® Part No.
3Com Corporation ■ 5400 Bayfront Plaza ■ Santa Clara, California ■ 95052-8145 © 3Com Corporation, 1996. All rights reserved. No part of this documentation may be reproduced in any form or by any means or used to make any derivative work (such as translation, transformation, or adaptation) without permission from 3Com Corporation.
CONTENTS ABOUT THIS GUIDE Introduction 1 How to Use This Guide 1 Conventions 2 LANplex 2500 Documentation 3 Documentation Comments 5 PART I 1 GETTING STARTED LANPLEX® EXTENDED SWITCHING FEATURES About LANplex Extended Switching Using Menus 1-2 Bridge Menu 1-3 IP Menu 1-4 IPX Menu 1-5 Appletalk Menu 1-6 1-1 PART II VIRTUAL LAN TECHNOLOGY 2 VLANS ON THE LANPLEX® SYSTEM About VLANs 2-1 Types of VLANs 2-1 Port Group VLANs 2-1 MAC Address Group VLANS 2-2 Application-Oriented VLANS 2-2 Protocol-Sensitive
Modifying the Default VLAN 2-5 How the LANplex® System Makes Flooding Decisions VLAN Exception Flooding 2-6 Overlapped IP VLANs 2-7 Routing Between VLANs 2-8 VLAN Examples 2-10 Example 1 2-10 Example 2 2-11 PART III 3 ABOUT ROUTING PROTOCOLS BRIDGING AND ROUTING IN THE LANPLEX® SYSTEM What Is Routing? 3-1 LANplex in a Subnetworked Environment 3-2 Integrating Bridging and Routing 3-3 Bridging and Routing Models 3-4 Traditional Bridging and Routing Model 3-4 LANplex Bridging and Routing Model 3-6 4 2-5 R
ROUTING WITH IP MULTICAST About IP Multicast Routing 5-1 IGMP 5-1 DVMRP 5-2 The MBONE 5-2 Multicast Routing Algorithms 5-3 Flooding 5-3 Spanning Trees 5-3 Reverse Path Forwarding 5-4 Pruning 5-5 Multicast Interfaces 5-5 DVMRP Metric Value 5-5 Time-To-Live (TTL) Threshold 5-5 Rate Limit 5-6 Multicast Tunnels 5-6 6 ROUTING WITH IPX IPX Routing in the NetWare® Environment 6-1 Internet Packet Exchange (IPX) 6-2 Routing Information Protocol (RIP) 6-3 Service Advertising Protocol (SAP) 6-3 How IPX Routing Wo
7 ROUTING IN AN APPLETALK® ENVIRONMENT About AppleTalk® 7-1 AppleTalk® Network Elements 7-1 AppleTalk® Networks 7-2 AppleTalk® Nodes 7-2 Named Entities 7-2 AppleTalk® Zones 7-3 Seed Routers 7-4 AppleTalk Protocols 7-4 Physical Connectivity 7-5 The Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP) End-to-End Services 7-6 Transport Layer Protocols 7-6 The Session Layer Protocols 7-9 Presentation Layer 7-10 About AARP 7-10 PART IV 8 7-6 ADMINISTERING EXTENDED SWITCHING FEATURES ADMINISTERING VLANS Displaying VLAN Informati
Defining a Static Route 9-11 Removing a Route 9-12 Flushing a Route 9-12 Setting the Default Route 9-12 Removing the Default Route 9-13 Administering the ARP Cache 9-13 Displaying the ARP Cache 9-14 Removing an ARP Cache Entry 9-14 Flushing the ARP Cache 9-15 Administering ATM ARP Servers 9-15 Displaying ATM ARP Servers 9-15 Defining an ATM ARP Server 9-16 Removing an ATM ARP Server 9-16 Displaying the ATM ARP Cache 9-17 Removing an ATM ARP Cache Entry 9-17 Flushing the ATM ARP Cache 9-18 Administering UDP
Displaying Routes 10-8 Displaying the Multicast Cache 11 10-9 ADMINISTERING IPX ROUTING Administering Interfaces 11-2 Displaying IPX Interfaces 11-3 Defining an IPX Interface 11-3 Modifying an Interface 11-4 Removing an Interface 11-4 Administering Routes 11-5 Displaying the Routing Table 11-6 Defining a Static Route 11-6 Removing a Route 11-7 Flushing Routes 11-7 Administering Servers 11-8 Displaying the Server Table 11-9 Defining a Static Server 11-9 Removing a Server 11-10 Flushing Servers 11-10 Setti
Configuring Forwarding 12-11 Configuring Checksum 12-12 Pinging an AppleTalk Node 12-12 Viewing Appletalk Statistics 12-13 Displaying DDP Statistics 12-13 Displaying RTMP Information 12-14 Displaying ZIP Information 12-15 Displaying NBP Information 12-17 PART V 13 REMOTE MONITORING (RMON) AND THE LANPLEX® SYSTEM REMOTE MONITORING (RMON) TECHNOLOGY What Is RMON? 13-1 Benefits of RMON 13-2 LANplex RMON Implementation 13-2 3Com Transcend RMON Agents 13-3 Management Information Base (MIB) 13-4 MIB Objects 13
Support from 3Com A-4 Returning Products for Repair INDEX A-4
ABOUT THIS GUIDE Introduction The LANplex® 2500 Extended Switching User Guide provides information about the features included with the LANplex Extended Switching software. These features include IP, IP Multicast, classical IP over ATM, IPX, and AppleTalk routing, virtual LAN (VLAN) configuration, and remote monitoring (RMON). Use this guide with the LANplex® 2500 Administration Console User Guide when you configure your LANplex 2500 system.
2 ABOUT THIS GUIDE Conventions If you are looking for... Turn to...
LANplex 2500 Documentation 3 Table 2 Text Conventions Convention Description “Enter” “Enter” means type something, then press the [Return] or [Enter] key. “Syntax” vs. “Command” “Syntax” indicates that the general command syntax form is provided.
4 ABOUT THIS GUIDE ■ LANplex® 2500 Software Release Notes Provide information about the software release, including new features and bug fixes. It also provides information about any changes to the LANplex system’s documentation. (Shipped with system) ■ LANplex® 2500 Getting Started Describes all the procedures necessary for installing, cabling, powering up, configuring management access to, and troubleshooting your LANplex system. (Shipped with system/Part No.
Documentation Comments ■ 5 Module Installation Guides Provide an overview, installation instructions, LED status information, and pin-out information for the particular option module. (Shipped with individual modules) Documentation Comments Your suggestions are very important to us and will help make our documentation more useful to you. Please email comments about this document to 3Com at: sdtechpubs_comments@3Mail.3Com.
6 ABOUT THIS GUIDE
1 LANPLEX® EXTENDED SWITCHING FEATURES This chapter provides an overview of the Extended Switching software, and describes the enhanced Administration Console menus. About LANplex Extended Switching The LANplex Extended Switching software replaces your existing LANplex software and adds new functionality to your system.
1-2 CHAPTER 1: LANPLEX® EXTENDED SWITCHING FEATURES Using Menus When you gain access to the Administration Console, the top-level menu appears.
Using Menus Bridge Menu From the bridge menu, you can view information about and configure Ethernet LANs, including VLANs. Figure 1-1 shows the bridge menu.
1-4 CHAPTER 1: LANPLEX® EXTENDED SWITCHING FEATURES IP Menu From the ip menu, you can view information about and configure Internet Protocol (IP) interfaces and routes as well as IP Multicast routing. You can administer the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), the Routing Information Protocol (RIP), UDP Helper, IP Forwarding, and ping IP stations. You can also define ATM ARP servers from the ip menu if you are running classical IP over ATM. Figure 1-2 shows the ip menu.
Using Menus IPX Menu 1-5 From the ipx menu, you can view information about and configure Internet Packet Exchange (IPX) interfaces, routes, and servers. You can also administer the Routing Information Protocol (RIP), Enhanced RIP mode, Service Advertising Protocol (SAP), and statistics. Figure 1-3 shows the IPX menu. For example, to define a new IPX interface, enter ipx at the top-level menu, interface at the ipx menu, and then define at the interface menu.
1-6 CHAPTER 1: LANPLEX® EXTENDED SWITCHING FEATURES Appletalk Menu From the appletalk menu, you can view information about and configure Appletalk interfaces, routes, and zones. You can also administer the Appletalk Address Resolution Protocol (AARP), AppleTalk forwarding, and statistics. Figure 1-4 shows the Appletalk menu. For example, to define a new AppleTalk interface, you would enter appletalk at the top-level menu, interface at the AppleTalk menu, then define at the interface menu.
