols. (shipped with the option package/Part No.
I GETTING STARTED Chapter 1 LANplex Extended Switching Features Chapter 2 Installing Extended Switching Software
1 LANPLEX EXTENDED SWITCHING FEATURES This chapter provides an overview of the Extended Switching software, and describes the new enhanced Administration Console menus. About LANplex Extended Switching The LANplex Extended Switching software replaces your existing LANplex software and adds new functionality to your system.
1-2 CHAPTER 1: LANPLEX EXTENDED SWITCHING FEATURES Using Menus to Perform Tasks When you gain access to the Administration Console, the top-level menu appears. The Extended Switching software contains two new top-level menus (IPX and AppleTalk) and enhancements to the IP menu option: Option Descriptions Options (These vary per level of access.
Using Menus to Perform Tasks IP Menu 1-3 From the ip menu, you can view information about and configure Internet Protocol (IP) interfaces and routes. You can also administer the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), the Routing Information Protocol (RIP), UDP Helper, IP Forwarding, and ping IP stations. See Figure 1-1. For example, to define a new IP interface, you would enter ip at the top-level menu, interface at the ip menu, then define at the interface menu.
1-4 CHAPTER 1: LANPLEX EXTENDED SWITCHING FEATURES IPX Menu From the ipx menu, you can view information about and configure Internet Packet Exchange (IPX) interfaces, routes, and servers. You can also administer the Routing Information Protocol (RIP), Enhanced RIP mode, Service Advertising Protocol (SAP), and statistics. See Figure 1-2. For example, to define a new IPX interface, you would enter ipx at the top-level menu, interface at the ipx menu, then define at the interface menu.
Using Menus to Perform Tasks AppleTalk Menu 1-5 From the appletalk menu, you can view information about and configure Appletalk interfaces, routes, and zones. You can also administer the Appletalk Address Resolution Protocol (AARP), Appletalk forwarding, and statistics. See Figure 1-3. For example, to define a new appletalk interface, you would enter appletalk at the top-level menu, interface at the AppleTalk menu, then define at the interface menu.
1-6 CHAPTER 1: LANPLEX EXTENDED SWITCHING FEATURES
2 INSTALLING EXTENDED SWITCHING SOFTWARE This chapter explains how to install Extended Switching software onto your system. Refer to the LANplex 6000 Release Notes for the latest system software installation information. About Installing Software When you upgrade to the Extended Switching Software, all configuration information is preserved. You can install a new version from any host running ftp.
2-2 CHAPTER 2: INSTALLING EXTENDED SWITCHING SOFTWARE Copying to UNIX The LANplex software for a UNIX-based hard disk is distributed on four floppy diskettes. Diskettes #1, #2, and #3 contain the LANplex software. Diskette #4 contains the SNMP MIBs. The SNMP MIBs, on diskette #4, are provided so that you can compile on 3rd party applications.
Copying Software to a Hard Disk 2-3 6 Use the supplied script to decompress and restore the split file (lp6000R00, lp6000R01, and lp6000R02). # ./restore_lpxR See the README1 file for size and checksum information. Copying to DOS The LANplex software for a DOS-based hard disk is distributed on two floppy diskettes. Diskette #1 contains the LANplex software. Diskette #2 contains the SNMP MIBs. The SNMP MIBs, on diskette #3, are provided so that you can compile on 3rd party applications.
CHAPTER 2: INSTALLING EXTENDED SWITCHING SOFTWARE 2-4 Loading Software Before loading the system software on the LMM+, you must verify that the host machine, which has a copy of the updated system software, is connected to the system by one of the methods described in Chapter 3: Configuring Management Access to the System in the LANplex 6000 Administration Console User Guide. You can load the system software into flash memory while the system is operating. You do not need to bring the system down.
Loading Software 2-5 See the following screen for an example of the software installation prompts. Host IP address [192.9.200.14]:192.9.200.96 Install file path name [/usr/lp6000R/lp6000R]: User name: ronnyk Password: After the software is loaded, you are notified that installation has been completed: Installation complete.
2-6 CHAPTER 2: INSTALLING EXTENDED SWITCHING SOFTWARE
II ABOUT ROUTING PROTOCOLS Chapter 3 Routing and the LANplex System Chapter 4 Routing with IP Chapter 5 Routing with IPX Chapter 6 Routing with AppleTalk
3 ROUTING AND THE LANPLEX SYSTEM This chapter shows how the LANplex system operates in a subnetted routing environment and describes the LANplex routing methodology — specifically, how the LANplex bridging and routing model compares with traditional models. What is Routing? Routing is the process of distributing packets over potentially dissimilar networks. A router (also called a gateway) is the machine that accomplishes this task.
CHAPTER 3: ROUTING AND THE LANPLEX SYSTEM 3-2 Connecting enterprise networks Connecting subnets to the enterprise Router FDDI Backbone Sales Router Marketing Router Engineering Router Bridge Bridge Bridge Bridge Bridge Figure 3-1 Traditional Architecture of a Routed Network LANplex in a Subnetted Environment The LANplex system allows you to fit Ethernet switching capability into highly subnetted environments.
What is Routing? Integrating Bridging and Routing 3-3 The LANplex system has bridging and routing integrated into the Ethernet/FDDI Switching Module (EFSM) and the Ethernet Switching Module (ESM). The Token Ring Switching Module (TRSM) supports bridging only. Multiple switch ports can be assigned to each subnet. See Figure 3-3. Traffic between ports assigned to the same subnet is switched transparently using transparent bridging or Express switching (described in the LANplex 6000 Operation Guide).