VLANS ON THE LANPLEX® SYSTEM 2 This chapter contains: ■ A description of Virtual LAN (VLAN) concepts and their operational aspects in the LANplex® 2500 system ■ Examples of VLAN configurations About VLANs The VLAN concept in LAN technology helps minimize broadcast and multicast traffic. It also makes end-station moves, adds, and changes easier for the network administrator.
2-2 CHAPTER 2: VLANS ON THE LANPLEX® SYSTEM the data contained in the frames. Port groups are useful when traffic patterns are known to be directly associated with particular ports. They can benefit the user by restricting traffic based on a set of simple rules. MAC Address Group VLANS VLANs allow a switch to make filtering decisions based on grouping MAC addresses together.
About VLANs 2-3 layer 3 subnet address information. Protocol-sensitive VLANs allow the restriction of flood traffic for both routable and nonroutable protocols. They have a relatively simple configuration comprising one or more protocols and groups of switch ports. These protocol-sensitive VLANs operate independent of each other. Additionally, the same switch port can belong to multiple VLANs.
2-4 CHAPTER 2: VLANS ON THE LANPLEX® SYSTEM Table 2-1 Supported Protocols for VLAN Configuration (continued) Protocol Suite Protocol Types X25 X.25 Layer 3 (Ethertype) NetBIOS™ NetBIOS (DSAP) Default Default (all protocol types) Switch Ports A group of switch ports is any combination of switch ports on the LANplex system. Included are switch ports created as ATM LAN Emulation Clients (ATM LECs).
About VLANs Default VLAN 2-5 When you start up the LANplex system, the system automatically creates a VLAN interface called the default VLAN. Initially, the default VLAN includes all of the switch ports in the system.
2-6 CHAPTER 2: VLANS ON THE LANPLEX® SYSTEM This example shows how flooding decisions are made according to VLANs set up by protocol (assuming an 18-port switch): VLAN Exception Flooding Index VLAN Ports 1 Default 1 - 18 2 IP 1 - 12 3 IPX 11 - 16 Data received on... Is flooded on... Because... IP - port 1 VLAN 2 IP data received matches IP VLAN on the source port. IPX - port 11 VLAN 3 IPX data received matches IPX VLAN on the source port.
About VLANs Overlapped IP VLANs 2-7 Data received on... Is flooded on... Because... XNS - port 1 VLAN 1 XNS data does not match any defined VLAN in the system. IP - port 2 VLAN 2 IP data received matches IP VLAN 2 for source ports 1 - 10. IP - port 12 VLAN 1 IP data received on source port 12 does not match any defined source port for IP VLAN, so the Default VLAN is used. The LANplex system also gives you the ability to assign network layer information to IP VLANs.
2-8 CHAPTER 2: VLANS ON THE LANPLEX® SYSTEM Data received on... Is flooded on... Because... IP subnet 158.103.122.2 on port 6 VLAN 2 IP network layer matches layer 3 address for VLAN 2. IP subnet 158.103.123.2 on port 6 VLAN 3 IP network layer matches layer 3 address for VLAN 3. IP subnet 158.103.124.2 on port 6 VLAN 2 and VLAN 3 IP network layer does not match any layer 3 address for IP VLANs. IPX on port 6 VLAN 1 IPX frame does not match any defined VLAN.
About VLANs 2-9 If layer 3 information is provided in the IP VLAN for which you are configuring an IP interface, the subnet portion of both addresses must be compatible. For example: IP VLAN subnet 157.103.54.0 with subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 IP host interface address 157.103.54.254 with subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 Layer 2 (bridging) communication is still possible within an IP VLAN (or router interface) for the group of ports within that IP Interface’s IP VLAN.
2-10 CHAPTER 2: VLANS ON THE LANPLEX® SYSTEM VLAN Examples Example 1 Figure 2-1 is an example of a simple configuration that contains three protocol-sensitive VLANs (2 IP and 1 IPX) that share a high-speed FDDI link. The end-stations and servers are on 10Mbps ports with traffic segregated by protocol. They are only aggregated over the high-speed FDDI link. See .
About VLANs 2-11 Example 2 Figure 2-2 is an example of a configuration that contains two different protocol-sensitive VLANs (IP and IPX) with servers on separate high-speed 100BASE-T ports. The end-station clients share the same switch ports, yet the IP and IPX traffic stays separate. See Figure 2-2. .
2-12 CHAPTER 2: VLANS ON THE LANPLEX® SYSTEM
BRIDGING AND ROUTING IN THE LANPLEX® SYSTEM 3 This chapter shows how the LANplex® system operates in a subnetworked routing environment and describes the LANplex routing methodology — specifically, how the LANplex bridging and routing model compares with traditional models. What Is Routing? Routing is the process of distributing packets over potentially dissimilar networks. A router (also called a gateway) is the machine that accomplishes this task.
3-2 CHAPTER 3: BRIDGING AND ROUTING IN THE LANPLEX® SYSTEM Connecting enterprise networks Connecting subnets to the enterprise Router FDDI Backbone Sales Router Marketing Router Engineering Router Bridge Bridge Bridge Bridge Bridge Figure 3-1 Traditional Architecture of a Routed Network LANplex in a Subnetworked Environment The LANplex system allows you to fit Ethernet switching capability into highly subnetworked environments.
What Is Routing? Integrating Bridging and Routing 3-3 The LANplex system integrates bridging and routing. Multiple switch ports can be assigned to each subnet. See Figure 3-3. Traffic between ports assigned to the same subnet is switched transparently using transparent bridging or Express switching (described in the LANplex® 2500 Operation Guide). Traffic traveling to different subnets is routed using one of the supported routing protocols.
3-4 CHAPTER 3: BRIDGING AND ROUTING IN THE LANPLEX® SYSTEM In the traditional model, if you want to increase the level of segmentation in your network, you must create additional subnets and assign new network addresses to your existing hosts. Bridging and Routing Models Traditional Bridging and Routing Model The way routing is implemented in the LANplex system differs from how bridging and routing usually coexist in a system.
Bridging and Routing Models Router 3-5 Bridge 3 2 Router vs. Bridge ? 1 Interfaces (ports) Networks Destination host Transmitting host Figure 3-4 Bridging in the Traditional Bridging and Routing Model In the traditional bridging and routing model, a packet is routed as follows (see Figure 3-5): 1 The packet enters the bridge or router. 2 The bridge or router determines that the packet belongs to a recognized routing protocol, so the packet is passed to the router.
3-6 CHAPTER 3: BRIDGING AND ROUTING IN THE LANPLEX® SYSTEM LANplex Bridging and Routing Model The LANplex 2500 system uses the destination MAC address to determine whether it will bridge or route a packet. Before a host system sends a packet to another host, it compares its own network address to the network address of the other host as follows: ■ If network addresses are on the same subnet, the packet is bridged directly to the destination host’s address.
Bridging and Routing Models 3-7 In the LANplex bridging and routing model, a packet is routed as follows (see Figure 3-7): 1 The packet enters the LANplex system. 2 The packet’s destination address is examined by the bridging layer. 3 The destination address corresponds to the address of one of the system ports configured for routing (as opposed to a learned end-station address). The packet is passed to the router interface associated with the port on which the packet was received.
3-8 CHAPTER 3: BRIDGING AND ROUTING IN THE LANPLEX® SYSTEM
ROUTING WITH IP TECHNOLOGY 4 This chapter gives an overview of IP routing technology, specifically defining: IP Routing and the OSI Model ■ What IP routing involves ■ What elements are necessary for IP routers to effectively transmit packets ■ How IP routing transmission errors are detected and resolved ■ Routing with classical IP over ATM An IP router, unlike a bridge, operates at the network layer of the OSI Reference Model.
4-2 CHAPTER 4: ROUTING WITH IP TECHNOLOGY When an IP router sends a packet, it does not know the complete path to a destination — only the next hop. Each hop involves three steps: ■ The IP routing algorithm computes the next hop IP address, and next router interface, using the routing table entries. ■ The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) translates the next hop IP address into a physical MAC address. ■ The router sends the packet over the network to the next hop.
Elements of IP Routing 4-3 Address Classes The boundary of the network part and the host part depends on the class that the central agency assigns to your network. The primary classes of IP addresses are Class A, Class B, and Class C. ■ Class A addresses — have 8 bits for the network part and 24 bits for the host part. Although only a few Class A networks can be created, each can contain a very large number of hosts. ■ Class B addresses — have 16 bits for the network part and 16 bits for the host part.
4-4 CHAPTER 4: ROUTING WITH IP TECHNOLOGY Take the IP address IP Address Network Subnet and Host Apply the subnet mask Subnet Mask 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 00 0 0 0 00 0 Result = subnet/host boundary networ Network Subnet subn Host Figure 4-3 How a Subnet Mask Is Applied to the IP Address An example of an IP address that includes network, subnet, and host parts is 158.101.230.52 with a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0. This address is divided as follows: ■ 158.
Elements of IP Routing 4-5 Network 2 Network 1 Interfaces 158.101.1.2 1 2 158.101.2.2 158.101.2.1 Router Interface 1 IP Address 158.101.1.1 3 158.101.3.2 158.101.3.1 Interface Network 3 Figure 4-4 Router Interfaces in the LANplex System Routing Table A routing table allows a router or host to determine how to send a packet toward the packet’s ultimate destination.
4-6 CHAPTER 4: ROUTING WITH IP TECHNOLOGY Routing Table Destination IP Address Subnet Mask Metric Gateway Interface 158.101.1.1 255.255.255.0 1 158.101.1.2 1 158.101.2.1 255.255.255.0 1 158.101.2.2 2 158.101.3.1 255.255.255.0 1 158.101.3.2 3 default route 255.255.255.0 1 158.101.1.
Elements of IP Routing 4-7 An active router sends a RIP message every 30 seconds. This message contains both the IP address and a metric (the distance to the destination from that router) for each destination. In RIP, each router that a packet must travel through to reach a destination equals one hop. Default Route In addition to the routes to specific destinations, the routing table may contain an entry called the default route.
4-8 CHAPTER 4: ROUTING WITH IP TECHNOLOGY protocol. The two key elements of the ARP request are the target and source addresses for both the hardware (MAC addresses) and the protocol (IP addresses). See Figure 4-7. ARP Request 00802322b00ad Source hardware address 158.101.2.1 Source protocol address ? Target hardware address 158.101.2.
IP Routing Transmission Errors IP Routing Transmission Errors 4-9 Because each router only knows about the next hop, it is not aware of problems that might be further “down the road” toward the destination.
4-10 CHAPTER 4: ROUTING WITH IP TECHNOLOGY Routing with Classical IP over ATM LANPlex Extended Switching software supports classical IP routing over ATM ARP in an ATM network. Classical IP over ATM uses Logical IP Subnets (LISs) to forward packets within the network environment. See the LANplex® 2500 Operation Guide for detailed information about the ATM protocol architecture. See the LANplex® 2500 Administration Console User Guide for information about how to configure ATM ports.
IP Routing References 4-11 Forwarding to Nodes within an LIS Nodes can forward packets directly to other nodes in the same LIS. To forward a packet within the same LIS, the sending node requests a translation from the destination IP address to the corresponding ATM address from the ATM ARP server.
4-12 CHAPTER 4: ROUTING WITH IP TECHNOLOGY
ROUTING WITH IP MULTICAST 5 This chapter describes the IP multicast routing implementation on the LANplex® system. About IP Multicast Routing IP multicast routing is an extension of the Internet Protocol. Multicast routing allows a router or switch to send packets to a specific group of hosts without using broadcasts or multiple unicast transmissions.
5-2 CHAPTER 5: ROUTING WITH IP MULTICAST DVMRP The Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) establishes the multicast delivery path over a series of routing devices. DVMRP is a simple distance vector routing protocol, similar to the IP Routing Information Protocol (RIP). Multicast routers exchange distance vector updates that contain lists of destinations as well as the distance in hops to each destination. They maintain this information in a routing table.
Multicast Routing Algorithms Multicast Routing Algorithms Flooding 5-3 The LANplex system uses three algorithms that support multicast routing: ■ Flooding ■ Spanning Trees ■ Reverse Path Forwarding Several types of flooding algorithms exist, but they all share the same general principles: a node in the network receives a packet that was sent to a multicast destination.
5-4 CHAPTER 5: ROUTING WITH IP MULTICAST Figure 5-1 shows a simple network with five links. A 1 B 3 2 C 4 D 6 E 5 Figure 5-1 Simple Network Implemented Without Using Spanning Tree A spanning tree for this network consists of links 1, 2, 3, and 4. See Figure 5-2. A 1 3 B 2 C 4 D 6 E 5 Figure 5-2 Spanning Tree Algorithm Implemented to Block Redundant Paths Reverse Path Forwarding Reverse path forwarding (RPF) is the multicast algorithm in use on the MBONE network.
Multicast Interfaces Pruning 5-5 Pruning is a method used in the RPF algorithm to forward packets to a spanning tree only if group members exist in the tree. This method results in fewer spanning trees, but it requires dynamic updates to the routing table. Nodes that are at the border of the network and have no point beyond them in the RPF spanning tree are called leaf nodes. Leaf nodes all receive the first multicast packet.
5-6 CHAPTER 5: ROUTING WITH IP MULTICAST Rate Limit Multicast Tunnels The rate limit determines how many multicast packets can travel over the interface in kilobytes-per-second. The LANplex system drops multicast traffic that travels faster than this rate. The default is set to 0, which implies no rate limit is set. In all other instances, the lower the rate limit, the more limited the traffic over the interface.
ROUTING WITH IPX 6 This chapter provides an overview of IPX routing, including: IPX Routing in the NetWare® Environment ■ What part IPX plays in the NetWare environment ■ How IPX works ■ What elements are necessary for IPX routers to transmit packets effectively The NetWare® network operating system was developed and introduced to the market by Novell, Inc. in the early 1980s.
6-2 CHAPTER 6: ROUTING WITH IPX Layers in the OSI reference model Application NetWare NetWare® Control Protocol (NCP) Appplications Service Advertising Protocol (SAP) Routing Information Protocol (RIP) NetWare® Shell (Client) Presentation Session NetBIOS™ Transport SPX Network IPX Data Link Media Access Protocols (Ethernet, FDDI) Physical Figure 6-1 NetWare Protocols and the OSI Reference Model The LANplex system uses the following protocols for routing in a Netware environment: Internet
IPX Routing in the NetWare® Environment Routing Information Protocol (RIP) 6-3 RIP allows the exchange of routing information on a NetWare network. IPX routers use RIP to dynamically create and maintain their routing tables. RIP allows one router to exchange routing information with a neighboring router. As a router becomes aware of any changes in the network layout, it broadcasts this information to any neighboring routers.
6-4 CHAPTER 6: ROUTING WITH IPX How IPX Routing Works IPX Packet Format A router operates at the network layer of the OSI Reference Model. This means that it receives its instructions to route packets from one segment to another from a network-layer protocol. IPX, with the help of RIP, performs these network layer tasks. These tasks include addressing, routing, and switching information packets to move single packets from one location to another.
How IPX Routing Works 6-5 The packet format consists of the following elements: ■ Checksum — The IPX packet begins with a 16-bit checksum field that is set to 1s. ■ Packet Length — This 16-bit field contains the length, in bytes, of the complete network packet. This field includes both the IPX header and the data. The IPX length must be at least 30 bytes. ■ Transport Control — This 1-byte field indicates how many routers a packet has passed through on its way to its destination.
6-6 CHAPTER 6: ROUTING WITH IPX IPX Packet Delivery On a NetWare network, the successful delivery of a packet depends both on the proper addressing of the packet and on the internetwork configuration. Packet addressing is handled in the packet’s Media Access Control (MAC) protocol header and IPX header address fields. To send a packet to another node, the sending node must know the complete internetwork address including the network, node, and socket of the destination node.
How IPX Routing Works 6-7 To find this router, the sending node broadcasts a RIP packet requesting the best route to the destination node’s network number. The router residing on the sending node’s segment with the shortest path to the destination segment responds to the RIP request. The router’s response includes its network and node address in the IPX header.
6-8 CHAPTER 6: ROUTING WITH IPX The Elements of IPX Routing IPX routers use the following elements to transmit packets over an intranetwork: ■ Router interfaces ■ Routing tables ■ Service Advertising Protocol (SAP) Router Interfaces A router interface is the connection between the router and the network number (address). In traditional routing models, the interface would be the same as the port, because only one interface can exist per port.