3-4 CHAPTER 3: ROUTING AND THE LANPLEX SYSTEM Ethernet ports to expand your existing subnets. This is in contrast to more traditional forms of bridging and routing where, at most, one port is connected to any subnet. In the traditional model, if you want to increase the level of segmentation in your network, you must create additional subnets and assign new network addresses to your existing hosts.
Bridging/Routing Models Router 3-5 Bridge 3 2 Router vs. Bridge ? 1 Interfaces (ports) Networks Destination Host Transmitting Host Figure 3-4 Bridging in the Traditional Bridging/Routing Model In the traditional bridging/routing model, a packet is routed as follows (see Figure 3-5): 1 The packet enters the bridge/router. 2 The bridge/router determines that the packet belongs to a recognized routed protocol, so the packet is passed to the router.
3-6 CHAPTER 3: ROUTING AND THE LANPLEX SYSTEM LANplex Bridging/Routing Model The LANplex 6000 determines whether a packet should be bridged or routed using the destination MAC address. Before a host sends a packet to another host, it compares its own network address to the network address of the other host as follows: ■ If network addresses are on the same subnet, the packet is bridged directly to the destination host’s address.
Bridging/Routing Models 3-7 In the LANplex bridging/routing model, a packet is routed as follows (see Figure 3-7): 1 The packet enters the module. 2 The packet’s destination address is examined by the bridging layer. 3 The destination address corresponds to the address of one of the module ports configured for routing (as opposed to a learned end-station address). The packet is passed to the router interface associated with the port on which the packet was received.
3-8 CHAPTER 3: ROUTING AND THE LANPLEX SYSTEM
4 ROUTING WITH IP This chapter gives an overview of IP routing, specifically defining: IP Routing and the OSI Model ■ What IP routing involves ■ What elements are necessary for IP routers to effectively transmit packets ■ How IP routing transmission errors are detected and resolved An IP router, unlike a bridge, operates at the network layer of the OSI Reference Model. This means that it routes packets by examining the network layer address (IP address).
4-2 CHAPTER 4: ROUTING WITH IP When an IP router sends a packet over multiple physical networks, it does not know the complete path to a destination — only the next hop. Each hop involves the following: ■ The IP routing algorithm computes the next hop IP address (the next router interface) using the routing table entries. ■ ARP translates the next hop IP address into a physical MAC address. ■ The router sends the packet over the network to the next hop.
The Elements of IP Routing 4-3 Address Classes The boundary of the network part and the host part depends on the class of network you are assigned by the central agency. The primary classes of IP addresses are Class A, Class B, and Class C. ■ Class A addresses — have seven bits for the network part and 24 bits for the host part. Although only a few Class A networks can be created, each can contain a very large number of hosts.
4-4 CHAPTER 4: ROUTING WITH IP Take the IP address IP Address Subnet & Host Network Apply the subnet mask Subnet Mask 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 11 11 1 1 1 1 1 00 0 0 0 00 0 Result = subnet and host boundary networ Network Subnet subn Host Figure 4-3 How a Subnet Mask is Applied to the IP Address An example of an IP address that includes the network, subnet, and host parts is 158.101.230.52 with a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0. This address is divided as follows: ■ 158.
The Elements of IP Routing 4-5 Network 2 Network 1 Interfaces 158.101.1.2 1 2 158.101.2.2 158.101.2.1 Router Interface 1 IP Address 158.101.1.1 3 158.101.3.2 158.101.3.1 Interface Network 3 Figure 4-4 Router Interfaces Routing Table A routing table allows a router or host to determine how to send a packet toward the packet’s ultimate destination. The routing table contains an entry for every destination network, subnet, or host to which the router or host is capable of forwarding packets.
4-6 CHAPTER 4: ROUTING WITH IP Routing Table Destination IP Address Subnet Mask Metric Gateway Interface 158.101.1.1 255.255.255.0 1 158.101.1.2 1 158.101.2.1 255.255.255.0 1 158.101.2.2 2 158.101.3.1 255.255.255.0 1 158.101.3.2 3 default route 255.255.255.0 1 158.101.1.
The Elements of IP Routing 4-7 An active router sends a RIP message every 30 seconds. This message contains both the IP address and a metric (the distance to the destination from that router) for each destination. In RIP, each router that a packet must travel through to reach a destination equals one hop. Default Route In addition to the routes to specific destinations, the routing table may contain an entry called the default route.
4-8 CHAPTER 4: ROUTING WITH IP source addresses for both the hardware (MAC addresses) and the protocol (IP addresses). See Figure 4-7. ARP Request 00802322b00ad Source Hardware Address 158.101.2.1 Source Protocol Address ? Target Hardware Address 158.101.3.1 Target Protocol Address Figure 4-7 Example of an ARP Request Packet When the devices on the network receive this packet, they examine it, and if their address is not the target protocol address, they discard the packet.
IP Routing Transmission Errors IP Routing Transmission Errors 4-9 Because each router only knows about the next hop, it is not aware of problems that may be further “down the road” toward the destination.