The Elements of IPX Routing 6-9 ■ Hops to Network — Provides the number of routers that must be crossed to reach the network segment. ■ Ticks to Network — Provides an estimate of the time necessary to reach the destination segment. ■ Node — The node address of the router that can forward packets to each segment. When set to all zeroes, the route is directly connected. ■ Aging Timer — The time since the network’s last update. Figure 6-4 shows an example of a typical routing information table.
6-10 CHAPTER 6: ROUTING WITH IPX system uses RIP (one of the most widely used IGPs), to dynamically build its routing tables. RIP operates in terms of active and passive devices. The active devices, usually routers, broadcast their RIP messages to all devices in a network; they update their own routing tables when they receive a RIP message. The passive devices, usually hosts, listen for RIP messages and update their routing tables; they do not send RIP messages.
The Elements of IPX Routing 6-11 A workstation must first know a server’s network address before it can initiate a session with a file server. SAP Packet Structure SAP uses IPX and the medium-access protocols for its transport.
6-12 CHAPTER 6: ROUTING WITH IPX A SAP packet consists of the following fields: ■ Operation — This field indicates the type of operation the SAP packet performs. It can be set to one of the following values: 1=Request 2=Response 3=Get Nearest Server Request 4=Get Nearest Server Response ■ Server Entry — Each 64-byte server entry includes information about a particular server. It consists of the following fields: ■ Service Type — This 2-byte field identifies the type of service the server provides.
The Elements of IPX Routing 6-13 The SAP broadcasts that servers and routers send are local and, therefore, only received by SAP agents on their connected segments. However, SAP agents periodically broadcast their server information so that all SAP agents on the internetwork have information about all servers that are active on the internetwork. Server Information Table A server information table holds information about all the servers on the internetwork.
6-14 CHAPTER 6: ROUTING WITH IPX Static Servers. A static server is one you manually configure in the server information table. Static servers are useful in environments where no routing protocol is used or where you want to override some of the servers generated with a routing/server protocol. Because static servers do not automatically change in response to network topology changes, you should manually configure only a small number of relatively stable servers. Dynamic Routes Using SAP.
The Elements of IPX Routing 6-15 elapsed since information was received concerning a particular table entry. Since this information is either new or changed, the SAP agent that receives this information immediately passes it on, and the change is quickly learned throughout the internetwork. SAP Request Handling. When a SAP agent receives a general request, it sends the sending source a SAP response packet containing information about all servers of any type known to the receiving SAP agent.
6-16 CHAPTER 6: ROUTING WITH IPX
ROUTING IN AN APPLETALK® ENVIRONMENT 7 This chapter provides an overview of AppleTalk® routing, and includes these topics: ■ AppleTalk Network Elements ■ AppleTalk Protocols ■ About AARP About AppleTalk® AppleTalk is a suite of protocols defined by Apple Computer, Inc., for connecting computers, peripherals devices, and other equipment on a network. AppleTalk protocols support most of the functions offered by the Open Standards Interconnect (OSI) reference model.
7-2 CHAPTER 7: ROUTING IN AN APPLETALK® ENVIRONMENT AppleTalk® Networks A network in an AppleTalk internet is a cable segment attached to a router. Each network is identified by a network number or range of network numbers. The network administrator assigns these numbers from a range of valid network numbers. Two AppleTalk network numbering systems are currently in use: nonextended (Phase 1) and extended (Phase 2). 3Com routers support extended network numbers.
AppleTalk® Network Elements AppleTalk® Zones 7-3 An AppleTalk zone is a logical collection of nodes on an AppleTalk internet. A zone can include all nodes in a single network or a collection of nodes in different networks. You assign a unique name to each zone to identify it in the internet. Figure 7-1 illustrates the relationship between physical AppleTalk networks and logical AppleTalk zones.
7-4 CHAPTER 7: ROUTING IN AN APPLETALK® ENVIRONMENT quickly within the zone because the zone includes fewer devices than the entire internet does. Seed Routers A seed router initializes the internet with AppleTalk configuration information, including network numbers and zone names. The seed router broadcasts this information so that nonseed routers can learn it. You can designate a seed router through the Administration Console.
AppleTalk Protocols 7-5 OSI Reference Model Application AppleTalk® Filing Protocol (AFP) PostScript® Presentation Session Transport AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol (ADSP) Zone Information Protocol (ZIP) Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP) Network AppleTalk Echo Protocol (AEP) AppleTalk Session Protocol (ASP) Printer Access Protocoo (PAP) AppleTalk Transaction Protocol (ATP) Name Binding Protocol (NBP) Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP) Link TokenTalk® Link Access Protocol EtherTalk® L
7-6 CHAPTER 7: ROUTING IN AN APPLETALK® ENVIRONMENT because it is closely related to the Ethernet and token ring LAPs. This protocol is usually included in the definition of each LAP, so it does not appear in the reference model. See the section “About AARP” later in this chapter for more information about this protocol.
AppleTalk Protocols 7-7 Each router builds a routing table that is the basis of dynamic routing operations in an AppleTalk internet. Every 10 seconds, each router sends an RTMP data packet to the network. Routers use the information that they receive in the RTMP broadcasts to build their routing tables.
7-8 CHAPTER 7: ROUTING IN AN APPLETALK® ENVIRONMENT Network 5-5 Router 802 Network 64-64 Router 801 Router 36 Network 18-20 Interface 2 Router 200 Router 24 Interface 1 Interface 3 Network 12-12 Network 103-103 Figure 7-3 A Simple AppleTalk Network Table 7-1 The Routing Table for Router 24 in Figure 7-3 Network Range Distance Interface State 5-5 1 2 Good 12-12 3 3 Good 18-20 2 3 Good 103-103 0 1 Good 64-64 1 3 Good You can view the AppleTalk routing tables in your network th
AppleTalk Protocols 7-9 AppleTalk Transaction Protocol (ATP). This protocol, along with the AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol (ADSP), ensures that DDP packets are delivered to a destination without any losses or corruption. Name Binding Protocol (NBP). This protocol translates alphanumeric entity names to AppleTalk addresses. It maintains a table that references the addresses of nodes and named entities that reside in that node.
7-10 CHAPTER 7: ROUTING IN AN APPLETALK® ENVIRONMENT AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol (ADSP). The ADSP works with the ATP to ensure reliable data transmission. Unlike ATP, however, ADSP provides full-duplex byte-stream delivery. This means that two nodes can communicate simultaneously. ASDP also includes flow control, so that a fast sender does not overwhelm a slow receiver. AppleTalk Session Protocol (ASP).
About AARP 7-11 The AARP maintains an Address Mapping Table (AMT) with the most recently used hardware addresses and their corresponding AARP addresses. If an address is not in this table, AARP sends a request to the protocol address and adds the hardware address to the table when the destination node replies. You can view this table, called the AARP cache, through the LANplex Administration Console.
7-12 CHAPTER 7: ROUTING IN AN APPLETALK® ENVIRONMENT
ADMINISTERING VLANS 8 This chapter describes how to display information about VLANs and how to configure VLANs.
8-2 CHAPTER 8: ADMINISTERING VLANS Index 1 2 3 4 Name none eastgroup westgroup northgroup Layer 3 158.101.111.16 none 158.101.112.14 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 Example of a detailed display for the VLANs: Select menu option (bridge/vlan): detail Index Protocol 1 default 2 IP 3 IPX 4 IP Index 1 2 3 4 Identifier 0 2 3 4 Name none eastgroup westgroup northgroup index inPackets 1 342 2 125 3 345 4 876 inBytes 3676 7654 7554 8651 Ports 1-17 1, 5-7 8-10 7, 12-15 Layer 3 158.101.111.16 none 158.101.
Defining VLAN Information 8-3 Table 8-1 Fields for VLAN Information (continued) Field Description inPackets Number of flooded broadcast and multicast packets that were received on the VLAN inBytes Number of flooded broadcast and multicast bytes that were received on the VLAN outPackets Number of flooded broadcast and multicast packets transmitted over the VLAN outBytes Number of flooded broadcast and multicast bytes transmitted over the VLAN Defining VLAN Information Top-Level Menu system ethern
8-4 CHAPTER 8: ADMINISTERING VLANS Example: Select menu option (bridge/vlan): define Enter Protocol Suite (IP,IPX,AppleTalk,XNS,DECnet,SNA,Banyan,X.25,NetBIOS,NeBEUI, default): IP Enter VLAN Identifier: 1 Enter VLAN Name: “SD Marketing” Ports 1=FDDI, 2-17=Ethernet Enter port(s) (1-17|all): 1-5 Layer 3 Address (undefined, defined): defined Enter IP Subnet Address: 158.111.122.0 Enter subnet mask [255.255.0.0] 255.255.255.0 The maximum number of VLANs you can define on a single bridge is 32.