4-10 CHAPTER 4: ROUTING WITH IP IP Routing References Comer, Douglas E. Internetworking with TCP/IP Volume I: Principles, Protocols, and Architecture. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1991. Perlman, Radia. Interconnections: Bridges and Routers. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., 1992. Sterns, Richard. TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1 The Protocols. Addison-Wesley Professional Computing Services, 1992 RFC 791. Internet Protocol Specification. RFC 792.
5 ROUTING WITH IPX This chapter provides an overview of IPX routing, specifically defining: IPX Routing in the NetWare Environment ■ What part IPX plays in the NetWare environment ■ How IPX works ■ What elements are necessary for IPX routers to transmit packets effectively NetWare is a network operating system (NOS) developed and introduced to the market by NovellTM, Inc. in the early 1980s.
5-2 CHAPTER 5: ROUTING WITH IPX Application NetWare Control Protocol (NCP) Appplications Service Advertising Protocol (SAP) Routing Information Protocol (RIP) NetWare Shell (Client) Presentation Session Netbios SPX Transport Network IPX Data Link Media Access Protocols (Ethernet, FDDI) Physical Figure 5-1 NetWare Protocols and the OSI Reference Model The LANplex system uses the following protocols for routing in a Netware environment: Internet Packet Exchange (IPX) ■ Internet Packet Exch
IPX Routing in the NetWare Environment Routing Information Protocol (RIP) 5-3 RIP allows the exchange of routing information on a NetWare network. IPX routers use RIP to dynamically create and maintain their routing tables. RIP allows a router to exchange routing information with a neighboring router. As a router becomes aware of any changes in the network layout, it broadcasts this information to any neighboring routers.
5-4 CHAPTER 5: ROUTING WITH IPX How IPX Routing Works IPX Packet Format A router operates at the network layer of the OSI Reference Model. This means that it receives its instructions to route packets from one segment to another from a network layer protocol. IPX, with the help of RIP and SAP, performs these network layer tasks. These tasks include addressing, routing, and switching information packets to move single packets from one location to another.
How IPX Routing Works 5-5 The packet format consists of the following elements: ■ Checksum — The IPX packet begins with a 16-bit checksum field that is set to ones. ■ Packet Length — This 16-bit field contains the length, in bytes, of the complete network packet. This includes both the IPX header and the data. The IPX length must be at least 30 bytes. ■ Transport Control — This 1-byte field indicates how many routers a packet has passed through on its way to its destination.
5-6 CHAPTER 5: ROUTING WITH IPX IPX Packet Delivery On a NetWare network, the successful delivery of a packet depends on the proper addressing of the packet and the internetwork configuration. Packet addressing is handled in its Media Access Control (MAC) protocol header and IPX header address fields. To send a packet to another node, the sending node must know the complete internetwork address (network, node, and socket) of the node it wishes to send to.
How IPX Routing Works 5-7 segment responds to the RIP request. The router’s response includes its network and node address in the IPX header. If the sending node is a router rather than a workstation, the router can get this information from its internal routing tables and need not send a RIP request. Once the sending node knows the router’s node address, it can send packets to the destination node.
5-8 CHAPTER 5: ROUTING WITH IPX The Elements of IPX Routing IPX routers use the following elements to transmit packets over an intranetwork: ■ Router interfaces ■ Routing tables ■ SAP Router Interfaces A router interface is the connection between the router and the network number (address). In traditional routing models, the interface would be the same as the port, since only one interface could exist per port.
The Elements of IPX Routing 5-9 ■ Hops to Network — Provides the number of routers that must be crossed to reach the network segment. ■ Ticks to Network — Provides an estimate of the time necessary to reach the destination segment. ■ Node — The node address of the router that can forward packets to each segment. When set to all zeroes, the route is directly connected. ■ Aging Timer — The time since the network’s last update. Figure 5-4 shows a typical example of a routing information table.
5-10 CHAPTER 5: ROUTING WITH IPX LANplex system uses RIP (one of the most widely used IGPs), to dynamically build its routing tables. RIP operates in terms of active and passive devices. The active devices, usually routers, broadcast their RIP messages to all devices in a network; they update their own routing tables when they receive a RIP message. The passive devices, usually hosts, listen for RIP messages and update their routing tables; they do not send RIP messages.
The Elements of IPX Routing 5-11 Workstations cannot initiate a session with a file server without first knowing the server’s address. SAP Packet Structure SAP uses IPX and the medium-access protocols for its transport.
5-12 CHAPTER 5: ROUTING WITH IPX 4=Get Nearest Server Response ■ Server Entry — Each server entry includes information regarding a particular server and consists of the following fields: ■ Service Type — This field identifies the type of service the server provides. Although IPX routers use SAP, routers typically do not act as servers and require no Server Type assignment. ■ Server Name — This field contains the 48 byte character string name that is assigned to a server.
The Elements of IPX Routing 5-13 Server Information Table A server information table holds information about all the servers on the internetwork. It is this table that SAP agents use to store information received in SAP broadcasts. Figure 5-6 shows an example of a typical server information table.
5-14 CHAPTER 5: ROUTING WITH IPX automatically change in response to network topology changes, you should only manually configure a small number of servers. Dynamic Routes Using SAP. The automated method of adding and removing services help you keep up with a changing network environment, allowing servers to advertise their services and addresses quickly and reliably. SAP provides this automated method. As servers are booted up, they advertise their services using SAP.