Removing VLAN Information Example: Select menu option (bridge/vlan): modify Select VLAN interface [1-2]: 2 Protocol Suite (IP,IPX,AppleTalk,XNS,DECnet,SNA, Banyan,X.
8-6 CHAPTER 8: ADMINISTERING VLANS
ADMINISTERING IP ROUTING 9 This chapter describes how to set up your LANplex® system to use the Internet Protocol (IP). For more information about how IP works, see Part III of this guide.
9-2 CHAPTER 9: ADMINISTERING IP ROUTING LIS Interfaces A logical IP subnet (LIS) interface supports logical IP over ATM. You define LIS interfaces for the ports on ATM modules only. See the Chapter 11 of the LANplex® 2500 Operation Guide for more information about the ATM protocol. See the LANplex® 2500 Administration Console User Guide for information about how to configure ATM ports.
Administering interfaces 9-3 this option, the system displays a list of available VLAN indexes and the bridge ports associated with them. ■ LIS Interface — When you select LIS as the interface type, the Administration Console prompts you for LIS interface information. The information you enter depends on whether you define permanent virtual circuits (PVCs), switched virtual circuits (SVCs), or both on the LIS interface. See the LANplex® 2500 Operation Guide for more information on PVCs and SVCs.
9-4 CHAPTER 9: ADMINISTERING IP ROUTING Example summary display: IP routing is enabled, RIP is active, ICMP discovery is disabled. Index Type IP address Subnet mask 1 VLAN 158.101.1.1 255.255.255.0 Index Type IP address Subnet mask 2 LIS 158.101.112.1 Cost 1 Cost 255.255.255.0 1 State VLAN Index Down 2 State Port Up 1 Example detail display: IP forwarding is enabled, RIP is active, ICMP discovery is disabled. Index 1 Type VLAN IP address 158.101.1.1 Subnet mask 255.255.255.
Administering interfaces 9-5 The Console prompts you for the interface’s parameters. To use the value in brackets, press [Return] at the prompt. 2 Enter the IP address of the interface. 3 Enter the subnet mask of the network to which the interface is to be connected. 4 Enter the cost value of the interface. 5 Enter the type of IP interface: LIS. 6 Enter the advertisement addresses for this interface. You can enter up to 32 advertisement addresses for each interface.
9-6 CHAPTER 9: ADMINISTERING IP ROUTING Defining an IP VLAN Interface When you define an IP VLAN interface, you specify several interface characteristics, as well as the index of the VLAN associated with the interface. You must first define a VLAN, as described in Chapter 8, Administering VLANs, before you define an associated IP VLAN interface.
Administering interfaces Modifying an Interface 9-7 You might want to change the configuration of an interface you have already defined. You can add one or more advertisement addresses or PVCs to an interface through the addAdvertisement and addPVC commands as well as through the IP interface modify command. If you add or change an advertisement address or PVC through the modify command, you must re-enter all addresses or PVCs associated with the interface, not just the one you want to add or change.
9-8 CHAPTER 9: ADMINISTERING IP ROUTING Adding an Advertisement Address This command adds an advertisement address to the advertisement address list associated with the interface.
Administering Routes Adding a Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC) 9-9 This command adds a PVC to an LIS interface.
9-10 CHAPTER 9: ADMINISTERING IP ROUTING more than one routing table entry matching an address, it uses the most specific route, which is the route with the most bits set in its subnet mask. For example, the route to a subnet within a destination network is more specific than the route to the destination network. ■ Routing Metric — This metric specifies the number of networks or subnets through which a packet must pass to reach its destination.
Administering Routes Displaying the Routing Table Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface ➧ display ➧ route fddi static arp atm atmArpServer remove bridge flush multicast ➧ ip default udpHelper ipx noDefault appletalk routing icmpRouterDiscovery snmp analyzer rip ping script statistics logout 9-11 You can display a switching module’s routing table to determine which routes are configured and whether the routes are operational.
9-12 CHAPTER 9: ADMINISTERING IP ROUTING Example: Enter destination IP address: 158.101.4.0 Enter subnet mask [255.255.0.0]: 255.255.255.0 Enter gateway IP address: 158.101.2.
Administering the ARP Cache Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface display fddi ➧ route static atm arp remove bridge atmArpServer flush ➧ ip multicast ipx udpHelper ➧ default noDefault appletalk routing snmp icmpRouterDiscovery analyzer rip script ping logout statistics Removing the Default Route Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface fddi ➧ route display atm static arp bridge remove multicast ➧ ip atmArpServer flush ipx udpHelper default appletalk routing ➧ noDefault snmp icmpRouterDiscovery analyzer
9-14 CHAPTER 9: ADMINISTERING IP ROUTING Displaying the ARP Cache Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface fddi route atm ➧ display ➧ arp bridge atmArpServer remove ➧ ip flush multicast ipx udpHelper appletalk routing snmp icmpRouterDiscovery analyzer rip script ping logout statistic s You can display the contents of the ARP cache for your system.
Administering ATM ARP Servers Flushing the ARP Cache Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface route fddi display ➧ arp atm atmArpServer remove bridge multicast ➧ flush ➧ ip udpHelper ipx appletalk routing icmpRouterDiscovery snmp analyzer rip ping script statistics logout Administering ATM ARP Servers 9-15 You might want to delete all entries from the ARP cache if the MAC address has changed.
9-16 CHAPTER 9: ADMINISTERING IP ROUTING Defining an ATM ARP Server Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface fddi route atm arp display bridge ➧ atmArpServer➧ define ➧ ip multicast remove ipx udpHelper arp appletalk routing snmp icmpRouterDiscovery analyzer rip script ping logout statistics Determine the location of the ATM ARP server you want to use. You can define the ATM ARP server externally on another LANplex system or on an ATM switch, such as 3Com’s CELLplex™ 7000 system.
Administering ATM ARP Servers Displaying the ATM ARP Cache 9-17 To display the contents of the ATM ARP cache, from the top level of the Administration Console, enter: Top-Level Menu ip atmArpServer system ethernet interface fddi route display atm arp define bridge remove➧ display ➧ atmArpServer ➧ ip remove multicast ➧ arp ipx flush udpHelper Example: appletalk routing snmp icmpRouterDiscovery analyzer rip script ping IP routing is enabled, RIP logout statistics arp display is active, ICMP router disco
9-18 CHAPTER 9: ADMINISTERING IP ROUTING Flushing the ATM ARP Cache To remove all entries from the ATM ARP cache, from the top level of the Administration Console, enter: Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface fddi route display atm arp define bridge remove display ➧ atmArpServer ➧ ip remove multicast ➧ arp ipx ➧ flush udpHelper appletalk routing snmp icmpRouterDiscovery analyzer rip script ping logout statistics ip atmarpserver arp flush The ATM ARP cache entries are immediately removed from the ta
Administering UDP Helper Displaying UDP Helper Information Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface fddi route ➧ display atm arp define bridge atmArpServer remove ➧ ip multicast hopCountLimit ipx ➧ udpHelper threshold appletalk routing snmp icmpRouterDiscovery analyzer rip script ping logout statistics Defining a Port and an IP Forwarding Address Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface fddi display route atm arp ➧ define bridge atmArpServer remove ➧ ip multicast hopCountLimit ipx ➧ udpHelper threshold ap
9-20 CHAPTER 9: ADMINISTERING IP ROUTING Setting the BOOTP Hop Count Limit You can set the maximum hop count for a packet to be forwarded through the router. The range is 0 through 16. The default is 4.
Enabling and Disabling ICMP Router Discovery Enabling and Disabling ICMP Router Discovery 9-21 The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Router Discovery protocol (RFC 1256) allows an appropriately configured end station to locate one or more routers on the LAN to which it is attached. The end station then automatically installs a default route to each of the routers running ICMP Router Discovery. You do not need to manually configure a default route.