The Elements of IPX Routing 5-15 SAP Request Handling. When a SAP agent receives a general request, a SAP response packet containing information about all servers of any type known to the SAP agent is sent to the sending source. This response includes the same information sent out in a periodic broadcast. When the request is specific, the SAP agent sends a SAP response directly to the requesting node.
5-16 CHAPTER 5: ROUTING WITH IPX
6 ROUTING WITH APPLETALK This chapter provides an overview of AppleTalk routing, and specifically defines these topics: ■ Appletalk Network Elements ■ AppleTalk Protocols ■ About AARP About AppleTalk AppleTalk is a protocol suite defined by Apple Computer, Inc., for connecting computers and peripherals, and other devices on a network. AppleTalk protocols support most of the functions offered by the Open Standards Interconnection (OSI) reference model.
6-2 CHAPTER 6: ROUTING WITH APPLETALK AppleTalk Networks A network in an AppleTalk internet is a cable segment attached to a router. Each network is identified by a network number or range of network numbers. The network administrator assigns these numbers from a range of valid network numbers. Two AppleTalk network numbering systems are currently in use: nonextended (Phase 1) and extended (Phase 2). 3Com routers support extended network numbers.
AppleTalk Network Elements AppleTalk Zones 6-3 An AppleTalk zone is a logical collection of nodes on an AppleTalk internet. A zone can include all nodes in a single network or a collection of nodes in different networks. You assign a unique name to each zone to identify it in the internet. Figure 6-1 illustrates the relationship between physical AppleTalk networks and logical AppleTalk zones.
6-4 CHAPTER 6: ROUTING WITH APPLETALK You will gain access to the printer more quickly within the zone because the zone includes fewer devices than the entire internet. Seed Routers A seed router initializes the internet with AppleTalk configuration information including network numbers and zone names. The seed router broadcasts this information so that nonseed routers can learn it. You can designate a seed router through the Administration Console.
AppleTalk Protocols 6-5 OSI Reference Model Application AppleTalk Filing Protocol (AFP) PostScript Presentation Session Transport AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol (ADSP) Zone Information Protocol (ZIP) Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP) Network Link Physical AppleTalk Echo Protocol (AEP) AppleTalk Session Protocol (ASP) Printer Access Protocoo (PAP) AppleTalk Transaction Protocol (ATP) Name Binding Protocol (NBP) Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP) TokenTalk Link Access Protocol (TLAP)
6-6 CHAPTER 6: ROUTING WITH APPLETALK The AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol (AARP), which translates hardware addresses to AppleTalk addresses, also exists at the datalink layer because it is closely related to the Ethernet and token ring LAPs. This protocol is usually included in the definition of each LAP, so it does not appear in the reference model. Refer to the section “About AARP” for more information about this protocol.
AppleTalk Protocols 6-7 Each router builds a routing table that is the basis of dynamic routing operations in an AppleTalk internet. Every ten seconds, each router sends an RTMP data packet to the network. Routers use the information that they receive in the RTMP broadcasts to build their routing tables.
6-8 CHAPTER 6: ROUTING WITH APPLETALK Network 5-5 802 Network 64-64 801 36 Network 18-20 Interface 2 200 24 Interface 1 Interface 3 Network 12-12 Network 103-103 Figure 6-3 A Simple AppleTalk Network Table 6-1 The Routing Table for Router 24 Network Range Distance Interface State 5-5 1 2 Good 12-12 3 3 Good 18-20 2 3 Good 103-103 0 1 Good 64-64 1 3 Good You can view the AppleTalk routing tables in your network through the Administration Console.
AppleTalk Protocols 6-9 The AppleTalk Transaction Protocol (ATP). ATP, along with the AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol (ADSP), ensures that DDP packets are delivered to a destination without any losses or corruption. The Name Binding Protocol (NBP). The NBP translates alphanumeric entity names to AppleTalk addresses. The NBP maintains a table that references the addresses of nodes and named entities that reside in that node.
6-10 CHAPTER 6: ROUTING WITH APPLETALK The AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol (ADSP). The ADSP works with the ATP to ensure reliable data transmission. Unlike ATP, however, ADSP provides full-duplex byte-stream delivery. This means that two nodes can communicate simultaneously. ASDP also includes flow control, so that a fast sender does not overwhelm a slow receiver. The AppleTalk Session Protocol (ASP). The ASP passes commands between a workstation and a server once a connection is made between the two.
About AARP 6-11 If an address is not in this table, AARP sends a request to the protocol address and adds the hardware address to the table when the destination node replies. You can view this table, called the AARP Cache, through the Administration Console.
6-12 CHAPTER 6: ROUTING WITH APPLETALK
III ADMINISTERING ROUTING PROTOCOLS Chapter 7 Administering IP Routing Chapter 8 Administering IPX Routing Chapter 9 Administering AppleTalk Routing
7 ADMINISTERING IP ROUTING This chapter describes how to set up your LANplex system to route packets using IP. For more information about how IP works, see Part II of this Guide. You can display and/or configure the following: ■ IP interfaces ■ Routes ■ Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) cache ■ UDP Helper ■ IP forwarding ■ Routing Information Protocol (RIP) ■ Ping ■ IP statistics Each switching module operates as a separate IP router.
7-2 CHAPTER 7: ADMINISTERING IP ROUTING packets to or from the switching module itself. Second, the IP address defines the network and subnet numbers of the segments connected to that interface. Packets to be forwarded by the switching module contain the IP addresses of the original source and the ultimate destination. ■ Subnet Mask A subnet mask is a 32 bit number that uses the same format and representation as IP addresses.