9-22 CHAPTER 9: ADMINISTERING IP ROUTING By default, RIP operates in passive mode. RIP default mode To set the RIP operating mode: Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface route fddi arp atm atmArpServer bridge multicast ➧ ip udpHelper ipx routing appletalk icmpRouterDiscovery snmp analyzer ➧ rip ping script statistics logout 1 From the top level of the Administration Console, enter: ip rip 2 Enter the RIP mode (off, passive, or active). To use the value in brackets, press [Return] at the prompt.
Displaying IP Statistics Displaying IP Statistics To display IP statistics, enter the following from the top level of the Administration Console: Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface route fddi arp atm atmArpServer bridge multicast ➧ ip udpHelper ipx routing appletalk icmpRouterDiscovery snmp rip analyzer ping script ➧ statistics logout ip statistics 9-23 Example: IP routing is enabled, RIP is active, ICMP router discovery is disabled.
9-24 CHAPTER 9: ADMINISTERING IP ROUTING
ADMINISTERING IP MULTICAST ROUTING 10 This chapter describes how to set up your LANplex® system to use IP multicast routing. You should have previously defined IP interfaces and routes as described in Chapter 9: Administering IP Routing, before you define any IP multicast interfaces.
10-2 CHAPTER 10: ADMINISTERING IP MULTICAST ROUTING Enabling and Disabling DVMRP DVMRP is the simple Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol, similar to the IP Routing Information Protocol. Multicast routers exchange distance vector updates that contain lists of destinations and the distance in hops to each destination. The routers maintain this information in a routing table. To run multicast routing, you must enable DVMRP, which enables DVMRP on all IP interfaces that have not been disabled.
Administering IP Multicast Interfaces Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface dvrmp fddi route ➧ igmp atm arp bridge atmArpServer interface tunnel ➧ ip ➧ multicast ipx udpHelper routeDisplay cacheDisplay appletalk routing snmp icmpRouterDiscovery analyzer rip script ping logout statistics 10-3 When you select the IGMP option, the interface prompts you to enable or disable IGMP snooping mode and IGMP query mode. Both are enabled by default.
10-4 CHAPTER 10: ADMINISTERING IP MULTICAST ROUTING Rate Limit The rate limit determines how fast multicast traffic can travel over the interface in kilobytes per second. Multicast traffic may not exceed this rate limit or the LANplex system will drop packets in order to maintain the set rate. The default is set to 0, which implies no rate limit. In all other instances, the lower the rate limit, the more limited the traffic over the interface.
Administering IP Multicast Interfaces Disabling Multicast Interfaces Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface route dvmrp fddi arp igmp display atm atmArpServer bridge ➧ interface enable ➧ multicast tunnel ➧ disable ➧ ip udpHelper routeDisplay ipx cacheDisplay appletalk routing icmpRouterDiscovery snmp analyzer rip ping script statistics logout Enabling Multicast Interfaces Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface route dvmrp fddi arp igmp display atm bridge ➧ multicast ➧ interface➧ enable udpHelper tunn
10-6 CHAPTER 10: ADMINISTERING IP MULTICAST ROUTING Administering Multicast Tunnels A multicast tunnel allows multicast packets to cross several unicast routers to a destination router that supports multicast. A tunnel has two end points. The local end point is associated with an interface on the LANplex router. When you define the tunnel, you specify the associated index on the local LANplex router and then the characteristics of the tunnel.
Administering Multicast Tunnels Defining a Multicast Tunnel Top-Level Menu system interface ethernet route dvmrp fddi arp igmp display atm atmArpServer interface bridge ➧ multicast➧ tunnel ➧ define remove ➧ ip udpHelper routeDisplay ipx routing cacheDisplay appletalk icmpRouterDiscovery snmp rip analyzer ping script statistics logout 10-7 To define an IP multicast tunnel: 1 From the top level of the Administration Console, enter: ip multicast tunnel define 2 Enter the index number(s) of the interface(s)
10-8 CHAPTER 10: ADMINISTERING IP MULTICAST ROUTING Displaying Routes Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface fddi dvmrp route atm igmp arp bridge interface atmArpServer ➧ ip ➧ multicast tunnel ipx udpHelper➧ routeDisplay appletalk routing cacheDisplay snmp icmpRouterDiscovery analyzer rip script ping logout statistics To display all available routes in the IP multicast routing table: 1 From top level of the Administration Console, enter: ip multicast routeDisplay The DVMRP status and IGMP status appea
Displaying the Multicast Cache 10-9 Table 10-1 Field Attributes for Multicast route display Field Description Origin-Subnet The source address and the number of bits in the subnetwork From-Gateway The interface address of the gateway Metric The hop count Tmr The amount of time, in seconds, since the routing table entry was last reset In-If1 Interface number on which that gateway is connected. Traffic is expected to originate on this interface.
10-10 CHAPTER 10: ADMINISTERING IP MULTICAST ROUTING Example: Enter multicast source address [131.188.0.0] Enter multicast group address [244.2.0.2] DVMRP is enabled, IGMP snooping is enabled The following display shows the multicast cache configuration: Multicast Routing Cache Table (125 entries) Origin Mcast-group CTmr Age PTmr In-If >202.242.133.128/26 224.2.0.1 202.242.133.139 2 packets >128.84.247/24 224.2.0.1 128.84.247.53 43 packets 128.84.247.156 33 packets >128.138.213/24 224.2.0.1 128.138.213.
Displaying the Multicast Cache 10-11 Table 10-2 describes the fields in the cache display. Table 10-2 Information in the cache display Field Description Origin The source of the incoming packets. Entries preceded by an angle bracket (>) indicate a multicast subnetwork. Entries without an angle bracket, beneath the subnetwork entries, are multicast routers within that subnetwork. Mcast-group The destination multicast group CTmr Cache timer.
10-12 CHAPTER 10: ADMINISTERING IP MULTICAST ROUTING
ADMINISTERING IPX ROUTING 11 This chapter describes how to set up your LANplex® system to use the Internet Packet Exchange (IPX) protocol to route packets. For more information about how IPX works, see Part III of this Guide.
11-2 CHAPTER 11: ADMINISTERING IPX ROUTING Administering Interfaces An IPX interface defines the relationship between an IPX Virtual LAN (VLAN) and the IPX network. Every IPX interface has one IPX VLAN associated with it. Each switching module has one IPX interface defined for each subnet directly connected to it. You must first define a VLAN, as described in Chapter 8: Administering VLANs, before you define an associated interface.
Administering Interfaces Displaying IPX Interfaces 11-3 You can display a table that shows all IPX interfaces and their parameter settings configured for the system.
11-4 CHAPTER 11: ADMINISTERING IPX ROUTING Example: Enter IPX Address: 0x45469f30 Enter Cost [1]: 1 Enter Frame Format (Ethernet II: 0, 802.2: 1, Raw 802.3: 2, SNAP: 3): 1 IPX VLANs: Index Ports 3 1-8 4 9-12 Select VLAN index: 3 Modifying an Interface You might want to change the configuration of an interface that you have already defined.
Administering Routes Administering Routes 11-5 Your system maintains a table of routes to other IPX networks. You can either use the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) to exchange routing information automatically or make static entries in this table using the Administration Console. Each routing table entry contains the following information: ■ Address — The 4-byte IPX network address of a segment currently known to the router.
11-6 CHAPTER 11: ADMINISTERING IPX ROUTING Displaying the Routing Table You can display the routing tables for the system to determine which routes are configured and if they are operational.
Administering Routes 11-7 5 Enter the node address of the route.
11-8 CHAPTER 11: ADMINISTERING IPX ROUTING Administering Servers Your system maintains a table of servers that reside on other IPX networks. You can either use the Service Advertising Protocol (SAP) to exchange server information automatically or make static entries in this server table using the Administration Console. Each server table contains the following information: ■ Name — The user-defined name of the server. ■ Type — The type of service provided by the server.
Administering Servers Displaying the Server Table Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface route fddi ➧ display atm ➧ server static bridge forwarding remove ip rip flush enhanced ➧ ipx appletalk sap statistics snmp analyzer script logout 11-9 You can display the server table for the system to determine which servers are learned and if they are operational.
11-10 CHAPTER 11: ADMINISTERING IPX ROUTING 8 Enter the number of hops to the server.