Administering Interfaces Displaying Interfaces 7-3 You can display a table that shows all IP interfaces configured for each switching module in the system, including their parameter settings.
7-4 CHAPTER 7: ADMINISTERING IP ROUTING 6 Enter the cost value of the interface. 7 Enter the port(s) that you want to include in the interface. Separate nonconsecutive ports with commas (,). Enter a consecutive series of ports using a dash (-). See the example below: Select slot {3-4} [3-4]: 3 Enter IP address: 158.101.1.1 Enter subnet mask [255.255.0.0]: 255.255.255.0 Enter broadcast address [158.101.1.
Administering Routes Removing an Interface Top-Level Menu system ethernet ➧ interface fddi display tokenring route define arp bridge udpHelper modify ➧ ip forwarding ➧ remove ipx appletalk rip ping snmp analyzer statistics script logout 7-5 You may want to remove an interface if you no longer route on the ports associated with the interface.
7-6 CHAPTER 7: ADMINISTERING IP ROUTING ■ Status The status of the route provides the information described in Table 7-1.
Administering Routes 7-7 Slot 3 - IP forwarding is enabled, RIP is passive. Destination Default Route 10.0.0.0 129.213.0.0 137.39.0.0 139.87.0.0 Defining a Static Route Subnet mask -255.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 255.255.0.0 255.255.0.0 Metric 2 8 7 2 4 Gateway 158.101.112.250 158.101.112.254 158.101.112.254 158.101.112.250 158.101.112.
7-8 CHAPTER 7: ADMINISTERING IP ROUTING Removing a Route Top-Level Menu system ethernet fddi interface tokenring display bridge ➧ route static arp ➧ ip ➧ remove udpHelper ipx forwarding flush appletalk default rip snmp noDefault ping analyzer statistics script logout To remove a route: 1 From the top level of the Administration Console, enter: ip route remove 2 Enter the slot of the switching module for which you want to remove a static route. 3 Enter the destination IP address of the route.
Administering the ARP Cache Removing the Default Route Top-Level Menu system ethernet fddi tokenring interface display bridge ➧ route static arp ➧ ip remove udpHelper ipx flush forwarding appletalk default rip snmp ➧ noDefault ping analyzer statistics script logout Administering the ARP Cache Displaying the ARP Cache 7-9 If a switching module’s routing table does not contain a default route — either statically configured or learned using RIP — then it cannot forward a packet that does not match any ot
7-10 CHAPTER 7: ADMINISTERING IP ROUTING The contents of the ARP cache are displayed as shown in the example below. Slot 3- IP forwarding is enabled, IP Address MAC Address 158.101.1.112 08-00-1e-31-a6-2 158.101.1.
Administering UDP Helper Administering UDP Helper 7-11 UDP Helper allows you to send User Datagram Protocol (UDP) packets between routed networks. UDP Helper provides support for UDP services such as BOOTP or DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), that rely on the BOOTP relay agent. For example, by configuring the logical BOOTP port, you can boot hosts through the router. It also provides a relay agent for DHCP broadcasts.
7-12 CHAPTER 7: ADMINISTERING IP ROUTING Defining a Port and IP Forwarding Address Top-Level Menu system ethernet fddi interface tokenring display route bridge ➧ define arp ➧ ip ➧ udpHelper remove ipx forwarding hopCountLimit appletalk threshold rip snmp ping analyzer statistics script logout You can define port numbers and IP forwarding addresses for the UDP Helper. You can have up to 32 combinations of port numbers/IP forwarding addresses per router.
Enabling/ Disabling IP Forwarding Setting the Hop Count Limit 7-13 You can set the maximum hop count that a packet is forwarded through the router. The range is 0 through 16. The default is 4.
7-14 CHAPTER 7: ADMINISTERING IP ROUTING To enable or disable IP forwarding: Top-Level Menu system ethernet fddi interface tokenring route bridge arp ➧ ip udpHelper ipx ➧ forwarding appletalk rip snmp ping analyzer statistics script logout 1 From the top level of the Administration Console, enter: ip forwarding 2 Enter the slot(s) of the switching module(s) for which you want to enable IP forwarding. Separate non-consecutive slots with commas (,). Enter a consecutive series of slots using a dash (-).
Pinging an IP Station 7-15 See the example below: Select slot(s) (3-4|all) [3-4]: all Slot 3 - Select RIP mode (off,passive,active) [passive]: active Slot 4 - Select RIP mode (off,passive,active) [passive]: active Pinging an IP Station Ping uses the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) echo facility to send an ICMP echo request packet to the IP station you specify. It then waits for an ICMP echo reply packet.
7-16 CHAPTER 7: ADMINISTERING IP ROUTING Displaying IP Statistics The IP statistics you can view are described in Table 7-2.
8 ADMINISTERING IPX ROUTING This chapter describes how to set up your LANplex system to use the Internet Packet Exchange (IPX) protocol to route packets. For more information about how IPX works, see Part II of this Guide.
8-2 CHAPTER 8: ADMINISTERING IPX ROUTING Administering Interfaces You define interfaces to establish the relationship between the ports on your EFSMs and the network in your IPX network. You must define one interface for each group of ports that are connected to the same network. This means that every EFSM has one interface defined for each network to which it is directly connected.