Setting IPX Forwarding Setting IPX Forwarding You can control whether the system forwards or discards IPX packets addressed to other routers. When you enable IPX forwarding, the system acts as a normal IPX router, forwarding IPX packets from one network to another when required. When you disable IPX forwarding, the system discards any IPX packets not addressed directly to one of its defined IPX interfaces. By default, IPX forwarding is disabled.
11-12 CHAPTER 11: ADMINISTERING IPX ROUTING RIP default mode By default, RIP is off. To set the RIP operating mode: Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface route fddi server atm forwarding bridge ip ➧ rip enhanced ➧ ipx appletalk sap statistics snmp analyzer script logout Setting the Enhanced RIP Mode Enhanced RIP default 1 From the Administration Console top-level menu, enter: ipx rip 2 Enter the RIP mode (off, passive, or active). To use the value in brackets, press [Return] at the prompt.
Setting the SAP Mode Setting the SAP Mode SAP default mode You can select a SAP mode that is appropriate for your network. SAP can operate in any of three modes: ■ Off — The system ignores all incoming SAP packets and does not generate any SAP packets of its own. ■ Passive — The system processes all incoming SAP packets, but it does not broadcast periodic or triggered SAP updates or respond to SAP requests.
11-14 CHAPTER 11: ADMINISTERING IPX ROUTING Displaying Statistics The Administration Console allows you to display four types of IPX-related statistics: Displaying IPX Summary Statistics ■ IPX summary statistics ■ IPX RIP statistics ■ IPX SAP statistics ■ IPX forwarding statistics To display IPX summary statistics, from the Administration Console top-level menu, enter: ipx statistics summary Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface route fddi ➧ summary server atm rip forwarding sap bridge rip i
Displaying Statistics Displaying IPX RIP Statistics 11-15 To display IPX RIP statistics, from the Administration Console top-level menu, enter: ipx statistics rip Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface route fddi summary server atm ➧ rip forwarding sap bridge rip ip forwarding enhanced ➧ ipx appletalk sap ➧ statistics snmp analyzer script logout Example below: IPX forwarding is enabled, RIP is active, SAP is active RIP Received 106195 RIP Transmitted 7929 RIP dropped 0 RIP Responses 100552 RIP Re
11-16 CHAPTER 11: ADMINISTERING IPX ROUTING Displaying IPX SAP Statistics To display IPX SAP statistics, from the Administration Console top-level menu, enter: ipx statistics sap Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface route fddi summary server atm rip forwarding ➧ sap bridge rip ip forwarding enhanced ➧ ipx sap appletalk ➧ statistics snmp analyzer script logout Example: IPX forwarding is enabled, RIP is active, SAP is active SAP Received 1064015 SAP Transmitted 22493 SAP dropped 0 SAP Responses 10
Displaying Statistics Displaying IPX Forwarding Statistics To display IPX Forwarding statistics, from the Administration Console top-level menu, enter: ipx statistics forwarding Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface route summary fddi server rip atm forwarding sap bridge rip ip ➧ forwarding Example: enhanced ➧ ipx appletalk sap ➧ statistics snmp analyzer script IPX forwarding is enabled, RIP is active, SAP is active logout Received 1335653 Transmitted 565105 Forwarded 0 Hdr Errors 13758 Hop Count
11-18 CHAPTER 11: ADMINISTERING IPX ROUTING Table 11-4 IPX Forwarding Statistics Field Description Received Number of IPX forwarding packets received Transmitted Number of IPX forwarding packets transmitted Forwarded Number of IPX packets forwarded by the IPX router Hdr Errors Number of IPX packets dropped due to IPX Network layer header errors Hop Count Errors Number of IPX packets dropped due to exceeded maximum transport control Addr Errors Number of IPX packet dropped due to IPX Address e
ADMINISTERING APPLETALK® ROUTING 12 This chapter describes how to set up your LANplex® system to use the AppleTalk protocol to route packets. For more information on how AppleTalk routing works, see Chapter 7: Routing with AppleTalk.
12-2 CHAPTER 12: ADMINISTERING APPLETALK® ROUTING Administering Interfaces An AppleTalk interface defines the relationship between an AppleTalk Virtual LAN (VLAN) and the AppleTalk network. Every AppleTalk interface has one AppleTalk VLAN associated with it. Each switching module has one AppleTalk interface defined for each subnet directly connected to it. You must first define a VLAN, as described in Chapter 8, before you define an associated AppleTalk interface.
Administering Interfaces Displaying AppleTalk Interfaces 12-3 You can display a table that shows all AppleTalk interfaces and their parameter settings configured for the system.
12-4 CHAPTER 12: ADMINISTERING APPLETALK® ROUTING 6 Enter the zone name. You can enter up to 16 zone names per interface. 7 Type q after entering all the zone names. 8 Enter the index of the AppleTalk VLAN associated with this interface.
Administering Routes Administering Routes 12-5 Your system maintains a table of routes to other AppleTalk networks. The routing table is generated automatically by the Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP). RTMP defines 1) the rules for exchanging information between routers so that the routers can maintain their routing tables, and 2) the rules for the information contained within each routing table.
12-6 CHAPTER 12: ADMINISTERING APPLETALK® ROUTING The following example shows a routing table display: g Network Range 1-1 3 10-14 15-19 61 100-100 201-300 2010-2015 10009-10009 10010-10010 10060-10060 10110-10113 10116-10117 10118-10118 10119-10119 10120-10120 10122-10122 10310-10329 10410-10410 11010-11019 Flushing all Routes Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface fddi ➧ route display atm aarp ➧ flush bridge zone ip forwarding ipx checksum ➧ appletalk ping statistics snmp analyzer script logout Dist
Administering the AARP Cache Administering the AARP Cache 12-7 AARP allows hardware addresses to be mapped to an AppleTalk protocol address. AppleTalk uses dynamically assigned 24-bit addresses, unlike the statically-assigned 48-bit addresses used by Ethernet and token ring. To make the address mapping process easier, AARP uses an Address Mapping Table (AMT). The most recently used addresses are maintained in the AMT.
12-8 CHAPTER 12: ADMINISTERING APPLETALK® ROUTING Displaying the AARP Cache Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface route fddi ➧ display atm ➧ aarp remove bridge zone flush ip forwarding ipx checksum ➧ appletalk ping statistics snmp analyzer script logout You can display the AARP cache for the system to determine which routes are configured and if they are operational.
Administering the AARP Cache Removing an Entry in the Cache Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface route fddi display atm ➧ aarp ➧ remove bridge zone flush ip forwarding ipx checksum ➧ appletalk ping statistics snmp analyzer script logout Flushing All Cache Entries Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface route fddi display atm ➧ aarp remove bridge zone ➧ flush ip forwarding ipx checksum ➧ appletalk ping statistics snmp analyzer script logout To remove an AARP cache entry: 1 At the Administration Conso
12-10 CHAPTER 12: ADMINISTERING APPLETALK® ROUTING Displaying the Zone Table AppleTalk allows for the logical grouping of nodes into zones to make navigation through the network easier. This is done with the Zone Information Protocol (ZIP). ZIP helps routers maintain a mapping of network numbers to zones in the entire network. To do this, ZIP creates and maintains a Zone Information Table (ZIT) in each router. The entries in this table match the network numbers with the zone names.
Configuring Forwarding 12-11 Depending on the command entered, the zone table is displayed by network or zone. An example of each type of display is shown below: Zone Table by Network Numbers DDP forwarding is enabled.
12-12 CHAPTER 12: ADMINISTERING APPLETALK® ROUTING Configuring Checksum Checksum is a simple method used for detecting errors in the transmission of data. Checksum generation totals the bytes comprising the data and adds this sum to the end of the data packet. Checksum verification allows you to verify the integrity of the data that is routed. You can enable or disable checksum generation and verification states.
Viewing Appletalk Statistics Viewing Appletalk Statistics Displaying DDP Statistics Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface route fddi ➧ ddp aarp atm rtmp zone bridge zip forwarding nbp ip checksum ipx ➧ appletalk ping ➧ statistics snmp analyzer script logout 12-13 You can view statistics specific to the following AppleTalk protocols: ■ Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP) ■ Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP) ■ Zone Information Protocol (ZIP) ■ Name Binding Protocol (NBP) To display DDP stati
12-14 CHAPTER 12: ADMINISTERING APPLETALK® ROUTING Table 12-1 AppleTalk Statistics (continued) Displaying RTMP Information Top-Level Menu system ethernet interface route fddi summary aarp atm ➧ rtmp zone bridge zip forwarding nbp ip checksum ipx ➧ appletalk ping ➧ statistics snmp analyzer script logout Field Description inTooShorts Number of input DDP datagrams dropped because the received data length was less than the data length specified in the DDP header or the received data length was less than
Viewing Appletalk Statistics 12-15 Table 12-2 RTMP Statistics Displaying ZIP Information Top-Level Menu system interface ethernet route fddi ddp aarp atm rtmp zone bridge ➧ zip forwarding ip nbp checksum ipx ➧ appletalk ping ➧ statistics snmp analyzer script logout Field Description inDatas Number of good RTMP data packets received inRequests Number of good RTMP request packets received outDatas Number of good RTMP data packets sent outRequests Number of RTMP request packets sent routeEqChgs
12-16 CHAPTER 12: ADMINISTERING APPLETALK® ROUTING An example of summary statistics is shown below: DDP forwarding is enabled.
Viewing Appletalk Statistics 12-17 Table 12-3 ZIP Statistics (continued) Displaying NBP Information Field Description outGniReplies Number of ZIP GetNetInfo reply packets sent out of this port outzoneInvs Number of times this entity has sent a ZIP GetNetInfo reply with the zone invalid bit set in response to a GetNetInfo request with an invalid zone name outAddrInvs Number of times this entity had to broadcast a ZIP GetNetInfo reply because the GetNetInfo request had an invalid address The NBP h
12-18 CHAPTER 12: ADMINISTERING APPLETALK® ROUTING Table 12-4 describes the NBP statistics you can view.
REMOTE MONITORING (RMON) AND THE LANPLEX® SYSTEM V Chapter 13 Remote Monitoring (RMON) Technology
REMOTE MONITORING (RMON) TECHNOLOGY 13 This chapter provides an overview of RMON and describes the specific LANplex® RMON implementation. What Is RMON? The Remote Monitoring (RMON) Management Information Base (MIB) provides a way to monitor and analyze a local area network LAN from a remote location. RMON is defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in documents RFC 1271 and RFC 1757.
13-2 CHAPTER 13: REMOTE MONITORING (RMON) TECHNOLOGY Benefits of RMON Traditional network management applications poll network devices such as switches, bridges, and routers at regular intervals from a network management console. The console gathers statistics, identifies trends, and can highlight network events. The console polls network devices constantly to determine if the network is within its normal operating conditions.
LANplex RMON Implementation 13-3 Table 13-1 RMON Groups Supported in the LANplex® System 3Com Transcend RMON Agents Group Group Number Statistics 1 Maintains utilization and error statistics for the segment being monitored History 2 Gathers and stores periodic statistical samples from the statistics group. Alarm 3 Allows you to define thresholds for any MIB variable and trigger an alarm. Events 9 Allows you to define actions based on alarms. You can generate traps, log the alarm, or both.
13-4 CHAPTER 13: REMOTE MONITORING (RMON) TECHNOLOGY Management console LAN LANplex® 2500 system with embedded RMON probe Fast Ethernet ports Ethernet ports File Servers Figure 13-1 Embedded RMON Implemented on the LANplex System Management Information Base (MIB) A MIB is a structured set of data that describes the way the network is functioning. The management software, known as the agent, gains access to this set of data and extracts the information it needs.
Management Information Base (MIB) 13-5 etherStatsPkts OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory DESCRIPTION This is a total number of packets received, including bad packets, broadcast packets, and multicast packets. ::= { etherStatsEntry 5 } Figure 13-2 Example of an RMON MIB Counter Object The displayed information includes these items: ■ The formal name of the counter is etherStatsPkts.
13-6 Alarms CHAPTER 13: REMOTE MONITORING (RMON) TECHNOLOGY The LANplex system supports the following syntax for alarms: counters, gauges, integers and timeticks. These mechanisms report information about the network to the network administrator. Counters, for example, hold and update the number of occurrences of a particular event through a port, module, or switch on the network. Alarms monitor the counters and report instances of when counters exceed their set threshold.
Alarms Setting Alarm Thresholds Example of an Alarm Threshold 13-7 Thresholds determine when an alarm reports that a counter has exceeded a certain value. You can set alarm thresholds through the network manually, and choose any value for them that is appropriate for your application. The network management software monitors the counters and thresholds continually during normal operations to provide data for later calibration. Figure 13-3 shows a counter with thresholds set manually.
13-8 CHAPTER 13: REMOTE MONITORING (RMON) TECHNOLOGY RMON Hysteresis Mechanism The RMON hysteresis mechanism provides a way to prevent small fluctuations in counter values from causing alarms. This mechanism generates an alarm only under the following conditions: ■ The counter value exceeds the high threshold after previously exceeding the low threshold. (An alarm does not occur if the value has not fallen below the low threshold before rising above the high threshold.
APPENDIX VI Appendix A Technical Support
TECHNICAL SUPPORT A 3Com provides easy access to technical support information through a variety of services. This appendix describes these services.
A-2 APPENDIX A: TECHNICAL SUPPORT Access by Digital Modem ISDN users can dial in to 3ComBBS using a digital modem for fast access up to 56 Kbps. To access 3ComBBS using ISDN, dial the following number: (408) 654-2703 World Wide Web Site Access the latest networking information on 3Com’s World Wide Web site by entering our URL into your Internet browser: http://www.3Com.
Support from Your Network Supplier 3ComFacts™ Automated Fax Service A-3 3Com Corporation’s interactive fax service, 3ComFacts, provides data sheets, technical articles, diagrams, and troubleshooting instructions on 3Com products 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Call 3ComFacts using your Touch-Tone® telephone at one of these international access numbers: Country Telephone Number Hong Kong (852) 2537 5610 U.K. (44) (1442) 278279 U.S.
A-4 APPENDIX A: TECHNICAL SUPPORT Support from 3Com If you are unable to receive support from your network supplier, technical support contracts are available from 3Com. In the U.S. and Canada, call (800) 876-3266 for customer service. If you are outside the U.S. and Canada, contact your local 3Com sales office to find your authorized service provider.
INDEX Numerics 3Com Bulletin Board Service (3ComBBS) A-1 3Com sales offices A-4 3ComFacts A-3 A AARP 7-10 AARP cache administering 12-7 displaying 12-8 removing an entry from 12-9 address classes 4-3 IP to MAC, translating 9-13 MAC 3-3 network 3-3 Address Resolution Protocol.
2 INDEX bridging/routing LANplex model 3-4 traditional model 3-4 bulletin board service A-1 learned routes, AppleTalk 12-6 learned routes, IP 9-12 learned routes, IPX 11-7 for 11-9 forwarding configuring AppleTalk 12-11 C cache displaying the IP multicast 10-9 checksum configuring AppleTalk 12-12 chooser, Macintosh 7-2 CompuServe A-2 conventions notice icons 2 G gateway routing table, and the 4-5 See also router H hysteresis mechanism 13-8 D datagram delivery protocol 7-6 datagrams, statistics 9-23 d
INDEX displaying an 11-3 modifying an 11-4 removing an 11-4 Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP) 4-6, 6-9 Internet address. See IP address Internet Control Message Protocol. See ICMP Internet Protocol.
4 INDEX LIS interfaces characteristics of 9-3 defining 9-4 M MAC (Media Access Control).
INDEX management console 13-1 MIB 13-1, 13-2, 13-4 probe 13-1, 13-2 route, IP default 9-10 defining static 9-11 removing default 9-13 removing from table 9-12 status 9-10 route, IPX removing a 11-7 router interface, IP described 4-4 diagram 4-5 routing table, and the 4-5 router interface, IPX described 6-8 routers, seed 7-4 routes, displaying IP multicast 10-8 routing and bridging in switching modules 3-4 and bridging, traditional model 3-4 implementation in LANplex 3-4 LANplex system, and the 3-1 to 3-7 S
6 INDEX timing out, IP route status 9-10 T-notify configuring 8-4 transmission errors ICMP Redirect 4-9 reasons for 4-9 TTL threshold 5-5 IP multicast 10-3 tunnels IP multicast 5-6, 10-6 V VLAN information defining 8-3 displaying 8-1 modifying 8-4 removing 8-5 VLAN interfaces about 9-1 characteristics of 9-2 defining 9-6 VLANs application oriented 2-2 MAC address group 2-2 overlapped IP 2-7 port group 2-1 protocol-sensitive 2-2 routing between 2-8 Z ZIP 7-9 statistics, displaying 12-15 zone information