Administering Interfaces Displaying IPX Interfaces 8-3 You can display a table that shows all IPX interfaces and their parameter settings configured for each EFSM in the system.
8-4 CHAPTER 8: ADMINISTERING IPX ROUTING 6 Enter the port(s) that you want to include in the interface. Separate non-consecutive ports with commas (,). Enter a consecutive series of ports using a dash (-). See the example below: Select slot {3-4} [3-4]: 3 Enter Enter Enter Enter IPX Address: 0x45469f30 Cost: 1 Frame Format (Ethernet II: 0, 802.2: 1, Raw 802.
Administering Routes Administering Routes 8-5 Each EFSM maintains a table of routes to other IPX networks. You can either use the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) to exchange routing information automatically or make static entries in this table using the Administration Console. Each routing table entry contains the following information: ■ Address The 4-byte IPX network address of a segment currently known to the router.
8-6 CHAPTER 8: ADMINISTERING IPX ROUTING Displaying the Routing Table You can display the routing tables for the EFSMs in a system to determine which routes are configured and if they are operational.
Administering Routes 8-7 6 Enter the node address of the route.
8-8 CHAPTER 8: ADMINISTERING IPX ROUTING Administering Servers Each EFSM maintains a table of servers on other IPX networks. You can either use the Service Advertising Protocol (SAP) to exchange server information automatically or make static entries in this table using the Administration Console. Each server table contains the following information: ■ Name The user-defined name of the server. ■ Type The type of service provided by the server.
Administering Servers 8-9 In the following example, servers known to an EFSM in slot 3 are displayed. The configuration of IPX forwarding, RIP, and SAP is indicated in the display.
8-10 CHAPTER 8: ADMINISTERING IPX ROUTING Select slot {3-4} [3-4]: 3 Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Removing a Server Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface route fddi display tokenring ➧ server static bridge forwarding ➧ remove ip rip flush enhanced ➧ ipx sap appletalk statistics snmp analyzer script logout Interface number: 1 service type: 4 service name: gb201 IPX address: 0x8c14a238 socket: 0x8059 node address: 00-00-2e-f3-56-01 hops: 2 To remove a server: 1 From the Administration Con
Setting IPX Forwarding Setting IPX Forwarding 8-11 You can control whether an EFSM forwards or discards IPX packets addressed to other routers. When you enable IPX forwarding, the EFSM acts as a normal IPX router, forwarding IPX packets from one network to another when required. When you disable IPX forwarding, the EFSM discards any IPX packets not addressed directly to one of its defined IPX interfaces. By default, IPX forwarding is disabled on all EFSMs.
8-12 CHAPTER 8: ADMINISTERING IPX ROUTING RIP default mode By default, RIP is off. To set the RIP operating mode: Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface route fddi tokenring server forwarding bridge ip ➧ rip enhanced ➧ ipx appletalk sap statistics snmp analyzer script logout Setting the Enhanced RIP Mode Enhanced RIP default 1 From the Administration Console top-level menu, enter: ipx rip 2 Enter the slot(s) of the EFSM(s) for which you want to set the RIP mode.
Setting the SAP Mode Setting the SAP Mode 8-13 You can select a SAP mode that is appropriate for your network. SAP can operate in any of three modes: ■ Off — The EFSM ignores all incoming SAP packets and does not generate any SAP packets of its own. ■ Passive — The EFSM processes all incoming SAP packets, but does not broadcast periodic or triggered SAP updates, or respond to SAP requests.
8-14 CHAPTER 8: ADMINISTERING IPX ROUTING Displaying Statistics The Administration Console allows you to display four types of IPX-related statistics: Displaying IPX Summary Statistics ■ IPX Summary statistics ■ IPX RIP statistics ■ IPX SAP statistics ■ IPX Forwarding statistics To display IPX summary statistics: 1 From the Administration Console top-level menu, enter: Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface route fddi ➧ summary tokenring server rip forwarding bridge sap rip ip forwarding enha
Displaying Statistics Displaying IPX RIP Statistics 8-15 To display IPX RIP statistics: 1 From the Administration Console top-level menu, enter: Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface route fddi summary tokenring server ➧ rip forwarding sap bridge rip ip forwarding enhanced ➧ ipx appletalk sap ➧ statistics snmp analyzer script logout ipx statistics rip 2 Enter the slot(s) of the EFSM(s) for which you want to view IPX RIP statistics. Separate non-consecutive slots with commas (,).
8-16 CHAPTER 8: ADMINISTERING IPX ROUTING Displaying IPX SAP Statistics To display IPX SAP statistics 1 From the Administration Console top-level menu, enter: Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface route fddi summary tokenring server rip forwarding ➧ sap bridge rip ip forwarding enhanced ➧ ipx appletalk sap ➧ statistics snmp analyzer script logout ipx statistics sap 2 Enter the slot(s) of the EFSM(s) for which you want to view IPX SAP statistics. Separate non-consecutive slots with commas (,).
Displaying Statistics Displaying IPX Forwarding Statistics 8-17 To display IPX Forwarding statistics: 1 From the Administration Console top-level menu, enter: Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface route summary fddi rip tokenring server forwarding sap bridge rip ip ➧ forwarding enhanced ➧ ipx appletalk sap ➧ statistics snmp analyzer script logout ipx statistics forwarding 2 Enter the slot(s) of the EFSM(s) for which you want to view IPX forwarding statistics.
8-18 CHAPTER 8: ADMINISTERING IPX ROUTING Table 8-4 IPX Forwarding Statistics Field Description Received Number of IPX Forwarding packets received Transmitted Number of IPX Forwarding packets transmitted Forwarded Number of IPX packets forwarded by the IPX router Hdr Errors Number of IPX packets dropped due to IPX Network layer header errors Hop Count Errors Number of IPX packets dropped due to exceeded maximum transport control Addr Errors Number of IPX packet dropped due to IPX Address erro
ADMINISTERING APPLETALK ROUTING 9 This chapter describes how to set up your LANplex system to use the AppleTalk protocol to route packets. For more information on how AppleTalk routing works, see Part II of this Guide. You can display and/or configure the following: ■ AppleTalk interfaces ■ Routes ■ AARP cache ■ Zones ■ AppleTalk Forwarding ■ Checksum generation/verification ■ AppleTalk statistics Each Ethernet/FDDI Switching Module (EFSM) operates as a separate AppleTalk router.
9-2 CHAPTER 9: ADMINISTERING APPLETALK ROUTING Administering Interfaces You define interfaces to establish the relationship between the ports on your EFSMs and the subnets in your network. You must define one interface for each group of ports that are connected to the same subnet. This means that every EFSM has one interface defined for each network to which it is directly connected. The maximum number of interfaces you can configure per router is 18.
Administering Interfaces 9-3 unassigned ports. However, AppleTalk packets will not be forwarded to ports that are not assigned to an AppleTalk interface. Displaying AppleTalk Interfaces You can display a table that shows all AppleTalk interfaces and their parameter settings configured for each EFSM in the system.
9-4 CHAPTER 9: ADMINISTERING APPLETALK ROUTING 5 Enter the end of the network range associated with the interface. 6 Enter the default zone name. The default zone name is used by clients that have not been configured to use a particular zone. 7 Enter the zone name. You can enter up to 16 zone names per interface. 8 Type q after entering all the zone names. 9 Enter the ports you want to include on the interface. Separate non-consecutive ports with commas (,).
Administering Routes ■ 9-5 Distance The distance in hops to the destination network ■ Interface The defined interface number ■ State The status (good, suspect, bad, or really bad) of each route Displaying the Routing Table You can display the routing tables for the EFSMs in a system to determine which routes are configured and if they are operational.
9-6 CHAPTER 9: ADMINISTERING APPLETALK ROUTING Flushing all Routes Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface fddi ➧ route display tokenring aarp ➧ flush bridge zone ip forwarding ipx checksum ➧ appletalk ping statistics snmp analyzer script logout Flushing deletes all dynamically learned routes from the routing table.
Administering the AARP Cache Displaying the AARP Cache Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface route fddi ➧ display tokenring ➧ aarp remove bridge zone flush ip forwarding ipx checksum ➧ appletalk ping statistics snmp analyzer script logout 9-7 You can display the AARP cache for the EFSMs in a system to determine which routes are configured and if they are operational.
9-8 CHAPTER 9: ADMINISTERING APPLETALK ROUTING Removing an Entry in the Cache Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface route fddi display tokenring ➧ aarp ➧ remove bridge zone flush ip forwarding ipx checksum ➧ appletalk ping statistics snmp analyzer script logout Flushing All Cache Entries Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface route fddi display tokenring ➧ aarp remove bridge zone ➧ flush ip forwarding ipx checksum ➧ appletalk ping statistics snmp analyzer script logout Displaying the Zone Table To
Displaying the Zone Table 9-9 In the Administration Console, you can display the zone table either by network numbers or by zones.
9-10 CHAPTER 9: ADMINISTERING APPLETALK ROUTING Configuring Forwarding Top-Level Menu system interface ethernet route fddi tokenring aarp zone bridge ip ➧ forwarding ipx checksum ➧ appletalk ping statistics snmp analyzer script logout Configuring Checksum You can control whether the router forwards or discards AppleTalk packets addressed to other hosts. When you enable forwarding, the router processes packets as usual, forwarding AppleTalk packets from one subnet to another when required.
Pinging an AppleTalk Node Pinging an AppleTalk Node The AppleTalk Echo Protocol (AEP) sends a datagram (an Echo Request) from one node to another, which causes the destination node to return or echo, the datagram (an Echo Reply) to the sender. This allows you to determine whether a node is accessible before any sessions are started.
9-12 CHAPTER 9: ADMINISTERING APPLETALK ROUTING An example of summary statistics is shown below: Slot 2 - DDP forwarding is enabled.
Viewing Appletalk Statistics 9-13 Table 9-1 AppleTalk Statistics (continued) Displaying RTMP Information Field Description inTooFars Number of input datagrams dropped because this entity was not their final destination and their hop count would exceed 15 inDiscards Number of DDP Datagrams thrown out during the routing process outLocals Number of host-generated DDP datagrams To display RTMP statistics: 1 From the Administration Console top-level menu, enter: Top-Level Menu system ethernet interf
9-14 CHAPTER 9: ADMINISTERING APPLETALK ROUTING Table 9-2 RTMP Statistics (continued) Displaying ZIP Information Field Description routeEqChgs Number of times RTMP changes the Next Internet Router in a routing entry because the hop count advertised in a routing table was equal to the current hop count for a particular network routeLessChgs Number of times RTMP changes the Next Internet Router in a routing entry because the hop count advertised in a routing table was less than the current hop count
Viewing Appletalk Statistics 9-15 An example of summary statistics is shown below: Slot 2 - DDP forwarding is enabled.
9-16 CHAPTER 9: ADMINISTERING APPLETALK ROUTING Table 9-3 ZIP Statistics (continued) Displaying NBP Information Field Description outReplies Number of ZIP replies sent outExReplies Number of ZIP extended replies sent outGniRequests Number of ZIP GetNetInfo packets sent outGniReplies Number of ZIP GetNetInfo reply packets sent out of this port outzoneInvs Number of times this entity has sent a ZIP GetNetInfo reply with the zone invalid bit set in response to a GetNetInfo request with an invali
Viewing Appletalk Statistics 9-17 The NBP statistics you can view are described in Table 9-4: Table 9-4 NBP Statistics Field Description inLkupReqs Number of NBP Lookup Requests received inBcastsReqs Number of NBP Broadcast Requests received inFwdReqs Number of NBP Forward Requests received inLkupReplies Number of NBP Lookup Replies received inErrors Number of NBP packets received that were rejected for any error
9-18 CHAPTER 9: ADMINISTERING APPLETALK ROUTING
IV APPENDIX Appendix A Technical Support
A TECHNICAL SUPPORT 3Com provides easy access to technical support information through a variety of services. This appendix describes these services.
A-2 APPENDIX A: TECHNICAL SUPPORT Country Data Rate Telephone Number U.S. up to 28800 bps (1) (408) 980 8204 Access by ISDN ISDN users can dial-in to 3ComBBS using a digital modem for fast access up to 56 Kbps. To access 3ComBBS using ISDN, dial the following number: (408) 654-2703 World Wide Web Site Access the latest networking information on 3Com’s World Wide Web site by entering our URL into your Internet browser: http://www.3Com.
Support from Your Network Supplier Country Telephone Number U.K. (44) (1442) 278279 U.S.
A-4 APPENDIX A: TECHNICAL SUPPORT Support from 3Com If you are unable to receive support from your network supplier, technical support contracts are available from 3Com. In the U.S. and Canada, call (800) 876-3266 for customer service. If you are outside the U.S.
INDEX Numerics 3Com Bulletin Board Service (3ComBBS) A-1 3Com sales offices A-4 3ComFacts A-2 A AARP 6-10 AARP cache administering 9-6 displaying 9-7 removing an entry from 9-8 address classes 4-3 IP 7-1 IP to MAC, translating 7-9 MAC 3-3 network 3-3 Address Resolution Protocol.
2 INDEX conventions notice icons 2 text 2 cost of IP interface 7-2 See also metric G gateway IP address 7-5 routing table, and the 4-5 See also router D H datagram delivery protocol 6-6 datagrams, statistics 7-16 data-link layer 4-1 DDP statistics 9-11 default route, IP defined 4-7, 7-6 removing 7-9 setting 7-8 direct, route status 7-6 documentation for the LANplex system 3 DOS copying software to 2-3 software media 2-1 dynamic routes 4-6, 5-14 See also RIP See also SAP dynamic routes, IPX 5-9 hard d
INDEX RIP mode 7-14 routes 7-5 statistics, displaying 7-16 IP address address classes 4-3 configuring 7-3 defined 4-2 derived from 4-2 division of network and host 4-2 example 4-4 for IP interface 7-1 network layer and the 4-1 RIP, and 4-6 routing table, and the 4-5 software installation, and 2-4 subnet mask, and the 4-3 subnet part 4-3 IP forwarding configuring 7-13 IP interface address 7-1 broadcast address 7-2 cost 7-2 defining 7-3 displaying 7-3 removing definition 7-5 subnet mask 7-2 IP route default
4 INDEX network layer, AppleTalk 6-6 network numbers extended 6-2 nonextended 6-2 network supplier support A-3 nodes AppleTalk 6-2 nonextended network numbers 6-2 O on-line technical services A-1 OSI 6-5 OSI Reference Model AppleTalk routing and 6-5 IP routing and 4-1 IPX routing and 5-2 P PAP 6-10 physical layer, AppleTalk 6-5 pinging AppleTalk node 9-11 IP station 7-15 port including in IP interface 7-2 printer access protocol 6-10 protocol AppleTalk routing table maintenance 6-6 R references Comer 4
INDEX S T SAP technical support A-1 ThreeComForum A-2 timing out, IP route status 7-6 transmission errors ICMP Redirect 4-9 reasons for 4-9 aging mechanism 5-14 packet structure 5-11 request handling 5-15 using for dynamic routes 5-14 SAP mode setting 8-13 SAP statistics, displaying 8-16 seed routers 6-4 segmentation, increasing 3-3 server defining a static IPX 8-8 server table contents 5-13 described 5-13 displaying 8-8 Service Advertisement Protocol.
6 INDEX
LIMITED WARRANTY HARDWARE: 3Com warrants its hardware products to be free from defects in workmanship and materials, under normal use and service, for the following lengths of time from the date of purchase from 3Com or its Authorized Reseller: Internetworking products Network adapters Ethernet stackable hubs and Unmanaged Ethernet fixed port repeaters Power supply and fans in these stackable hubs and unmanaged repeaters Other hardware products Spare parts and spares kits One year Lifetime Lifetime Oneyear
